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lmshengu

Mungo Park's African Adventures - Document - Gale eBooks - 1 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

Lwandile Mshengu History 2A

shared by lmshengu on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • By the end of the eighteenth century, vigorous exploration of the interiors of major continents was well underway. In North America, the eastern part of the continent was well known, and major portions west of the Mississippi had been explored by the Spanish and the French. South America had been explored by the Spanish, and much of Asia had been visited or described as well. The Australian interior remained a mystery, nor was anything known of the African interior. Of these, Africa was of far greater interest because of its animals, great lakes and rivers, natives, and jungle. It simply seemed more exotic, dangerous, and interesting than Australia. It was also more accessible, lying just a few thousand miles from Europe.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      The interiors of the main continents had been vigorously explored by the end of the eighteenth century. The eastern half of North America was well known, and the Spanish and French had explored the most of the territory west of the Mississippi. The Spanish had explored South America and had visited or written about much of Asia. Both the Australian interior and the interior of Africa remained a mystery. Africa was the most fascinating of all due to its wildlife, large lakes and rivers, inhabitants, and jungle. Simply put, it appeared to be more exotic, perilous, and fascinating than Australia. Due to its proximity to Europe-just a few thousand miles-it was also more accessible.
  • After Park's disappearance public and political interest in Africa began to increase. He had proved that Africa could be explored, showing that it was possible to journey through unknown territory to a major African river, with few supplies and little help—but that doing so was dangerous business. More than 15 years would pass before the next major expedition left for Africa. (This is surprising when you consider that Africa, is, after all, geographically closer to Europe than either of the Americas or Asia. Yet, trade was established with India and China, colonies were established in both North and South America, and a struggling colony was present in Australia before African exploration was well underway.) Hugh Clapperton, Dixon Denham, and Walter Oudney led a three-year expedition for the British government (1822-1825) through Saharan and sub-Saharan Africa—and returned to England to tell about it. They were followed by many others in subsequent decades, culminating in the epic journeys of David Livingstone (from 1852 until his death in 1873
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      By the end of the eighteenth century, the innards of the major continents had undergone active exploration. The eastern part of North America was well known, while the majority of the area west of the Mississippi had been explored by the Spanish and French. The Spanish had traveled through most of Asia and had explored South America. The interiors of Australia and Africa both remained a mystery. Due to its wildlife, numerous lakes and rivers, residents, and jungle, Africa was the most fascinating of all the continents. In other words, it seemed more exotic, dangerous, and exciting than Australia. It was also easier to get to because of how close it was to Europe-just a few thousand kilometers away.
  • Back in England, Park married, wrote a book, and became licensed in surgery. In 1805 he set out again on another expedition sponsored by the African Association, accompanied by nearly 40 men, trying again to map the course of the Niger. This time, after reaching the river, they built boats and sailed along it for over 1,000 miles (1,609 km), mapping its course as it flowed to the east and turned south. Disease, however, killed all but 11 of his expedition members, and the weakened party was never to reach the mouth of the Niger. They were killed in a battle with natives near the present city of Bussa in 1806.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Park married, published a book, and obtained his surgical license back in England. With roughly 40 additional men, he headed out on another African Association-sponsored trip in 1805 in an effort to survey the Niger once more. This time, they arrived at the river, built boats, and sailed nearly 1,000 miles (1,609 km) down it while charting its course as it ran to the east before turning south. However, disease claimed the lives of all but 11 of his expedition's participants, and the weaker group was unable to make it to the Niger River's mouth. In 1806 they lost their lives in a conflict with locals close to the modern-day city of Bussa.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • Over the next century, Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Portugal, and Belgium all established (or tried to establish) colonies, trading outposts, or both in Africa. Although warfare between competing European powers rarely erupted, the natives often resisted European incursions. The African tribes, however, could neither coordinate their efforts nor overcome the technological advantage of European weapons. In every instance but one (Ethiopia, who defeated the Italians in 1896), they failed to resist the onslaught of European colonizers.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      In the next century, colonies, trading outposts, or both, were created (or attempted to be formed) in Africa by Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Portugal, and Belgium. The locals frequently opposed European advances, notwithstanding the rarity of conflict between rival European nations. However, the African tribes were unable to work together or overcome the technological superiority of European weapons. In all but one case-Ethiopia, which beat the Italians in 1896-they were unable to fend off the invasion of European invaders.
adonisi19

