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Nathan Goodyear

A strong association between biologically active testosterone and leptin in non-obese m... - 0 views

www.nature.com/...0801467a.html

leptin Testosterone hormone hormones obesity

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 22 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • strongly supports an association between levels of androgens and leptin in both men and women
  • The association between androgen levels and leptin seems to be dependent of fat distribution in men
  • There is a growing bulk of evidence suggesting that testosterone may influence leptin levels. Testosterone administration reduces leptin levels in hypogonadal27,28 and eugonadal men
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • testosterone suppression by GnRH agonist treatment of central precocious puberty in boys increases leptin levels
  • Testosterone levels decreased with increasing central obesity in healthy men, while they increase with increasing obesity in healthy women, the latter irrespective of menstrual status
  • this could be due to obesity-related hyperleptinemia that inhibits testosterone secretion at the testicular level.46,47 These changes, which are proposed to be components of the insulin resistance syndrome,48 are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease in both men and women
  • in the more obese subjects, the higher leptin levels due to increased adiposity might reduce secretion of testosterone
  • loss of regulation of leptin by testosterone in obese men and women could be an important feature of the insulin resistance syndrome
  • Nathan Goodyear on 22 Oct 14
     
    Leptin and Testosterone.  Interesting relationship that differs between the sexes.
Nathan Goodyear

Chronic exposure to Low dose bacterial lipopolysaccharide inhibits leptin signaling in ... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC4523075

LPS lipopolysaccharides leptin CCK cholecystokinin metabolism weight appetite diet nutrition inflammation

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 04 Oct 17 - No Cached
  • Obesity and models of obesity induced by ingestion of HF-diet in rodents are associated with chronically elevated circulating levels of LPS
  • chronic low-dose administration of LPS induces leptin-resistance in vagal afferent neurons and abolition of CCK-induced inhibition of food intake
  • HF fat feeding has been shown to enhance gastrointestinal permeability promoting the translocation of LPS to the circulation
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • LPS leads to an increase in SOCS3 expression [20]. SOCS3 is a negative regulator of leptin signaling
  • We observed a significant increase in energy intake in the LPS-treated rats
  • the data provides a mechanism linking changes in gut microbiota induced by ingestion of HF diets to dysregulation of food intake and body weight
  • SOCS3 is an important mechanism by which leptin resistance develops in vagal afferent neurons and coincides with the onset of hyperphagia
  • Chronic low-dose LPS treatment induced TLR4 activation and MyD88 signaling in vagal afferent neurons, associated with increased SOCS3 expression and reduced leptin-signaling, characterized by the absence of leptin-induced pSTAT3.
  • We demonstrate that this chronic low dose LPS is sufficient to induce leptin–resistance in vagal afferent neurons, reduced sensitivity to the satiating effects of CCK, and loss of vagal afferent plasticity
  • it suggests that the increase in food intake and body weight we observed at week 6 in the LPS treated rats may be caused by LPS-induced leptin resistance.
  • chronic LPS treatment of mice for four weeks increased body weight
  • chronic LPS treatment of mice for four weeks increased subcutaneous fat
  • Nathan Goodyear on 04 Oct 17
     
    Very interesting study.  High fat diet in rats induced gut flora change that resulted in LPS which induced appetite through leptin resistance and reduced cholecystokinin signaling.
Nathan Goodyear

Triglycerides Induce Leptin Resistance at the Blood-Brain Barrier - 0 views

diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/...1253.full

leptin resistance triglycerides

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 12 Apr 11 - No Cached
  • Obesity is associated with leptin resistance
  • Resistance arises from impaired leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
  • Decreasing triglycerides may potentiate the anorectic effect of leptin by enhancing leptin transport across the BBB.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Starvation, like obesity, is accompanied by a decreased BBB transport rate of exogenous leptin
  • hypertriglyceridemia could explain impaired transport of leptin across the BBB in both starvation and obesity
  • Nathan Goodyear on 12 Apr 11
     
    elevated triglycerides and leptin resistance
Nathan Goodyear

LeptiPro - Intelligent Weight Control - 0 views

www.leptinresearch.org

Leptin resistance obese overweight weight loss

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • "leptin resistance."
  • In order for leptin to control body weight and metabolism, it must do so from the hypothalamic centers in the brain,
  • When brain levels of leptin are low due to "leptin resistance" - even if there are high circulating blood levels of leptin - food cravings and weight gain occur because the body believes that it is hungry and goes into a state of continued fat storage.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • By reversing "leptin resistance," through the blocking of PTP1 B, the function of the protein hormone leptin is restored so that the hypothalamic center can normally and effectively modulate body weight and metabolism.
  • Published studies demonstrate that the botanically derived phytochemical, isolated and purified single-peak Isoquinoline Alkaloid Berberine Hel, specifically and potently inhibits human Protein Tyrosine Phosphates 1B (PTP1 B).
  • Nathan Goodyear on 08 Mar 11
     
