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Nathan Goodyear

ScienceDirect - Environmental Research : The effect of long-term low-dose lead exposure... - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S0013935105001477

thyroid hypothyroid T4 lead exposure

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 05 Jul 11 - No Cached
  • his study revealed that long-term low-level lead exposure may lead to reduced FT4 level without significant changes in TSH and T3 levels in adolescents even at low Pb-B levels.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 05 Jul 11
     
    low lead level exposure and thyroid dysfunction
Nathan Goodyear

Chelation Therapy for Patients with Elevated Body Lead Burden and Progressive Renal Ins... - 0 views

www.annals.org/...7.short

lead burden toxicity chelation EDTA

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 05 Jul 11 - No Cached
  • helation therapy seems to slow the progression of renal insufficiency in patients with mildly elevated body lead burden.
  • implies that long-term exposure to low levels of environmental lead may be associated with impaired renal function in patients with chronic renal disease.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 05 Jul 11
     
    long-term lead exposure and body burden may be associated with renal dysfunction. Treatment of long-standing lead exposure with chelation benefits patients with renal dysfunction
Nathan Goodyear

Long-Term Glycemic Control Influences the Long-Lasting Effect of Hyperglycemia on Endot... - 0 views

jcem.endojournals.org/...2751.abstract

Vitamin C Diabetes endothelial dysfunction glycemic control

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Jul 11 - No Cached
  • Combining insulin and vitamin C, however, normalized endothelial dysfunction and nitrotyrosine.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Jul 11
     
    Vitamin C normalized vascular dysfunction found in Diabetes
Nathan Goodyear

Microglia express functional 11 beta-hydroxysteroid deh... [Glia. 2010] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...20544861

11-betaHSD 11-betaHSD1 microglia brain cortisol hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 05 Jun 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 05 Jun 14
     
    microglia in the brain express 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 only.  This consistent with the brain as a whole.
Nathan Goodyear

Which Patients Do Not Require a GH Stimulation Test for the Diagnosis of Adult GH Defic... - 0 views

press.endocrine.org/...jcem.87.2.8216

HGH GH human growth hormone growth hormone IGF-1

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 04 Nov 14 - No Cached
  • Four studies have reported that the probability of GHD (peak GH criteria ranging from < 2.3 to < 5 μg/liter) in patients with three to four PHDs ranges from 91% to 100%
  • 95% accuracy by the presence of either three or more PHDs or a serum IGF-I concentration less than 84 μg/lite
  • adult GHD could be predicted with 95% accuracy by the presence of either three or four PHDs or a serum IGF-I concentration less than 84 μg/liter
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • Hypopituitary adults with GHD have been reported to have normal serum IGF-I levels in 37–70% of patients in various studies (5, 9, 18, 21, 22). This is owing in part to the fact that multiple factors regulate serum IGF-I concentrations including nutritional status; hepatic and renal function; and circulating concentrations of thyroid hormone, androgens, and estrogens
  • changes in concentrations of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) influence the total concentration of IGF-I in plasma
  • Among patients with an IGF-I sd score above −1 in the present study, 46% had a peak GH less than 2.5 μg/liter and 67% had a peak GH less than 5 μg/liter.
  • In summary, adult GHD can be predicted with 95% accuracy by the presence of either three or four PHDs or a serum IGF-I concentration less than 84 μg/liter
  • We propose that adult patients with three or four PHDs (three or four of the following deficiencies: TSH, ACTH, gonadotropins [LH and/or FSH], and AVP [central diabetes insipidus]) do not require a GH stimulation test to make the diagnosis of adult GHD
  • Nathan Goodyear on 04 Nov 14
     
    Insulin Tolerance Test is the gold standard for HGH diagnosis, but this an unpopular test do to long list of side effects.  This study finds a 95% accuracy for IGF-1 less than 84 with 3 or more coexisting pituitary hormone deficiencies.
Nathan Goodyear