The Reverend Charles New Nineteenth Century Missionary and Explorer in Eastern Equatori... - 1 views

Zanele Adonisi

shared by adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Charles New is little-mentioned in exploration literature, yet during his short life (1840–75), this self-educated Methodist evangelist became, in August 1871, the first European to reach the snow line of Mount Kilimanjaro.
  • He was a vocal opponent of the slave trade in Britain, and for his geographical exploits was honored by the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) in April 1874.
  • During his years as Revd Thomas Wakefield’s equal partner at their coastal Kenya mission, they made an excursion to Southern Oromo (also known as Galla) country in eastern Kenya in 1866–67.
  • ...28 more annotations...
  • Despite his short life, New provided geographical insights about eastern Kenya and the region around Mount Kilimanjaro
  • Hildegard Binder Johnson in her seminal article on missionaries as explorers cogently provided a useful overview of the role they played in helping western society understand new and unknown places in Africa
  • New and Wakefield were equal partners at their fever-ridden Methodist mission at Ribe in Kenya
  • Ribe is located a few miles from Rabai, the site of Johann Ludwig Krapf’s mission.
  • The word “Galla” actually is the name one sees for the Southern Oromo in much of the literature as well as on maps, and will be used throughout this article.
  • New arrived in Kenya on 1 May 1863, and when he first met Thomas Wakefield, his initial, whimsical words were “Mr Wakefield, I presume.” 9 Within a short time, Krapf saw that the two young missionaries were settled at Ribe, a short distance inland from Mombasa, and long-term plans were made to travel to eastern Kenya to visit the Galla.
  • treacherous,
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This word means guilty of or involving betrayal and deception.
  • Finally, in October 1866, New and Wakefield, with church sanction, began their reconnaissance of Galla country, a journey that lasted little more than three months.
  • Their itinerary took them by boat northwards from Mombasa to Malindi and Mambria. After wandering inland to places in the Tana River region called Mana Mvoko, Gubisu, and Golbanti near Lake Ashaka, they journeyed east to Lamu island, from where they then sailed by dhow to Malindi (see Figure 2). They returned to Mombasa in February 1867. New and Wakefield were fortunate to survive.
  • On occasion, they almost starved.
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Missionaries put their lives at risk just spread the word of God this shows how dedicated they were.
  • eir shoes disintegrated, they were constantly plagued by mosquitoes, and they were endangered by flooded rivers
  • To add insult to injury, they found that the Galla had no interest in the gospel once they learned that the young missionaries could not protect them from the ever-raiding Masai. Because the evangelical results of their journey were quite disappointing, R. Elliott Kendall concluded that this visit to Galla country by the two young missionaries was “an objective which turned out to be a chimera.” 13
  • Charles New, Map of Equatorial Africa. Detail of route followed by Charles New and Thomas Wakefi eld from Mombasa to Galla Country in coastal Kenya in 1866–67. Ribe is located on this map just north of Mombasa. From Charles New, Life, Wanderings, and Labours in Eastern Africa, 3rd edn (London, 1971).
  • Another important result of this short exploration was that New came to dislike the Galla and he was convinced that they were a “forlorn hope”; thus, they would never be converted to Christianity.
  • Wakefield and Krapf did not agree with him; Wakefield attempted without success to convert the Galla right up to the time he left Africa in 1887.
  • His last effort to establish a mission at Golbanti on the Tana River ended in tragic disaster when Masai warriors (not Galla tribesmen) attacked the compound and murdered all of the European occupants.
  • New was convinced that the Galla were too recalcitrant to be converted by Christian missionaries, and, in addition, he was not at all enamored with the mission site at Ribe. He called it the “hapless Mombas mission.” He believed it was too unhealthy a place for Europeans to survive.
  • Charles New wanted to establish a mission in a more salubrious location,
  • New’s first trip to the land of the Chagga was a notable success. He established good relations with the Chagga, and he gained permission to travel almost everywhere. Clearly, this was a good place to relocate.
  • In other words, for this Christian missionary, the Chagga were ripe for evangelizing.
  • This was wishful thinking because, as it turned
  • out, New had no better success with the Chagga than he did with the Mijikenda at Ribe or with the Galla. 19
  • While at Kilimanjaro, New had some difficulties with Mangi Rindi, also known as Mandara, the powerful Chagga ruler at Moshi. New focused on Moshi because Mandara had close relations with Swahili traders from the coast. These problems with Mandara were to continue when New returned to Kilimanjaro in 1875. 2
  • On his way back to England to commence his leave in July 1872, New first sailed to the town of Victoria in the Seychelles to wait for a mail boat to take him to England. While there, he stayed at a hotel that also housed Henry Stanley as a patron. It is presumed that during their stay in the Seychelles New and Stanley discussed their dispute.
  • he was seriously ill throughout this journey, which lasted only from early December 1874 to 14 February 1875, the day he died from exhaustion and dysentery while returning to Ribe from Kilimanjaro.
  • He did not go to East Africa to be an explorer, but when he once was asked whether he wanted to be respected only for his geographical accomplishments he emphatically responded that “Let me never think of merging the missionary into the traveler.
  • Charles New was convinced that he helped alleviate human misery during his limited years of evangelizing in East Africa, even though he admitted that he preached to people whom he said “would not listen.” He was fervently opposed to slavery, yet, like most Europeans of his day, he was a benevolent racist who disparaged Africans, especially the Mijikenda tribesmen who resided in the Ribe area and whom he knew well. 31
  • Charles New’s missionary work in Kenya should not be minimized. Success as an evangelist was limited mainly because he admitted that his words fell on deaf ears; nonetheless, his activities were vital to the survival of the Methodist mission in Ribe (he is touted as being the founder of the first formal school in East Africa), and he continually worked to gain support in Britain.
l222091943