    Obese or struggling with weight?  look to Leptin
Nathan Goodyear

Mechanisms of Leptin Action and Leptin Resistance - Annual Review of Physiology, 70(1):537 - 0 views

www.annualreviews.org/...nurev.physiol.70.113006.100707

leptin resistance

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 21 Apr 11 - No Cached
  • The failure of elevated leptin levels to suppress feeding and mediate weight loss in common forms of obesity defines a state of so-called leptin resistance.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 21 Apr 11
     
    mechanisms of Leptin action and Leptin Resistance
Nathan Goodyear

Fructose-induced leptin resistance exacerbates weight gain in response to subsequent hi... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2584858

fructose HFCS leptin leptin resistance diet nutrition obesity

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 05 Jun 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 05 Jun 16
     
    Another rat model finds that high fructose intake causes leptin resistance and worsens leptin resistance.
Nathan Goodyear

Leptin and Androgens in Male Obesity: Evidence for Leptin Contribution to Reduced Andro... - 1 views

jcem.endojournals.org/...3673.long

low T testosterone low leptin resistance obesity men male hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 28 Aug 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 28 Aug 12
     
    increased leptin production results in reduced testosterone production.  Link between leptin associated obesity and resultant low testosterone.
Nathan Goodyear

ScienceDirect - Physiology & Behavior : The role of leptin in leptin resistance and obe... - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/science