Transkingdom Control of Microbiota Diurnal Oscillations Promotes Metabolic Homeostasis:... - 0 views

www.cell.com/...S0092-8674(14)01236-7

gut microbiota microflora flora shiftwork jet lag metabolic syndrome insulin resistance diabetes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 20 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • in addition to the type of diet being a modulator of microbiota composition, the timing of food intake plays a critical role in shaping intestinal microbial ecology.
  • the microbiota rhythms are influenced by the host clock and perform critical functions in the adaptation of metabolic processes to the diurnal fluctuations in the environment
  • Our study reveals that dysbiosis has a temporal dimension and that static microbiota comparisons might not be fully conclusive unless samples were taken in a controlled manner with respect to this important additional variable
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  • our taxonomic analysis indicates that microbiota oscillations are following rhythmic food intake
  • Nathan Goodyear on 20 Oct 14
     
    This is a really nice study.  Altered sleep-wake cycles result in altered food consumption which leads to altered gut microbiota diurnal oscillations.  Gut microbiota have a normal diurnal oscillation.  This altered gut flora then leads to increase insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, diabetes...
Nathan Goodyear

Testosterone deficiency and cardiovascular mortality Morgentaler A, - Asian J Androl - 0 views

www.ajandrology.com/preprintarticle.asp

testosterone low t low Testosterone CVD cardiovascular mortality therapy

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 01 Dec 14 - No Cached
  • overall mortality and CV mortality were inversely associated with serum T concentrations.
  • men with low serum T, defined as < 8.7 nmol l−1 (250 ng dl−1 ), demonstrated significantly greater all-cause mortality than men with higher serum T (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.41-3.57), as well as greater CV mortality
  • lower T levels were significantly associated with the presence of any CV disease
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • more than 30 years of studies suggesting that low levels of T represent an increased risk for CV and overall mortality,
  • lower serum T concentrations also are associated with CV disease, including incident coronary artery disease [17],[18],[19] and atherosclerosis,
  • the actual rate of adverse events was only half as great in the T group (123 events in 1223 men at risk = 10.1%) as in the untreated group (1587 events in 7486 men = 21.2%)
  • The study by Vigen et al. [7] has already undergone two published corrections,
  • 29 medical societies have called for retraction of the article, asserting "gross data mismanagement and contamination," that rendered the study "no longer credible
  • Mortality in T-treated men was reduced by approximately half in treated men compared with untreated men, at 10.3% versus 20.7%, respectively
  • The mortality rate for men who received TTh was 3.4 deaths per 100 person-years, and 5.7 deaths per 100 person-years in untreated men
  • HR of 0.61 (95%CI: 0.42-0.88; P = 0.008), indicating a significant reduction in mortality with TTh
  • men in the highest prognostic MI risk quartile, treatment with TTh was associated with reduced risk
  • tripling in T prescriptions in the US over the last decade
  • a majority of observational studies have found that low endogenous serum T levels are associated with increased mortality.
  • Men who received TTh were able to exercise significantly longer without ischemia compared with men who received placebo
  • In men with congestive heart failure, those who received T demonstrated greater walking distance and other functional endpoints compared with those who received placebo
  • TTh has been shown uniformly and repeatedly to improve several known CV risk factors, including reduced fat mass, body fat percent, and waist circumference, and increased lean mass
  • improved glycemic control
  • reductions in insulin resistance.
  • the evidence strongly points to improved CV status with normal serum T or treatment with TTh in men with TD
  • analysis of health insurance claims data that reported a 36% increased rate of nonfatal MI in the 90d following receipt of a T prescription compared with the 12 prior months.
  • Comparison with men who received a prescription for a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) revealed no increased rate of MI following the prescription
  • Nathan Goodyear on 01 Dec 14
     
    Great review by Morgentaler of Testosterone and CVD.  He highlights the significant flaws in the JAMA and the NEJM articles of Testosterone therapy risks.  Morgentaler highlights the significant evidence that points to low T and increased risk of CVD. On contention I have, is Morgantaler seems to flip aside the massive uptick of Testosterone use in the US as compared to other countries.  The evidence definitely points to Testosterone therapy as being safe in those with low T, but there is definitely a problem of significant Testosterone doping that is taking place as well.
Nathan Goodyear

