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Nathan Goodyear

BMC Microbiology | Full text | The Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes ratio of the human microb... - 0 views

www.biomedcentral.com/...123

gut flora gut microbiome gut microbiota firmicutes bacteroidetes firmicutes_bacteroidetes health gut microbiome

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 May 15 - No Cached
  • The microbiota of the large intestine plays an important role in host metabolism and maintenance of host health
  • Our results defining a standard adult profile, together with previous reports, showed that C. leptum, C. coccoides, Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium represent the four dominant groups of the adult fecal microbiota
  • Sub-dominant groups are Lactobacilli Enterobacteriaceae, Desulfovibrio, Sporomusa, Atopobium as well as other bacterial groups including Clostridium clusters XI, XIVb, and XVIII
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • In infant fecal microbiota, we observed Bifidobacterium as the dominant group
  • this observation is strongly related to diet, being enhanced by breast feeding
  • Significant higher numbers of Bifidobacterium were observed in infants versus adults and seniors
  • the gastrointestinal tract is first colonized by facultative anaerobes, such as E. coli
  • Strict anaerobes, such as Clostridium, colonize at later stages, as can be seen by the relatively low levels of C. leptum and C. coccoides in infants
  • diet change must be considered among the primary causes for such a shift of microbiota between infants and adults.
  • In the case of elderly subjects, our qPCR results indicated a significant increase in the counts of E. coli when compared to adults. This data is consistent with other publications indicating that elderly subjects harbor a different E. coli microbiota profile compared to younger adults
  • a number of authors reported a reduction in the numbers and diversity of many protective commensal anaerobes, such as Bacteroides and Bifidobacteria
  • The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio was already shown to be of significant relevance in signaling human gut microbiota status
  • Our measurements of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in adults obtained by our species-specific qPCR are in agreement with those obtained by Ley et al
  • Compared with young adults, the elderly have a different digestive physiology, characterized at a physiological level by a reduction in transit and of digestive secretions
  • The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio undergoes an increase from birth to adulthood and is further altered with advanced age
  • Nathan Goodyear on 06 May 15
     
    Good discussion of the gut microbiome.  Age effects the gut bacteria balance.  The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio increases from young, to young adult, to the elderly in this study.  Is this simply a reflection of aging or is the a biomarker that can be changed through diet and targeted probiotics?
Nathan Goodyear

Diet-Induced Dysbiosis of the Intestinal Microbiota and the Effects on Immunity and Dis... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3448089

dysbiosis diet nutrition metabolic endotoxemia disease inflammation gut

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jul 14 - No Cached
  • The gut microbiota participates in the body’s metabolism by affecting energy balance, glucose metabolism, and low-grade inflammation associated with obesity and related metabolic disorders
  • Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes represent the two largest phyla in the human and mouse microbiota and a shift in the ratio of these phyla has been associated with many disease conditions, including obesity
  • In obese humans, there is decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes compared to lean individuals
  • ...21 more annotations...
  • weight loss in obese individuals results in an increase in the abundance of Bacteroidetes
  • there is conflicting evidence on the composition of the obese microbiota phenotype with regards to Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes ratios
  • Bifidobacteria spp. from the phyla Actinobacteria, has been shown to be depleted in both obese mice and human subjects
  • While it is not yet clear which specific microbes are inducing or preventing obesity, evidence suggests that the microbiota is a factor.
  • targeted manipulation of the microbiota results in divergent metabolic outcomes depending on the composition of the diet
  • The microbiota has been linked to insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes (T2D) via metabolic syndrome and indeed the microbiota of individuals with T2D is also characterized by an increased Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, as well as an increase in Bacillus and Lactobacillus spp
  • It was also observed that the ratio of Bacteriodes-Prevotella to C. coccoides-E. rectale positively correlated with glucose levels but did not correlate with body mass index [80]. This suggests that the microbiota may influence T2D in conjunction with or independently of obesity
  • In humans, high-fat Western-style diets fed to individuals over one month can induce a 71% increase in plasma levels of endotoxins, suggesting that endotoxemia may develop in individuals with GI barrier dyfunction connected to dysbiosis
  • LPS increases macrophage infiltration essential for systemic inflammation preceding insulin resistance, LPS alone does not impair glucose metabolism
  • early treatment of dysbiosis may slow down or prevent the epidemic of metabolic diseases and hence the corresponding lethal cardiovascular consequences
  • increased Firmicutes and decreased Bacteroidetes, which is the microbial profile found in lean phenotypes, along with an increase in Bifidobacteria spp. and Lactobacillus spp
  • mouse and rat models of T1D have been shown to have microbiota marked by decreased diversity and decreased Lactobacillus spp., as well as a decrease in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio
  • microbial antigens through the innate immune system are involved in T1D progression
  • The microbiota appears to be essential in maintaining the Th17/Treg cell balance in intestinal tissues, mesenteric and pancreatic lymph nodes, and in developing insulitis, although progression to overt diabetes has not been shown to be controlled by the microbiota
  • There is evidence that dietary and microbial antigens independently influence T1D
  • Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 protects BB-rats from T1D by mediating intestinal barrier function and inflammation [101,102] and a combination probiotic VSL#3 has been shown to attenuate insulitis and diabetes in NOD mice
  • breast fed infants have higher levels of Bifidobacteria spp. while formula fed infants have higher levels of Bacteroides spp., as well as increased Clostridium coccoides and Lactobacillus spp
  • the composition of the gut microbiota strongly correlates with diet
  • In mice fed a diet high in fat, there are many key gut population changes, such as the absence of gut barrier-protecting Bifidobacteria spp
  • diet has a dominating role in shaping gut microbiota and changing key populations may transform healthy gut microbiota into a disease-inducing entity
  • “Western” diet, which is high in sugar and fat, causes dysbiosis which affects both host GI tract metabolism and immune homeostasis
  • Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jul 14
     