leptin resistance obesity weight loss

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Mar 11
     
    The role of leptin in leptin resistance and obesity
Nathan Goodyear

Testosterone: a metabolic hormone in health and disease - 0 views

joe.endocrinology-journals.org/...R25.full

male hormone hormones testosterone hypogonadal-obesity-adipocytokine hypothesis

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 May 13 - No Cached
  • E2 and the inflammatory adipocytokines tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL6) inhibit hypothalamic production of GNRH and subsequent release of LH and FSH from the pituitary
  • Leptin, an adipose-derived hormone with a well-known role in regulation of body weight and food intake, also induces LH release under normal conditions via stimulation of hypothalamic GNRH neurons
  • In human obesity, whereby adipocytes are producing elevated amounts of leptin, the hypothalamic–pituitary axis becomes leptin resistant
  • ...39 more annotations...
  • there is evidence from animal studies that leptin resistance, inflammation and oestrogens inhibit neuronal release of kisspeptin
  • Beyond hypothalamic action, leptin also directly inhibits the stimulatory action of gonadotrophins on the Leydig cells of the testis to decrease testosterone production; therefore, elevated leptin levels in obesity may further diminish androgen status
  • Prostate cancer patients with pre-existing T2DM show a further deterioration of insulin resistance and worsening of diabetic control following ADT
  • ADT for the treatment of prostatic carcinoma in some large epidemiological studies has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of developing MetS and T2DM
  • Non-diabetic men undergoing androgen ablation show increased occurrence of new-onset diabetes and demonstrate elevated insulin levels and worsening glycaemic control
  • increasing insulin resistance assessed by glucose tolerence test and hypoglycemic clamp was shown to be associated with a decrease in Leydig cell testosterone secretion in men
  • The response to testosterone replacement of insulin sensitivity is in part dependent on the androgen receptor (AR)
  • Low levels of testosterone have been associated with an atherogenic lipoprotein profile, characterised by high LDL and triglyceride levels
  • a positive correlation between serum testosterone and HDL has been reported in both healthy and diabetic men
  • up to 70% of the body's insulin sensitivity is accounted for by muscle
  • Testosterone deficiency is associated with a decrease in lean body mass
  • relative muscle mass is inversely associated with insulin resistance and pre-diabetes
  • GLUT4 and IRS1 were up-regulated in cultured adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells following testosterone treatment at low dose and short-time incubations
  • local conversion of testosterone to DHT and activation of AR may be important for glucose uptake
  • inverse correlation between testosterone levels and adverse mitochondrial function
  • orchidectomy of male Wistar rats and associated testosterone deficiency induced increased absorption of glucose from the intestine
  • (Kelley & Mandarino 2000). Frederiksen et al. (2012a) recently demonstrated that testosterone may influence components of metabolic flexibility as 6 months of transdermal testosterone treatment in aging men with low–normal bioavailable testosterone levels increased lipid oxidation and decreased glucose oxidation during the fasting state.
  • Decreased lipid oxidation coupled with diet-induced chronic FA elevation is linked to increased accumulation of myocellular lipid, in particular diacylglycerol and/or ceramide in myocytes
  • In the Chang human adult liver cell line, insulin receptor mRNA expression was significantly increased following exposure to testosterone
  • Testosterone deprivation via castration of male rats led to decreased expression of Glut4 in liver tissue, as well as adipose and muscle
  • oestrogen was found to increase the expression of insulin receptors in insulin-resistant HepG2 human liver cell line
  • FFA decrease hepatic insulin binding and extraction, increase hepatic gluconeogenesis and increase hepatic insulin resistance.
  • Only one, albeit large-scale, population-based cross-sectional study reports an association between low serum testosterone concentrations and hepatic steatosis in men (Völzke et al. 2010)
  • This suggests that testosterone may confer some of its beneficial effects on hepatic lipid metabolism via conversion to E2 and subsequent activation of ERα.
  • hypogonadal men exhibiting a reduced lean body mass and an increased fat mass, abdominal or central obesity
  • visceral adipose tissue was inversely correlated with bioavailable testosterone
  • there was no change in visceral fat mass in aged men with low testosterone levels following 6 months of transdermal TRT, yet subcutaneous fat mass was significantly reduced in both the thigh and the abdominal areas when analysed by MRI (Frederiksen et al. 2012b)
  • ADT of prostate cancer patients increased both visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat in a 12-month prospective observational study (Hamilton et al. 2011)
  • Catecholamines are the major lipolysis regulating hormones in man and regulate adipocyte lipolysis through activation of adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP
  • deficiency of androgen action decreases lipolysis and is primarily responsible for the induction of obesity (Yanase et al. 2008)
  • may be some regional differences in the action of testosterone on subcutaneous and visceral adipose function
  • proinflammatory adipocytokines IL1, IL6 and TNFα are increased in obesity with a downstream effect that stimulates liver production of CRP
  • observational evidence suggests that IL1β, IL6, TNFα and CRP are inversely associated with serum testosterone levels in patients
  • TRT has been reported to significantly reduce these proinflammatory mediators
  • This suggests a role for AR in the metabolic actions of testosterone on fat accumulation and adipose tissue inflammatory response
  • testosterone treatment may have beneficial effects on preventing the pathogenesis of obesity by inhibiting adipogenesis, decreasing triglyceride uptake and storage, increasing lipolysis, influencing lipoprotein content and function and may directly reduce fat mass and increase muscle mass
  • Early interventional studies suggest that TRT in hypogonadal men with T2DM and/or MetS has beneficial effects on lipids, adiposity and parameters of insulin sensitivity and glucose control
  • Evidence that whole-body insulin sensitivity is reduced in testosterone deficiency and increases with testosterone replacement supports a key role of this hormone in glucose and lipid metabolism
  • Impaired insulin sensitivity in these three tissues is characterised by defects in insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity, in particular into skeletal muscle, impaired insulin-mediated inhibition of hepatic glucose production and stimulation of glycogen synthesis in liver, and a reduced ability of insulin to inhibit lipolysis in adipose tissue
  • Nathan Goodyear on 08 May 13
     
    Great review of the Hypogonadal-obesity-adipocytokine hypothesis.
Nathan Goodyear

Expression of Functional Leptin Receptors in Rodent Leydig Cells: Endocrinology: Vol 14... - 0 views

press.endocrine.org/...endo.140.11.7088

leydig cells Testosterone hormone hormones leptin leptin resistance

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 31 Mar 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 31 Mar 15
     
    mouse model finds leydig cells have leptin receptors.  Stimulation of the leptin receptors decreased leydig Testosterone production.
Nathan Goodyear