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition - Effect of maternal n-3 long-chain polyunsatura... - 0 views

www.nature.com/...ejcn2014158a.html

nutrition n-3 omega 3 omega-3 fish oil pregnancy childhood obesity

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 22 Dec 14 - No Cached
  • It is estimated that approximately 30% of children and adolescents in the United States and about 15–30% of those in Europe can be classified as overweight or obese
  • An increasing body of evidence now suggests that the nutritional environment encountered in utero and the early postnatal life may elicit permanent alterations in adipose tissue structure or function and, thereby, programme the individual’s propensity to later obesity
  • The composition of fatty acids in the Western diets has shifted toward an increasing dominance of n-6 relative to n-3 LCPUFAs over the past decades.9,10 This shift is also reflected in the fatty acid composition of breast milk
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • Evidence from animal studies suggests that the n-6 LCPUFA arachidonic acid promotes adipose tissue deposition, whereas the n-3 LCPUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid seem to exert an opposite effect
  • Overall, no effect of supplementation was found on BMI in preschool (<5 years) and school-aged (6–12 years) children
  • increased adiposity, once established in childhood, tends to track into adulthood
  • Many studies have shown that even children <2 years with a high BMI are at increased risk of developing obesity later in life
  • The acquisition of fat cells early in life appears to be an irreversible process
  • Evidence from cell culture and animal studies suggests that early exposure to n-3 LCPUFAs has the potential to limit adipose tissue deposition mainly by attenuating the production of the arachidonic acid metabolite prostacyclin, which has been shown to enhance adipogenesis
  • In conclusion, there is currently no evidence to support that maternal n-3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation exerts a favourable programming effect on adiposity status in childhood
  • our systematic review highlights that most of the trials reviewed were prone to methodological limitations
  • Nathan Goodyear on 22 Dec 14
     
    Literature review finds limited data (9 studies, only 6 RCTs) of omega-3 during pregnancy.  No data was found that supported reduced obesity in children by mothers taking n-3 during pregnancy.  No harm was found either.  Data was sparse.   Take home: not enough data, no harm to pregnancy, children, thus if indications are present for mother, then recommend n-3.  At this point not studies have pointed to reduced obesity in children.
Nathan Goodyear

Functional Properties and Genomics of Glucose Transporters - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2435356

glucose transporters GLUT fructose metabolism

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Aug 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 27 Aug 14
     
    Good discussion of Glucose transporters--GLUT.
Nathan Goodyear

Male gonadal function in coeliac disease: 2. Sex hormones. - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC1420172

Testosterone men male hormone hormones celiac disease celiac gluten Estrogen free androgen index DHT

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jul 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jul 14
     
    Interesting study of men with Celiac's disease.  Men with untreated Celiac's were found to have elevated TT and free Androgen index, but DHT was reduced with a slight increase in Estrogen.  LH was elevated.  This is consistent with inflammation increased aromatase activity.
Nathan Goodyear

Obesity and testicular function. [Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...19540307

obesity leydig cells Testosterone low T low Testosterone T SHBG LH leptin men male hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 04 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 04 Sep 14
     
    This article, here only abstract available, points to low Testosterone as the effect and not the cause.  The cause being obesity.  An interesting association between leptin and low T is found.  Leptin is a hormone produced from adipocytes, this study found leptin receptors in the leydig cells of testes.  Thus, increased leptin production from increased abdominal adiposity can result in a decrease in 17,20 lyase activity and thus a direct inhibition of leydig cell Testosterone production.
Nathan Goodyear

Spectrum of metabolic dysfunction in relationship with hyperandrogenemia in obese adole... - 0 views

eje-online.org/...1093.long

PCOS polycystic ovarian syndrome CRP inflammation insulin insulin resistance women female hormone hormones androgens Testosterone hyperandrogenism

