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orally active competitive opioid receptor antagonist

4.5 mg, though the dosage can vary a few milligrams below or above that common value

At the low dosage level, naltrexone exhibits paradoxical properties, including analgesia and anti-inflammatory actions

The activated microglia mount a complex local proinflammatory response

PPARγ plays a critical role in regulating the inflammatory responses of microglia and monocytes to β-amyloid

AGEs are protein modifications that contribute to the formation of the histopathological and biochemical hallmarks of AD: amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and activated microglia

Inflammation is the most predominant feature during the early (relaping) phases of the disease and declines with aging of the patients and disease duration

in the process of oligodendrocyte destruction and demyelination in MS lesions iron is liberated from its intracellular ferritin bound stores into the extracellular space, where it is taken up by microglia and macrophages and again stored together with ferritin. When this happens in MS lesions in an environment, where free radicals are produced by oxidative burst, iron can be liberated from ferritin and transformed into reactive Fe++[114], which reacts with hydrogen peroxide to generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals [36] and thus amplifies oxidative damage and associated cellular injury

anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory treatments are effective in the relapsing stage, but the benefit is lost when the patients have entered the progressive phase

Our work suggests that protein misfolding and immune activation in neurodegenerative disorders are triggered through cross-seeding by exposure to exogenous microbial amyloids in the nose, mouth and gut.

Streptococcus mutans, Staphlococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and others

Gene homologs encoding curli were recently determined also in four phyla: Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Thermodesulfobacteria

myloid plaques and microgliosis in the brain of Alzheimer’s mice fed with GSE were also reduced by 49% and 70%, respectively

Curcumin also significantly reduced brain Aβ burden and microglia activation

polyphenol-rich GSE prevents the Aβ deposition and attenuates the inflammation in the brain of a transgenic mouse model, and this thus is promising in delaying development of AD.