Disease, Cattle, and Slaves: The Development of Trade between Natal and Madagascar, 187... - 1 views

Lindiwe.S Mbatha 222091943

shared by l222091943 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ions of South African trading relations with the rest of Black Af
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 26 Apr 23
       
      they are little information in which we find speaking about south Africa people trade and the rest of black Africa.
  • , despite increasing evidence that they played a major role in both the formation and the erosion of African polities in the nineteenth
  • First it examines the background and commercial impact of animal diseases and natural blights in Southern Africa in the late nineteenth cent
  • ...50 more annotations...
  • ond, it analyzes the consequences of the subsequent cattle losses in South Africa, and notably Natal, by examining the huge demand that arose for imported cattle and the role of Madagascar as a major supplie
  • , it sets the cattle import trade in the context of commercial relations in general between Natal and Madagascar in the period 1875-1
  • The aim and object in life [for Africans] seems to be to accumulate cattle, rather than to accumulate money in the form of gold and silver; but in the ultimate analysis we see that cattle .. . takes the place of the banks
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 26 Apr 23
       
      in ancient time wealthy was not measured by how much money do you have but it was, measured by what you have in your yard and how many cattle's you have they believe that money was worthless than cattle's
  • ir commercial impact has passed largely unremarked by historians, yet diseases were directly responsible in Natal for a marked stagnation in the cattle stock which, after increasing 24 percent between 1885 and 1889, fell by 8 percent in the following two yea
  • Africa in 1896-1897, cattle diseases and other natural blights were ravaging stock and causing immense concern to farmers and political
  • Cattle were also the primary, if not exclusive, form of capital accumulation for most Africans. Cattle diseases thus not only deprived African farmers of draft oxen to plow fields, supply manure, and transport goods, but also depleted their capital resources. -Kingon commented of the impact of East
  • involvement by South African cattle merchants in the Malagasy slave trade.
  • y diminishing rainfall. De Kiewet claims that between 1882 and 1925 South Africa suffered from a severe drought approximately every
  • One prevalent cattle disease in the late nineteenth century was Redwater (Babesiosis) which first appeared in Natal in 1870-1871, having been introduced by infected cattle fro
  • possible to maintain and the disease spread rapidly through Pondoland in the early 1880s to Kaffraria and the Cape Colo
  • By 1890 it affected all regions of South Africa, although in the highlands of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal the
  • .7 -Cattle mortality from Redwater was initially high, notable among imported European and Cape cattle, although it would appear that local stock developed a resistance to the disease following its most virulent phase in the summer of 1874
  • During the 1870s Redwater was joined by "Quarter-evil" or "Sponsick," an allied disease that attacked mainly young cattle of between one and three years of ag
  • entury.9 Another cattle disease prevalent in late nineteenth century South Africa was Lungsickness or bovine pleuropneumonia. Colenbrander claims that it was introduced in the 1850s
  • traders of disposing of their cattle in small numbers to Africans as they travelled.10 Anthrax and nagana were also present in th
  • s.11 In 1889 however, high cattle losses were caused by an outbreak of Fluke disease, known locally as "Slack" and elsewhere variously as Liver Rot, Coathe, Bane, and Sheep
  • s of Lungsickness and to a persistent drought. The latter had led to the failure of crops in 1888, depleting winter forage and therefore lowering cattle resistance to parasites