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 10 Mar 15 - No Cached
  • subjects with hyperandrogenemic phenotypes displayed the greatest degree of hyperinsulinemia, β-cell function, and chronic inflammation
  • The rise in serum androgens is accompanied by excess insulin secretion, suggesting that insulin directly stimulates ovarian androgen production
  • The degree of hyperinsulinemia does not seem to be directly correlated with the development of HS
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • higher androgen and insulin levels stimulate hair growth
  • genetic and epigenetic changes may be involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS
  • HA has been identified as an important risk factor for MS and dyslipidemias in premenopausal women and adolescents
  • In our study, HA was found to be an independent risk factor for MS as previously reported by Coviello et al.
  • obesity and HA, and not insulin resistance, are the major determinants of chronic inflammation and risk of atherosclerosis in adolescents with PCOS
  • use of an inflammation marker may help identify high-risk females with PCOS
  • hyperandrogenemic PCOS phenotypes have greatest degree of hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation
  • Nathan Goodyear on 10 Mar 15
     
    Elevated androgens are associated increasing insulin, insulin resistance, and inflammation (as measured by CRP).
Nathan Goodyear

Therapeutic Testosterone Administration Preserves Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in t... - 0 views

www.jneurosci.org/...12312.long

Testosterone polyneuropathy MS multiple Sclerosis Estriol hormones autoimmune disease

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 17 Mar 15 - No Cached
  • direct androgen receptor activation is not a mutually exclusive requirement of testosterone-mediated neuroprotection.
  • Testosterone treatment after EAE induction restores synaptic transmission and corresponding synaptic protein levels within the hippocampus during EAE
  • A growing body of evidence suggests that testosterone enhances hippocampal synaptogenesis
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • This study demonstrates that testosterone treatment either before or after EAE disease induction partially restores deficits in synaptic transmission, preserves presynaptic and postsynaptic integrity, and prevents hippocampal pathology.
  • treatment with a pregnancy estrogen, estriol, can prevent deficits in excitatory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus during EAE
  • testosterone is important to the maintenance of normal synaptic spine density in the hippocampus
  • estriol treatment was also capable of preserving levels of synaptic proteins that are known to orchestrate functional synaptic transmission within the hippocampus.
  • Estriol is a therapeutic candidate in MS because it has widespread effects on the immune system and the CNS
  • MS patients have significantly decreased relapse rates during the third trimester of pregnancy, when estriol levels are most elevated, and relapse rates rebound during the postpartum period coinciding with an abrupt decline in serum estriol levels
  • In nonpregnant MS patients, estriol treatment has been shown to significantly reduce gadolinium-enhancing lesion number and volumes measured by MRI
  • Nathan Goodyear on 17 Mar 15
     
    Testosterone restores/preserves nerve synapsis within the hippocampus in autoimmune demyelinating disease.  Testosterone appears to have neuroprotection.  The authors conclude that the majority of the protective effect was through aromatase activity.
Nathan Goodyear

Sarcopenia and Age-Related Endocrine Function - 0 views

www.hindawi.com/...cta

Testosterone low T low testosterone low T muscle mass sarcopenia aging

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 13 Aug 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 13 Aug 14
     
    Good discussion of sarcopenia.  They article looked at the evidence of Testosterone and found the evidence pointed to improved lean muscle mass; but not a direct cause effect of low T and sarcopenia.
Nathan Goodyear

Implication from thyroid function decreasing during chemotherapy in breast cancer patie... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3717040

triiodothyronine T3 cancer chemotherapy thyroid

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 13 Aug 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 13 Aug 14
     
    Article points to potential chemosensitizing effect of T3 in cancer treatment.  Chemotherapy with increased metabolic demand with T3 may improve cancer kill rate.
Nathan Goodyear