    Nice discussion of how diet, induces gut bacterial change, that leads to metabolic endotoxemia and disease.
Nathan Goodyear

PLOS ONE: Microbial Dysbiosis in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Patients - 0 views

journals.plos.org/...article

dybsiosis cancer colon cancer Bacteroidetes Prevotella IL-17

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 26 Feb 15 - No Cached
  • differences in the colon microbiota in individuals with colon cancer versus those with a normal colonoscopy
  • qPCR revealed significant elevation of the Bacteroides/Prevotella population in cancer patients that appeared to be linked with elevated IL17 producing cells in the mucosa of individuals with cancer.
  • Bacteroides genus populations and more specifically those of Bacteroides fragilis, have recently been shown to produce a metalloprotease in colon cancer patients, but not in controls [12] suggesting this species sub population might favor carcinogenesis
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • It is noteworthy that among the many mechanisms that may mediate associations between microbiota and human health [21]–[22], pro-inflammatory and immune cell activation in colon mucosa are of great importance in relation to malignancy
  • B. fragilis has been shown to induce mucosal regulatory T-cell responses in the intestine involving TH17 cell recruitment in experimental models
  • the elevations of Bacteroides in the stool and/or IL17 immunoreactive cells in the normal mucosa appear to be promising sensitive markers
  • Nathan Goodyear on 26 Feb 15
     
    A relationship between dysbiosis and colon cancer appears to be present.  Particularly an increase in Bacteroidetes and Prevotella species were found in those with colon cancer versus those without.  An inflammatory up regulation of IL-17 appears to be involved.  Whether this is a cause or effect is yet to be determined, but the presence of elevated Bacteroidetes species with increased IL17 could be used as sensitive biomarkers.
Nathan Goodyear

Access : Microbial ecology: Human gut microbes associated with obesity : Nature - 0 views

www.nature.com/...4441022a.html

firmicutes firmicutes_bacteroidetes bacteroidetes gut gut flora gut microbiome gut microbiota obesity

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 22 Sep 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 22 Sep 16
     
    only abstract available: lower bacteroidetes associated with obesity.  This results in a higher F:B ratio.  Weight loss increased the Bacterodetes population.
Nathan Goodyear

Role of Gut Microbiota and Short Chain Fatty Acids in Modulating Energy Harvest and Fat... - 0 views

press.endocrine.org/...jc.2016-1797

obesity gut gut flora gut microbiome gut microbiota butyrate firmicutes_bacteroidetes firmicutes bacteroidetes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 22 Sep 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 22 Sep 16
     
    gut bacteria differentiate obese versus non-obese.  Association found b/t firmicutes:bacteroidetes, increased Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria; in addition, acute, propionate, and butyrate (all medium chain fatty acids) were found to be associated with obesity.
Nathan Goodyear

The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio of the human microbiota changes with age | BMC Micro... - 0 views

bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com/...1471-2180-9-123

gut gut health gut flora gut microbiota firmicutes_bacteroidetes metabolism

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Nov 16 - No Cached
  • C. leptum, C. coccoides, Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium represent the four dominant groups of the adult fecal microbiota
  • Lactobacilli Enterobacteriaceae, Desulfovibrio, Sporomusa, Atopobium as well as other bacterial groups including Clostridium clusters XI, XIVb, and XVIII
  • The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio undergoes an increase from birth to adulthood and is further altered with advanced age
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Nov 16
     
    good review/discussion of gut microbiota, including the firmicutes:bacteroidetes ratio.
Nathan Goodyear