  • oxen in 1902 and 1903 - despite interruptions caused by the French imposition of a quarantine on all ships from Natal following the false rumor of an outbreak of plague at Durban. The influx of Madagascar cattle helped sustain the rapid rise in imports into Natal: in 1901 Africa, excluding South Africa, accounted for over one percent of Natal's total imports for the first time in fourteen years.35 East Coast Fever had the same general impact upon the South African economy as rinderpest, similarly generating a large demand for cattle imports.36 However, whereas Madagascar's geographical isolation saved it from rinderpest, the same was not true of East Coast fever. As Koch noted in his 1903 report : In Beira I was informed some time ago cattle were frequently brought there from German East Africa and Madagascar, and that the latter animals, especially ... from the South of the Island, soon became sick and died, while the cattle from the East African Coast and the Northern districts of Madagascar remained healthy.37 As soon as his findings became public, demand in South Africa for Malagasy cattle fell sharply, their value dropped, and imports plummeted. It would appear that following the spread of East Coast Fever, many cattle imported from Madagascar were ordered to be slaughte
  • ath of stock - in the 1890 drought 100,000 cattle died in the Transkei alone - and the spread of malnutrition and disease.14 Severe droughts created particularly favorable conditions for th
  • Southern Africa. The 1896 locust plague was also a major contributing factor in the rebellion that year in Bechuanaland, which had been particularly badly affected, as the main locust breeding ground was located on the edge of the Kalahari.15
  • The cattle stock of South Africa was thus considerable enfeebled by 1896 when it was hit by
  • maliland in 1889. Rinderpest subsequently spread rapidly south, reaching Uganda in 1890 and Zambia (Northern Rhodesia) by late 1892. The river Zambesi was the most effective barrier to its progress south, for the disease did not reach Zimbabwe (Southern
  • Cape before the end of 1896 and in late November 1897 Cape Town w
  • Consequently owners were frequently compelled to sell their cattle at ridiculous prises, rather than to keep them, and run
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 26 Apr 23
       
      they were more scared of losing than cattle's than their money.
  • Accentuated by the effects of the 1897 drought, the rinderpest epidemic of 1896-1897 wrought havoc with the cattle stock of South Africa. In Mafeking 95 percent and in the Transkei an estimated 90 percent of cattle were killed by rinderpest. Overall it has been estimated that rinderpest caused an 85 percent mortality among unprotected cattle. Even in areas where inoculation was adopted, as in most of Cape Colony, 35 percent of cattle perished. Due to a variety of factors, African losses were much higher than those sustain
  • by 77 percent in 1897, compared to a decrease for white-owned stock of 48 percent. Subsequently white owned stock, increased although in 1898 the number of African-owned cattle decreased by a further 34 percent: Thus whereas Africans in Natal possessed 494,402 cattle in 1896, just over double the total white owned stock, by 1898 their cattle stock had plummeted to 75,842, or just under half the number of cattle owned by whites.18 A second epidemic of rinderpest hit South Africa in 1901, its impact accentuated by the demand for cattle established by the South African War of 18991902. Moreover, it was closely followed by an outbreak of East Coast Fever, a disease that caused as much destruction to cattle, albeit over a more extended period of time, as rinderpest. East Coast Fever first attracted the atten
  • uth Africa occurred at Komatipoort and Nelspruit in M
  • 00 - the first recorded cases in South Africa occurred at Komatipoort and Nelspruit in May 1902. Its progress south was slower than rinderpest ,but by 1904 it affected most of the Transvaal from where it spread to Natal. In 1910 it crossed into the Transkei and within a few years all of South Africa was affected. The similarity of East Coast Fever to Redwater initially led to it being termed "Rhodesian Redwater," an indication of its supposed origins. As with rinderpest, specialists found the disease difficult to contend with and theories on preventative measures and treatme
  • 19 Thousands
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 26 Apr 23
       