Leptin Resistance: A Possible Interface of Inflammation and Metabolism in Obesity-Relat... - 0 views

content.onlinejacc.org/...1201

leptin resistance obesity inflammation

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 12 Apr 11 - No Cached
  • The leptin axis has functional interactions with elements of metabolism, such as insulin, and inflammation, including mediators of innate immunity, such as interleukin-6
  • Given that plasma levels of leptin and inflammatory markers are correlated and also predict cardiovascular risk
  • Nathan Goodyear on 12 Apr 11
     
    leptin resistance, inflammation and obesity
Nathan Goodyear

Role of Selective Leptin Resistance in Diet-Induced Obesity Hypertension - 0 views

diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/...2012.short

obesity leptin resistance cardiovascular disease

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 21 Apr 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 21 Apr 11
     
    leptin resistance and thus elevated leptin increase cardiovascular complications
Nathan Goodyear

Kent Holtorf: Long Term Weight Loss - More Than Will Power? - 0 views

www.huffingtonpost.com/...-weight-loss---m_b_192933.html

leptin reverse T3 weight loss

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • which is a major reason for the regaining of lost weight with dieting as well being the mechanism behind stress induced weight gain (it is not due to increased cortisol).
  • f greater than 10, it demonstrates there is a degree of leptin resistance contributing to an inability to lose weight
  • that it is difficult to lose weight with leptin resistance. High carbohydrate diets and in particular high-fructose corn syrup is shown to significantly increase leptin resistance and is a likely mechanism that high fructose corn syrup is associated with obesity
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • inactive thyroid hormone called thyroxine
  • it is problem inside the cell that the inactive T4 is not converted to T3 but rather to a mirror image of T3 called reverse T3. The reverse T3 has the opposite effect of T3, blocking the effects of T3 and lowering rather than increasing metabolism.
  • Studies are showing that stress and dieting (especially yo-yo dieting) can set this hormone into action as well as chronic illness such as diabetes, chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia.
  • As soon as the body senses a reduction in calories, the production of reverse T3 is stimulated to lower metabolism
  • With chronic dieting or stress, the body often stays in this "starvation mode" with elevated levels of reverse T3 and decreased levels of T3, which is a major reason for the regaining of lost weight with dieting as well being the mechanism behind stress induced weight gain (it is not due to increased cortisol).
  • which is a major reason for the regaining of lost weight with dieting as well being the mechanism behind stress induced weight gain (it is not due to increased cortisol).
  • which is a major reason for the regaining of lost weight with dieting as well being the mechanism behind stress induced weight gain (it is not due to increased cortisol).
  • Studies are showing that such standard testing will miss 80% of thyroid dysfunction
  • ree T3/reverse T3 ratio
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Mar 11
     
    Fantastic review by Dr. Holtorf on reverse T3, leptin, and weight loss
Nathan Goodyear

Zinc May Regulate Serum Leptin Concentrations in Humans - 0 views

www.jacn.org/...270.full

Zinc Zn leptin IL-2 TNF-alpha obesity overweight

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 31 Aug 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 31 Aug 12
     
    Zinc found to be associated with an increase in leptin.  Also, increased IL-2 and TNF-alpha found to be associated.  This has potential implications in obesity treatment: obviously not in those individuals that are leptin resistant.  
Nathan Goodyear

Testosterone level in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and related metabolic... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC4364844

low T low Testosterone Diabetes Testosterone men male hormones metabolic syndrome

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 30 Mar 15 - No Cached
  • defined by consistent symptoms and signs of androgen deficiency, and an unequivocally low serum testosterone level
  • the threshold serum testosterone level below which adverse clinical outcomes occur in the general population is not known
  • most population-based studies use the serum testosterone level corresponding to the lower limit, quoted from 8.7 to 12.7 nmol/L, of the normal range for young Caucasian men as the threshold
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 31 Mar 15
       
      this equals 251 to 366 in serum Total Testosterone
  • ...57 more annotations...
  • Researchers tried to examine whether serum total or free testosterone would be a better/more reliable choice when studying the effect of testosterone. The results were mixed. Some reported significant associations of both serum total and free testosterone level with clinical parameters25, whereas others reported that only serum free testosterone26 or only serum total testosterone6 showed significant associations.
  • −0.124 nmol/L/year in serum total testosterone
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 31 Mar 15
       