Quality of life, self-esteem, fatigue, and sexual function in young men after cancer - ... - 0 views

onlinelibrary.wiley.com/...abstract

low T low Testosterone cancer quality of life fatigue men male hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 19 Nov 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 19 Nov 14
     
    Low Testosterone is common among male cancer survivors after therapy.  Many studies point to low T at the time of diagnosis as a prognostic biomarker.  The low T impairs QOL in this men.
Nathan Goodyear

Selenium and human health : The Lancet - 0 views

www.thelancet.com/...abstract

Selenium health

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 10 Nov 14 - No Cached
  • Low selenium status has been associated with increased risk of mortality, poor immune function, and cognitive decline
  • Higher selenium status or selenium supplementation has antiviral effects, is essential for successful male and female reproduction, and reduces the risk of autoimmune thyroid disease.
  • Prospective studies have generally shown some benefit of higher selenium status on the risk of prostate, lung, colorectal, and bladder cancers, but findings from trials have been mixed, which probably emphasises the fact that supplementation will confer benefit only if intake of a nutrient is inadequate
  • Nathan Goodyear on 10 Nov 14
     
    Selenium is a "U" shaped curve.  Abstract only available here.
Nathan Goodyear

Mitochondrial Fission Induces Glycolytic Reprogramming in Cancer-Associated Myofibrobla... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3478457

warburg effect Cancer cancer associated fibroblasts CAFs reverse warburg effect lactate aerobic glycolysis mitochondria oxidative stress ROS H2O2

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 11 Nov 14 - No Cached
  • L-lactate functions as an onco-metabolite, stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis and OXPHOS in adjacent cancer cells, directly providing energy for tumor growth
  • Oxidative stress in stromal fibroblasts then induces their metabolic conversion into cancer-associated fibroblasts. Such oxidative stress drives the onset of autophagy, mitophagy, and aerobic glycolysis in fibroblasts, resulting in the local production of high-energy mitochondrial fuels (such as L-lactate, ketone bodies, and glutamine). These recycled nutrients are then transferred to cancer cells, where they are efficiently burned via oxidative mitochondrial metabolism (OXPHOS)
  • stromal L-lactate serves as a high-energy mitochondrial “fuel” for cancer cells. We have termed this new model of cancer metabolism “Two-Compartment Tumor Metabolism”, where two opposing metabolic compartments co-exist, side-by-side, with stromal glycolysis fueling OXPHOS in cancer cells
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • Two-Compartment Tumor Metabolism
  • Reverse Warburg Effect”, is that catabolic fibroblasts should promote tumor growth, without any increases in angiogenesis
  • when cancer cells use L-lactate as a mitochondrial fuel source, this metabolic phenotype is a predictor of lethal cancer metabolism
  • tumor microenvironment is intimately involved in tumor development and progression
  • mitochondrial dysregulation is likely the “root cause” of several human disease(s), and especially epithelial cancers
  • Both in vitro and in vivo studies have now provided convincing evidence that “activated” stromal fibroblasts, a.k.a., myofibroblasts, may play a critical role in initiating tumor recurrence, via paracrine interactions with adjacent tumor epithelial cells
  • A new hypothesis is that cancer is not a cell autonomous disease, but rather a disease of the tumor microenvironment
  • cancer cells behave as metabolic parasites, by inducing oxidative stress in adjacent normal fibroblasts
  • recent experimental evidence indicates that cancer-associated fibroblasts have a catabolic phenotype, and undergo autophagy and mitophagy, resulting in the onset of glycolytic metabolism, driving L-lactate production, and its release into the tumor microenvironment
  • oncogenic mutations in cancer cells lead to ROS production and the “secretion” of hydrogen peroxide species
  • Nathan Goodyear on 11 Nov 14
     
    A good discussion of what is proposed the Reverse Warburg effect.  A process by which the local environment dictates tumor progression.  The cancer cells release ROS primarily in the form of H2O2 and this leads to Cancer Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) in the stroma.  The altered stromal environment increases ROS further and promotes ocogenic metabolites through the classic Warburg effect.  This high lactate production from the CAFs then is used by the cancer cells via classic oxidative phosphorylation.  Complex, beautiful and still an the understanding is a work in progress.   This study/article points to the importance of oxidative stress in some cancer development through CAFs.
Nathan Goodyear