      this graph is showing the numbers of infected cattle's which was first recorded in at the end of 1900 which occurred in Komati port
  • nfected imported cattle to the non-immune stock of the interior and to foreign cattle imports.21 In 1903 an inoculation program was started in Zimbabwe, while the following year the government of Natal voted ?2,000 to assist its farmers in the erection of cattle dipping tanks. Nevertheless by 1905 East Coast Fever had spread throughout all the lowveld districts of South Africa, and incidences of the disease were reported on the highveld at Marico, Germiston, and Boksburg. Although it appeared to vanish quickly, outbreaks reoccurred in 1906 in the Natal districts of Paulpietersburg, Ngotshe, Vryheid, Nongoma, and Mahlabatini. The disruption caused by the Zululand rebellion of that year - a revolt in which cattle losses might well have been a formative cause further facilitated the spread of the disease; by March 1910 it had reached Eastern Griqualand via the Umzimkulu district, and by 1912 had spread through the Transkei (where of 158,884 cattle inoculated against the disease by 1914 only onethird survived) to affect the
  • The Import of Cattle into Natal The persistence in Natal of disease and natural blights ensured a chronic dearth of cattle and, as the latter constituted such an important element in the local economy, especially in agriculture and transport, imports were encouraged to build up depleted stock, notably in the periods 1875-1882, 1890-1892, and 1896-1909, as shown in Table 1, below. Some cattle were imported from as far afield as Argentina and Australia, but the nearest source of cattle considered undiseased was the large Indian Ocean island of Madagascar, separated by 200 miles from Mozambique at the closest point, and boasting a high bovine population. Madagascar rarely accounted for less than 80 percent of all oxen imported into Natal between 1875 and 1909, comprising 100 percent of such imports in 1878-80, 1884, 1890/91-1891/92, and 1904. Malagasy oxen first entered Natal in 1875, although their import was subsequently halted until 1878 due to the imposition of a strict quarant
  • The persistence in Natal of disease and natural blights ensured a chronic dearth of cattle and, as the latter constituted such an important element in the local economy, especially in agriculture and transport, imports were encouraged to build up depleted stock, notably in the periods 1875-1882,
  • s.27 Despite regular veterinary inspections which slowed the process of importation, the profits to be gleaned tempted seven Natal firms to engage in the trade in the perio
  • Between 1883 and 1897 very few cattle were imported into Natal, Malagasy oxen only being imported in any number during the years 1890/91-1891/92 (a total of 175) when it is possible that only one Natal merchant, Beningfield & Son, was involved. Imports of
  • the price o
  • Bay, at the strikingly low price of ?1.6 a head.32 Likewise, Natal merchants looked to Madagascar to replenish their stocks. Oxen from Madagascar proved consistently cheaper than those imported from other sources, the sole exception being in 1902 when 673 oxen were imported from Britain at under ?2.00 a head. It was therefore to Madagascar, despite the history of cattle infections there, that Natal merchants turned. Moreover, the demand came from white and black farmers alike. Although the fortunes of African farmers were sharply reduced by cattle losses, forcing considerable numbers of African males to seek wage
  • Accentuated by the effects of the 1897 drought, the rinderpest epidemic of 1896-189
  • t of Natal's total imports for the first time in fourteen years.35 East Coast Fever had the same general impact upon the South African economy as rinderpest, similarly generating a large demand for cattle imports.36 However, whereas Madagascar's geographical isolation saved it from rinderpest, the same was not true of East Coast fever. As Koch noted in his 1903 report : In Beira I was informed some time ago cattle were frequently brought there from German
  • associated with the cattle trade was the trade in hides. Colenbrander indicates that cattle mortality in Natal and adjoining regions boosted exports of cattle hides. The Natal Blue Books show that between 1871 and 1899, the export of ox and cow hides peaked in 1875, 1880, 1882, 1884-1886, 1889, 1891-1895, 1897, and 1899, while exports of sheep, goat, and calf skins peaked in 1874, 1885, 1894, and 1897. The dramatic rise in hide and skin exports in 1897 is evident reflection of the impact of rinderpest
  • For example, Ballard claims that as a result of rinderpest and a locust plague, the maize and sorghum crop declined by between 24 and 98 percent in fifteen out of the twenty-four Natal administrative districts in 1895-1896.39 This combined with the rapid expansion or urban mining centers meant that by 1899 South Africa was generally no longer self-sufficient in food. Competition from foreign suppliers grew as freight rates declines due to improved transport facilities, in the form of ocean steam ships and the rapid extension inland of railways. The result was an increase in imported wheat, maize, vegetable and dairy products. Madagascar emerged as an important supplier of both maize, a staple food crop in Natal, and beans in the periods 1877-188