Diet, Microbiota and Immune System in Type 1 Diabetes Development and Evolution - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC4663589

diabetes type I diabetes dysbiosis gut gut flora gut microbiome gut microbiota

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 17 Oct 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 17 Oct 16
     
    great review article on the relationship between gut dysbiosis and type I diabetes--particularly the bacteroidetes and Veillonella species; in contrast, Prevotella and Akkermansia special protects and maintains a healthy gut epithelium.
Nathan Goodyear

Frequency of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in gut microbiota in obese and normal weight ... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3258740

high fat diet HFD diet high fat obesity overweight gut dysbiosis inflammation hsCRP CRP Bacteroidetes Firmicutes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 20 Jul 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 20 Jul 13
     
    diet dominance type favors different bacterial balance in the gut that favors systemic inflammation.  Particularly, a high fat diet is associated with systemic hsCRP.
Nathan Goodyear

Relationships between diet-related changes in the gut microbiome and cognitive flexibility - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S0306452215004480

gut gut flora gut microbiome gut microbiota gut-brain sugar diet nutrition learning memory

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 29 Jun 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 29 Jun 15
     
    High dietary sugar intake alters gut bacteria (increased Clostridia sp. and decrease Bacteroidetes sp).  This resulted in decreased memory learning and memory in rat study.  
Nathan Goodyear

The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and ... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3735932

SCFA gut gut health diet nutrition metabolism gut flora gut microbiota

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Nov 16 - No Cached
  • Acetate, propionate, and butyrate are present in an approximate molar ratio of 60:20:20 in the colon and stool
  • SCFAs might play a key role in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome, bowel disorders, and certain types of cancer
  • SCFA administration positively influenced the treatment of ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • Gut bacteria in the cecum and large intestine produce SCFAs mainly from nondigestible carbohydrates that pass the small intestine unaffected
  • plant cell-wall polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and resistant starches
  • inulin shifted the relative production of SCFAs from acetate to propionate and butyrate
  • age of approximately 3–4 years, when it becomes mature
  • SCFAs affect lipid, glucose, and cholesterol metabolism
  • colonocytes, the first host cells that take up SCFAs and which depend largely on butyrate for their energy supply
  • the microbiota educate the immune system and increase the tolerance to microbial immunodeterminants
  • the microbiota act as a metabolic organ that can break down otherwise indigestible food components, degrade potentially toxic food compounds like oxalate, and synthesize certain vitamins and amino acids
  • a large part of the SCFAs is used as a source of energy
  • The general idea is that colonocytes prefer butyrate to acetate and propionate, and oxidize it to ketone bodies and CO2
  • Exogenous acetate formed by colonic bacterial fermentation enters the blood compartment and is mixed with endogenous acetate released by tissues and organs (103, 104). Up to 70% of the acetate is taken up by the liver (105), where it is not only used as an energy source, but is also used as a substrate for the synthesis of cholesterol and long-chain fatty acids and as a cosubstrate for glutamine and glutamate synthesis
  • SCFAs regulate the balance between fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, and lipolysis in the body.
  • Fatty acid oxidation is activated by SCFAs, while de novo synthesis and lipolysis are inhibited
  • obese animals in this study showed a 50% reduction in relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes (i.e., acetate and propionate producers), whereas the Firmicutes (i.e., butyrate producers) were proportionally increased compared with the lean counterparts.
  • increase in total fecal SCFA concentrations in obese humans.
  • In humans the distinct relation between the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio and obesity is less clear.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Nov 16
     
    Great review of the role of SCFA in gut health and body metabolism
Nathan Goodyear