Role of Oxidative Stress and the Microenvironment in Breast Cancer Development and Prog... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3950899

cancer oxidative stress warburg effect reverse warburg effect ROS

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 11 Nov 14 - No Cached
  • oxidative stress leads to HIF-1α accumulation
  • increased levels of hydrogen peroxide in exhaled breath condensate from patients with localized breast malignancy, associated with increased clinical severity
  • Oxidative stress generated by breast cancer cells activates HIF-1α and NFκB in fibroblasts, leading to autophagy and lysosomal degradation of Cav-1
  • ...18 more annotations...
  • Comparing mitochondrial metabolic activity revealed a difference between stroma and epithelial cells
  • metalloproteinases (MMP) such as MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9 increase extracellular matrix turnover and are themselves activated by oxidative stress
  • Overexpression of NOX4 in normal breast epithelial cells results in cellular senescence, resistance to apoptosis, and tumorigenic transformation, as well as increased aggressiveness of breast cancer cells
  • Lowered expression of Cav-1 not only leads to myofibroblast conversion and inflammation but also seems to impact aerobic glycolysis, leading to secretion of high energy metabolites such as pyruvate and lactate that drive mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in cancer cells
  • Reverse Warburg Effect
  • secreted transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor 2, and stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF1) are able to activate fibroblasts and increase cancer cell proliferation
  • oxidative stress has an important role in the initiation and preservation of breast cancer progression
  • cancer preventive role of healthy mitochondria
  • the cancer cells produce hydrogen peroxide and by driving the “Reverse Warburg Effect” initiate oxidative stress in fibroblasts. As a result of this process, fibroblasts exhibited reduced mitochondrial activity, increased glucose uptake, ROS, and metabolite production.
  • Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between unstable reactive species lacking one or more unpaired electrons (superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, reactive nitrogen species) and antioxidants
  • cancer cells are able to induce drivers of oxidative stress, autophagy and mitophagy: HIF-1α and NFκB in surrounding stroma fibro-blasts
  • Studies show that loss of Cav-1 in adjacent breast cancer stroma fibroblasts can be prevented by treatment with N-acetyl cysteine, quercetin, or metformin
  • However, diets rich in antioxidants have fallen short in sufficiently preventing cancer
  • obstructing oxidative stress in the tumor microenvironment can lead to mitophagy and promote breast cancer shutdown is a promising discovery for the development of future therapeutic interventions.
  • It is widely held that HIF-1α function is dependent upon its location within the tumor microenvironment. It acts as a tumor promoter in CAFs and as a tumor suppressor in cancer cells
  • It was reported that overexpression of recombinant (SOD2) (Trimmer et al., 2011) or injection of SOD, catalase, or their pegylated counterparts can block recurrence and metastasis in mice
  • hydrogen peroxide is one of the main factors that can push fibroblasts and cancer cells into senescence
  • Recent studies show that in the breast cancer microenvironment, oxidative stress causes mitochondrial dysfunction
  • Nathan Goodyear on 11 Nov 14
     
    Really fascinating article on tumor signaling. The article points to a complex signaling between cancer cells and stromal fibroblasts that results in myofibroblast transformation that increases the microenvironment favorability of cancer. This article points to oxidative stress as the primary driving force.  
Nathan Goodyear

Higher serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, but not estradio... - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...25660119

Testosterone DHT dihydrotestosterone Estradiol male men hormone hormones FEV1 FVC pulmonary function

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 16 Feb 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 16 Feb 15
     
    Higher Testosterone and DHT levels in men was found to be positively associated with FEV1 and FVC; Estradiol was not.  The question here is cause or effect.   Also interesting is the fact that smokers had higher Testosterone levels compared to non-smokers.
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