  • In contrast to imports into Natal from Africa (excluding South African territories), Madagascar was a marginal consumer of Natal's exports to Africa - of which it generally accounted for less than 10 percent except in the decade 18781888, when it fell below 10 percent in 1884 and 1886-1887 due largely to the economic effects of the Franco-Merina War of 1882-1885.42 Madagascar's greatest share of Natal's exports was in 1878 (35 percent) and 1881-1883 (25, 22, and 29 percent respectively). Conditions in Natal also affected the region's export performance, particularly during the South African War of 1889-1902 when, in marked contrast to its imports from Africa (which rose appreciably), its exports to Africa declined. Indeed, conditions of trade for the entire period 1898-1904 were considered abnormal, the customs collector in 19
  • n some cases at ridiculously low prices - on to markets already overstocked owing to the too sanguine expectations of merchants, all tended seriously to disturb the ordinary conditions of trade. Indeed, to so great an extent was this the case that only now ... can the trade of the country be considered to have reverted to anything like normal conditions. 43 Malagasy cattle comprised two breeds: a European humpless variety and the more common Zebu. Although the main grazing lands of the island were the southern and western plains where cattle-raising was the chief occupation of the Bara, Mahafaly, Antandroy, Tsimihety, and Sakalava peoples, most cattle exported from Madagascar were until the 1860s shipped from Merina-controlled regions, notably from the major port of Toamasina, on the north east coast, to the Mascarenes. Elsewhere cattle were exported to Mozambique, primarily from Mahajanga and Morondava on the west coast, whilst a multitude of small ports provided oxen to provision passing ships. The demand
  • ered an average 20 percent loss in cattle en route compared to an average of ten days' sail from the southwest to Durban and a 9 percent cattle mortality en route.45 Second, by sailing to independent reaches of Madagascar, Natal merchants avoided middlemen costs imposed by the Merina. Taxes raised by local chiefs in the southwest of Madagascar varied in amount and value but, as Stanwood, the US consular agent in Morondava, noted in 1880, "Duties in Sakalava ports are paid per ship a fixed amount in and out, no two ports are alike in this respect, Tullia [Toliara] being the highest and Maintirano the lowest, but none come up to the 10 of the Hovas [ie. Merina]."46
  • gascar. Rum constituted the greater part of such imports until the French takeover
  • ottons, the staple export from Natal to Madagascar in the 1877-1894 period, were not only consumed as clothing, but also constituted the main commodity currency outside the main Merina-controlled commercial centers.47 The Malagasy market was of considerable importance to Natal, consuming never less than 23 percent of its cotton exports between 1887 and 1889, with a high point of over 60 percent from 1885 to 1888. This was particularly marked in plain and in printed and dyed piece goods; Madagascar accounted for over 75 percent of Natal's exports of plain cotton exports in 1878, 1883, and 1885-1888, and of its printed and dyed piece goods in 1882 and 1885-1889. All cotton pieces were re-exports from Britain or India. Ready-made clothing was also a considerable export to the island, almost rivaling cotton
  • nd 1879 (to 16 and 19 percent respectively). Another significant export from Natal to Madagascar was arms, notably muskets and rifles, bullets/balls and gunpowder. In 1878 for instance, McCubbin, the largest importer of Malagasy oxen into Natal, sought a gunpowder export license from the Natal government for his Madagascar trade. The request was refused but export licenses for arms were granted during the 1880s Franco-Merina conflict. For example, in 1882 A.C. Sears, captain of the American bark the Sic
  • ,
  • Cottons and arms imported into west Madagascar played a significant role in the Malagasy slave trade. First, arms were used by Malagasy slavers to procure slaves in the interior of the island. Second, arms and cottons formed the chief means of payment for slaves. For instance, 81 percent of the price paid for slaves in Toliara in the mid-1880s comprised gunpowder and arms, and approximately ?9,995 in arms and ?1,419 in cotton piece goods was imported annually into St. Augustin Bay to pay for slave exports.50 It is probable that the majority of the cottons and some of the arms were supplied from Natal, and the Natal merchants became involved in the slave trade. Madagascar played
  • slave trade. Maintirano was the focal point for this trade, possibly 30 percent of all slave imports into Madagascar, and a good percentage of slave exports from the island, passing through the
  • oned on Nosy Ve, which in 1887 was described as "nothing but a slaving station" serving R6union.54 Thus most of the Natal merchant houses involved in importing Malagasy oxen were involved directly or indirectly in the Malagasy slave trade. In this context it is highly interesting to note that both Beningfield and Snell were heavily involved in shipping workers and goods between Natal and Delagoa Bay and Inhambane, and were therefore quite possibly directly involved in the trans-Mozambique Channel slave traffic.55 However, the opportunity cost of establishing direct contact with the supplier could prove great, for the absence of an established group of commercial intermediaries created an unstable context for trade. After negotiating a passage through the reef that characterized the southwest coast, foreign traders contact
wamiercandy