Colonization-Induced Host-Gut Microbial Metabolic Interaction - 0 views

mbio.asm.org/...e00271-10.full

gut flora gut microbiome gut microbiota CYP450 metabolism

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 May 15 - No Cached
  • he gut microbiota enhances the host’s metabolic capacity for processing nutrients and drugs and modulate the activities of multiple pathways in a variety of organ systems.
  • Acquisition of the gut microbiota was associated with rapid increase in body weight (4%) over the first 5 days of colonization
  • The colonization process stimulated glycogenesis in the liver prior to triggering increases in hepatic triglyceride synthesis
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • modifications of hepatic Cyp8b1 expression and the subsequent alteration of bile acid metabolites
  • Expression and activity of major drug-metabolizing enzymes (Cyp3a11 and Cyp2c29) were also significantly stimulated
  • The gut microbiota (GM) exhibits a relatively low level of diversity compared to those of most soil ecosystems and in humans it is comprised of usually no more than nine phyla of microorganisms, of which only two are dominant: the Firmicutes and the Bacteroidetes
  • colonization of a germfree gut was rapid and remarkably stable, establishing within only a week after first exposure
  • a study conducted on germfree rats by Nicholls et al. showed that 3 weeks were necessary to obtain a stabilization and “normalization”
  • the microbiota status affects the systemic metabolism of the host, modulating the metabolic fingerprint of topographically remote organs such as the liver and the kidney
  • Gut colonization induces a rapid weight gain associated with stimulation of hepatic glycogenesis and triglyceride synthesis
  • Gut colonization alters bile acid metabolite profiles via modulation of hepatic Cyp8b1 expression
  • Bile acids are well-known contributors to glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver
  • GM is known to alter bile metabolism
  • GM is also known to exert a strong influence on the metabolism of xenobiotics
  • Nathan Goodyear on 06 May 15
     
    The effects of gut microbiome are not confined to the gut.  They alter bile acid metabolism and thus lipid/glucose metabolism.  They alter CYP450 activity.  They effect metabolism.  They effect the metabolism, and thus effects, of other drugs. 
Nathan Goodyear

Access : An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harves... - 0 views

www.nature.com/...nature05414.html

bacteroidetes firmicutes obesity overweight gut GI dysbiosis energy

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 25 Aug 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 25 Aug 11
     
    gut bacterial balance plays role in obesity
Nathan Goodyear

Access : Physiology: Obesity and gut flora : Nature - 0 views

www.nature.com/...4441009a.html

obesity overweight GI bacteria balance bacteroidetes firmicutes dysbiosis

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 25 Aug 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 25 Aug 11
     
    Obesity starts with Gut imbalance
Nathan Goodyear

Obesity - Abstract of article: Microbiota and SCFA in Lean and Overweight Healthy Subjects - 0 views

www.nature.com/...oby2009167a.html

SCFA obesity overweight bacteroidetes firmicutes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 25 Aug 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 25 Aug 11
     
    the balance of your gut and how they process dietary carbohydrates and amino acids
Nathan Goodyear

Distinct composition of gut microbiota during pregnancy in overweight and normal-weight... - 0 views

www.ajcn.org/...894.abstract

obesity gut pregnancy microbiota bacteroidetes clostridium staphylococcus

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 02 Sep 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 02 Sep 11
     
    the gut bacterial balance in overweight women is distinctly different than normal weight women during pregnancy.  We know that bacterial balance in the infants plays a pivotal role in obesity risk.  Maybe, probiotic and gut health in the pregnant mother is the starting point to preventing obesity risk in children
Nathan Goodyear

Exposure to the Functional Bacterial Amyloid Protein Curli Enhances Alpha-Synuclein Agg... - 0 views

www.nature.com/srep34477

neurodegenerative disease amyloid alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease gut gut flora gut microbiome gut microbiota gut-brain

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 Oct 16 - No Cached
  • Our work suggests that protein misfolding and immune activation in neurodegenerative disorders are triggered through cross-seeding by exposure to exogenous microbial amyloids in the nose, mouth and gut.
  • Streptococcus mutans, Staphlococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and others
  • Gene homologs encoding curli were recently determined also in four phyla: Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Thermodesulfobacteria
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • changes in the gut microbiota induced by antibiotics alter neuroinflammation and amyloid deposition in a mouse model of AD
  • Our data suggest that amyloid proteins in the microbiota are involved in the origination and maintenance of neurodegenerative disease.
  • exposure to bacteria producing a functional extracellular amyloid protein enhances aggregation of AS in brain neurons in aged rats and in muscle cells in nematodes
  • AS aggregates seed aggregation of tau
  • involvement of the vagus nerve in PD
  • microgliosis, astrogliosis and enhanced expression of IL-6, TLR2 and TNF in the brain following curli exposure suggest the occurrence of an enhanced local sterile inflammatory response to AS in the brain.
  • the immune system in both AD and PD have now been extensively established
  • TLR2 activation through exposure to bacterial amyloid is pathogenic
  • Nathan Goodyear on 06 Oct 16
     
    Gut bacteria may play crucial role in systemic inflammation that leads to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.  These amyloid production bacteria trigger systemic inflammation that leads to microglia activation and amyloid in the brain.   More establishment of the gut-brain connection.  
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