      this equates to a 4 ng/dl decline annually in total Testosterone.
  • In experimental studies, androgen receptor knockout mice developed significant insulin resistance rapidly
  • In mouse models, testosterone promoted differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to the myogenic lineage
  • testosterone decreased insulin resistance by enhancing catecholamine induced lipolysis in vitro, and reducing lipoprotein lipase activity and triglyceride uptake in human abdominal tissue in vivo
  • by promoting lipolysis and myogenesis, testosterone might lead to improved insulin resistance
  • testosterone regulated skeletal muscle genes involved in glucose metabolism that led to decreased systemic insulin resistance
  • In the liver, hepatic androgen receptor signaling inhibited development of insulin resistance in mice
  • independent and inverse association of testosterone with hepatic steatosis shown in a cross-sectional study carried out in humans
  • In short, androgen improves insulin resistance by changing body composition and reducing body fat.
  • Although a low serum testosterone level could contribute to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes through changes in body composition, obesity might also alter the metabolism of testosterone
  • In obese men, the peripheral conversion from testosterone to estrogen could attenuate the amplitude of luteinizing hormone pulses and centrally inhibit testosterone production
  • leptin, an adipokine, has been shown to be inversely correlated with serum testosterone level in men
  • Leydig cells expressed leptin receptors and leptin has been shown to inhibit testosterone secretion, suggesting a role of obesity and leptin in the pathogenesis of low testosterone
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 31 Mar 15
       
      So what is "unequivocal"?
  • Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) cohort made up of 3,565 middle-class, mostly Caucasian men from the USA, the incidence of low serum total testosterone increased from approximately 20% of men aged over 60 years, 30% over 70 years, to 50% over 80 years-of-age
  • 30–44% sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)-bound testosterone and 54–68% albumin-bound testosterone
  • As the binding of testosterone to albumin is non-specific and therefore not tight, the sum of free and albumin-bound testosterone is named bioavailable testosterone, which reflects the hormone available at the cellular level
  • Serum total testosterone is composed of 0.5–3.0% of free testosterone unbound to plasma proteins
  • alterations in SHBG concentration might affect total serum testosterone level without altering free or bioavailable testosterone
  • listed in Table​T
  • A significant, independent and longitudinal effect of age on testosterone has been observed with an average change of −0.124 nmol/L/year in serum total testosterone28. The same trend has been shown in Europe and Australia
  • Asian men residing in HK and Japan, but not those living in the USA, had 20% higher serum total testosterone than in Caucasians living in the USA, as shown in a large multinational observational prospective cohort of the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study
  • subjects with chronic diseases consistently had a 10–15% lower level compared with age-matched healthy subjects
  • In Caucasians, the mean serum total testosterone level for men in large epidemiological studies has been reported to range from 15.1 to 16.6 nmol/L
  • Asians, higher values, ranging from 18.1 to 19.1 nmol/L, were seen in Korea and Japan
  • Chinese middle-aged men reported a similar mean serum testosterone level of 17.1 nmol/L in 179 men who had a family history of type 2 diabetes and 17.8 nmol/L in 128 men who had no family history of type 2 diabetes
  • The reduction of total testosterone was 0.4% per year in both groups
  • HK involving a cohort of 1,489 community-dwelling men with a mean age of 72 years, a mean serum total testosterone of 19.0 nmol/L was reported
  • pro-inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α in the testes, could locally inhibit testosterone biosynthesis in Leydig cells47, and testosterone treatment in men was shown to reduce the level of tumor necrosis factor-α
  • In Asians, a genetic deletion polymorphism of uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B17 was associated with reduced androgen glucuronidation. This resulted in higher level of active androgen in Asians as compared to Caucasians, as Caucasians' androgen would be glucuronidated into inactive forms faster.
  • Compared with Caucasians, the frequency of this deletion polymorphism of UGT2B17 was 22-fold higher in Asian subjects
  • Other researchers have suggested that environmental, but not genetic, factors influenced serum total testosterone
  • The basal and ligand-induced activity of the AR is inversely associated with the length of the CAG repeat chain
  • In the European Male Aging Study, increased estrogen/androgen ratio in association with longer AR CAG repeat was observed
  • a smaller number of AR CAG repeat had been shown to be associated with benign prostate hypertrophy and faster prostate growth during testosterone treatment
  • In India, men with CAG ≤19 had increased risk of prostate cancer
  • the odds of having a short CAG repeat (≤17) were substantially higher in patients with lymph node-positive prostate cancer than in those with lymph node-negative disease or in the general population
  • assessing the polymorphism at the AR level could be a potential tool towards individualized assessment and treatment of hypogonadism.
  • In elderly men, there was reduced testicular response to gonadotropins with suppressed and altered pulsatility of the hypothalamic pulse generator
  • a significant, independent and longitudinal effect of age on serum total testosterone level had been observed
  • A significant graded inverse association between serum testosterone level and insulin levels independent of age has also been reported in Caucasian men
  • Low testosterone is commonly associated with a high prevalence of MES
  • most studies showed that changes in serum testosterone level led to changes in body composition, insulin resistance and the presence of MES, the reverse might also be possible
  • MES predicted a 2.6-fold increased risk of development of low serum testosterone level independent of age, smoking and other potential confounders
  • Other prospective studies have shown that development of MES accelerated the age-related decline in serum testosterone level
  • In men with type 2 diabetes, changes in serum testosterone level over time correlated inversely with changes in insulin resistance
  • weight loss by either diet control or bariatric surgery led to a substantial increase in total testosterone, especially in morbidly obese men, and the rise in serum testosterone level was proportional to the amount of weight lost
  • To date, published clinical trials are small, of short duration and often used pharmacological, not physiological, doses of testosterone
  • In the population-based Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study cohort from Sweden, men in the highest quartile of serum testosterone level had the lowest risk of cardiovascular events compared with men in the other three quartiles (hazard ratio [HR] 0.70
  • low serum total testosterone was associated with a significant fourfold higher risk of cardiovascular events when comparing men from the lowest testosterone tertile with those in the highest tertile
  • Shores et al. were the first to report that low serum testosterone level, including both serum total and free testosterone, was associated with increased mortality
  • low serum total testosterone predicted increased risk of cardiovascular mortality with a HR of 1.38
  • low serum total testosterone increased all-cause (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.13–1.62, P < 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.25
  • European Association for the Study of Diabetes 2013 suggested there was an inverse relationship between serum testosterone level and acute myocardial infarction
  • Diabetic men in the highest quartile of serum total testosterone had a significantly reduced risk of acute MI when compared with those in the lower quartiles
  • serum total testosterone level in the middle two quartiles at baseline predicted reduced incidence of death compared with having the highest and lowest levels
  • Nathan Goodyear on 30 Mar 15
     