Taylor and Francis journal.pdf - 3 views

"Owami Mbeko" "History2A"

shared by wamiercandy on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Another river and its sources, the Congo, became the great riddle that occupied geographic societies and made them send expeditions to Central Africa. Their discoveries entertained European readers, fed the greed for power and wealth of many nations, and made explorers famous.
  • (remarkable also because of the positive value Gierow gives to his observation of what other travellers often saw as a sign of savagery):
  • Undeterred, the German association then sent out a third expedition led by Pogge whose first trip had made him a famous and respected explorer.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • the Bashilange presented them, as ethnographers, with a most intriguing case, a chance to break through that other cordon that consisted of preconceived images of savage Africa, a chance that, as I begin to see it, did not come around again until after the demise of colonial regimes in the sixties of this century.
  • wamiercandy on 26 Apr 23
     
    This journal is more about the explorers which was the Europeans that came with a voyage and sailed through Central Africa looking at the remarkable resources that they could put to good use and they ended up settling down because some of the explorers were very greedy they wanted everything to themselves. They started learning about the culture of African people which they liked very much but when they painted a picture for their followers back in Europe they would describe African as Savages.
puseletsomonyeki

David Livingstone | Encyclopedia.com - 0 views

www.encyclopedia.com/...david-livingstone

Puseletso Monyeki ''History 2A''

shared by puseletsomonyeki on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • On November 15 he reached the spectacular falls on the Zambezi, which the Africans called the "Smoke which Thunders" but which Livingstone named Victoria Falls in honor of the queen of England.
    • puseletsomonyeki
      puseletsomonyeki on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is evidence that Dr. David Livingstone was the first person to discover the Zambezi river and the Victoria falls.
  • With mutual regrets he severed his ties with the London Missionary Society, but the British government agreed to support an expedition to explore the Zambezi River led by Livingstone, who was made a British consul for the purpose. He sailed for Africa in March 1858.
  • The explorers learned of the existence of two lakes to the north, and on a second journey they discovered Lake Chilwa on April 16, 1859. On a third journey up the Shire they left the boat, walked 3 weeks overland, and discovered Lake Nyasa on Sept. 17, 1859.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • Regarding himself as a missionary to the end, Livingstone inspired many new enterprises such as the Makololo, Ndebele, and Tanganyika missions of his own society, the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, and the Livingstonia Mission of the Church of Scotland. His life caught the imagination of the Christian world.
    • puseletsomonyeki
      puseletsomonyeki on 26 Apr 23
       
      Dr. Livingstone was not only exploring the Zambezi river, he also sought to spread christianity all over.
chantesolomonstatum

