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Pregnancy is a immunosuppressive state.  Estriol therapy mimics that through decrease in T cell migration and activation.  Estriol moved the Tcells to a Th2 dominance and also was found to inhibit NF-kappaB.  Estriol decreased TNF-alpa through IL-10 production.

Good discussion of the gut microbiome.  Age effects the gut bacteria balance.  The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio increases from young, to young adult, to the elderly in this study.  Is this simply a reflection of aging or is the a biomarker that can be changed through diet and targeted probiotics?

estrogen dominance (high estradiol/low progesterone) increases risk of non-benign breast disease

ER-beta found throughout both the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle.  ER-beta expression was higher in the proliferative versus the secretory phases, though not statistically significant.  This makes since as estrogen stimulation dominates the proliferative phase.  Additionally, ER-beta expression was found throughout all levels of the endometrium and the myometrium.

Estrogen receptors alpha and beta show dominance in the proliferative phases, with alpha isoform predominating.  In the secretory phase, less expression of ER was present. ER alpha was predominantly expressed in the epithelial and stromal cells in the proliferative phase.  ER beta was predominantly expressed in glandular cells in the same proliferative phase.   in the luteal phase, ER alpha expression declined in the funtionalis layers.  ER alpha in the basalis remained unchanged.  ER beta in the functionalis layers also declined in the luteal phase.   No relative change was found in the weak expression of ER alpha/beta in the myometrium.

progesterone receptor status varies through a woman's menstrual cycle. PR-A dominates throughout, but the PR-A to PR-B ratio declines up to ovulation.

adipose tissue changes the macrophage type from M2 to M1 dominance.  This reveals the microenvironment found in adipose tissue and the effect on the adipose tissue macrophages.

Progesterone is known to have anti-inflammatory action.  This study looked at the anti-inflammatory action of progesterone on the myometrium of the uterus during pregnancy.  The anti-inflammatory effect, in this study, was through Progesterone Receptor B.  There was a change in the dominance to PR A late in pregnancy.  This would promote inflammatory signaling and thus contractions with the onset of labor.

Article discusses the expanding evidence of low T and Metabolic syndrome.

diet dominance type favors different bacterial balance in the gut that favors systemic inflammation.  Particularly, a high fat diet is associated with systemic hsCRP.

This study points out, that it is not the androgens, but the high aromatase activity and resultant Estradiol production that promotes prostate disease.  Take this together with high ER alpha dominance and one has a recipe for disease.

ER beta expression is dominant in healthy colon epithelium.  This study found that as colon disease progressed, ER beta expression declined.  So that, early disease was associated with the highest level of ER beta expression.

No long-term negative effects seen with Err 731 supplementation.  Particularily, the authors were looking for endometrial stimulation.  But, previous studies had shown a dominant ER-beta affinity, which would not favor endometrial stimulation.

Study finds no improvement in sexual desire and/or ED in older, obese men with Type II diabetes by Testosterone therapy over 40 weeks.   There is so much wrong with this study.  The authors, by design, assume that Testosterone is all there is.  No assessment of Testosterone metabolism and or its effects on inflammation was designed into this study.  These men are known to have increased inflammatory cytokine production and likely are aromatase dominant.  Given these men Testosterone may just be throwing fuel on the biochemical fire.

sulforaphane upregulates Th1 immunity; which aging shifts to Th2 dominance

ER alpha and ER beta expressed on fetal fat cells.  The authors of this article propose that ER alpha plays the dominant in fetal adipocyte differentiation.

Estriol, the dominant estrogen in pregnancy shown to decrease MS symptoms.  When Estriol was stopped, MS lesions relapsed.  Estriol binds to ERbeta at a rate of 5:1 compared to ER alpha.

Pregnancy has a positive effect on MS patients, especially during the 3rd trimester.  Rebound of MS increases in the postpartum period.  Estriol is the dominant pregnancy estrogen.  Progesterone is also produced at high levels.  The withdrawal of these hormones in the postpartum period are likely to lead to this rebound in MS.