    Nice review of Testosterone levels and some of the evidence linking Diabetes with low T.  However, the conclusion by the authors regarding what is causing the low T in men with Diabetes is baffling.  The literature does not point to one cause, it is clearly multifactorial--obesity, inflammation, high aromatase activity...I would suggest the authors continue their readings in the manner.
Nathan Goodyear

Androgen Therapy Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Decreases Leptin Level in Healthy Adu... - 0 views

care.diabetesjournals.org/...2149.extract

low T low Testosterone leptin obesity Testosterone therapy insulin resistance

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 22 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 22 Oct 14
     
    Three month study of men with low T, found that Testosterone therapy improved insulin sensitivity and reduced leptin levels.  The group of men here were described as "healthy, non-obese men".   Remember, low T is a biomarker of poor health in men, so the authors statement about the study group is inaccurate.  This also points to a relatively quick metabolic effect by Testosterone and a direct effect on insulin receptor effect and adipocyte leptin release.
Nathan Goodyear

Acute exercise suppresses hypothalamic PTP1B protein level and improves insulin and lep... - 0 views

ajpendo.physiology.org/...E649.long

exercise insulin resistance leptin resistance leptin insulin PTP1B

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 05 Jun 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 05 Jun 16
     
    exercise found to improve central insulin and leptin resistance in obese animal model.  The mechanism was via a decrease in inflammation through decrease in PTP1B protein transcription.
Nathan Goodyear

High-fructose diet leads to visceral adiposity and hypothalamic leptin resistance in ma... - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S0955286314000023

fructose HFCS leptin leptin resistance obesity visceral fat triglycerides diet nutrition

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 05 Jun 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 05 Jun 16
     
    high fructose diet for just 9 weeks, > 60% liquid fructose, in rat model found to increase visceral adiposity, triglycerides, and lead to leptin resistance.
Nathan Goodyear

Androgen Deprivation Therapy, Insulin Resistance, and Cardiovascular Mortality: An Inco... - 0 views

www.andrologyjournal.org/...534

leptin resistance low T testosterone low T hormone hormones insulin cardiovascular disease men male

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 28 Aug 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 28 Aug 12
     
    leptin resistance, increased leptin, reduces testosterone production in men.
Nathan Goodyear

Irvingia: Understanding the Risks of Leptin Resistance - Life Extension - 0 views

www.lef.org/...ks-of-Leptin-Resistance_01.htm

leptin irvingia resistance weight loss obesity

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Mar 11
     
    nice review on Leptin resistance and weight gain from LifeExtensions
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