The story of East Africa's role in the transatlantic slave trade - 8 views

theconversation.com/ransatlantic-slave-trade-43194

Chante Solomons History 2A

shared by chantesolomonstatum on 17 Mar 23 - No Cached
  • The plundering and burning of the sugar plantations in France’s wealthiest colony had destroyed the established market for East African slaves in the Americas. The Sao José was thus a pioneer, hoping to find a new market for East African slaves in Brazil. This was no easy matter, as traders in Angola and the Congo monopolised the sale of slaves to Portuguese America.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      The East African slave rebellion and the plundering and burning of the sugar plantains in France's wealthiest colony, destroyed the market for East African slaves in the Americas. The Sao Jose pioneered hoping to find a new market for East African slaves in Brazil. This was not easy as traders in Angola and Congo then monopolized the sale of slaves to the Portuguese America.
  • East Africa was a late participant in the transatlantic slave trade. It was only in the 1770s that a regular trade in slaves to the French islands of Mauritius and Réunion began from points on the East African coast. Small numbers of slaves had been carried around the Cape for more than a century. But as planters on St Domingue cried out for labour, this trade became more profitable and systematic, particularly as the French king agreed to subsidise the shipment of slaves to the island.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      East Africa was late in participating in the transatlantic slave trade. In the 1770s the French traded slaves from the Island of Mauritius to the East African coast. Trade became more profitable due to the St Domingue labor the French king then agreed to subsidize the shipment of slaves to the island
  • Rebellions were frequent and slave ships carried large crews and the firepower needed to suppress any resistance. The East Africa slave trade reached its peak in 1789-90 when about 46 ships, carrying more than 16,000 slaves, circumnavigated the Cape. Almost all were bound for the sugar and coffee plantations of northern St Domingue.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • A triangular trade developed as ships sailed from French ports such as Bordeaux and Nantes to buy slaves in East Africa. The slaves were then taken to St Domingue and exchanged for tropical produce like sugar, coffee and indigo. The size of these vessels grew in the 1780s and some had the capacity to carry up to 1000 slaves.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      The French ports such as Bordeaux and Nates bought slaves in East Africa. Slaves were then taken to St Domingue and were exchanged for tropical produce such as sugar, coffee, and indigo. In the 1780s the size of the slave vessels grew and some of these vessels had up to 1000 slaves in them.
  • The recent discovery of the remains of the Portuguese slave ship São José off Cape Town has brought East Africa’s role in the transatlantic slave trade to public attention.
  • All this made a bad situation only worse as the major market for East African slaves was in a state of high rebellion.
  • In France, the republicans had outlawed slavery and the slave trade. In Britain, a chorus was rising in many parts of the country in opposition to a trade that wrenched 80,000 people every year from their homes in Africa and brought them to the Americas.
puseletsomonyeki

298_1.tif.pdf - 1 views

Puseletso Monyeki History 2A

shared by puseletsomonyeki on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The E.~rl of Clarendon, in a despatch written to Sekeletu (who, at that time, was considered the paramount chief on the Zambesi), which was sent by the hands of Livingstone, said :-- "Ours is a great commercial and Christiau nation, and we desire to live in pea~e with -dl men. We wish others to sleep soundly as well as ourselves : and we hate the tra.de in slaves. We are the children of one conmmn Father ; and the slave. trade being hatehd to Him, we give you a proof of our desire to promote your pro- sperity by joining you in the attempt to open up your country to peaceful commerce.
    • puseletsomonyeki
      puseletsomonyeki on 26 Apr 23
       
      Charles Livingstone played is significant role in the spread of christianity. This proves that not only did he embark on investigating the Zambezi river, he also spread christianity all over and attempted to abolish slavery.
  • With this view the Queen sends a small steam-vessel to sail along the river Zambesi, which you k~ww and agq'eed to be the best pathway for con,:eying merchandise, and for the purpose of e.~loring ~.ehich Dr. Livingstone left you the last time
    • puseletsomonyeki
      puseletsomonyeki on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows how famous and powerful Dr Livingstone was and the impact he left on his people.
  • lh'. Livingstone, in a subsequent expedition, unaided and alone, dis- covered Lakes Bangweolo and Moero, and the head-waters of the Upper C.ngo (Lualaba), and fixed the true orientation of Lake Tanganyika. Thomson, Consul O'Neill, and other British explorers, have assisted in mapping out and making known the Lakes Region of Africa. No Portuguese travellers have added to their knowledge.
    • puseletsomonyeki
      puseletsomonyeki on 26 Apr 23
       
      Dr. Livingstone is the first European to ever cross the continent from west to east and discovered many rivers and lakes in Africa.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • The Scottish Churches have been at work there for twelve years, and the English Universities Mission for twenty-six years. A British Consul is attached to Nyassa. The result of these agencies has been (1) to open up a fine route into Central Africa; (2) to create legitimate commerce, and to employ native labour ; (3) to ameliorate the condition of the natives; and (4) to check the slave-trade, tribal wars, and barbarous practices.
    • puseletsomonyeki
      puseletsomonyeki on 26 Apr 23
       
      Dr. Livingstone aimed at bringing commerce and the abolishment of slavery through the introduction of christianity.
maureennompumelelo1

Henry Morton Stanley Circumnavigates Africa's Lake Victoria and Explores the Entire Len... - 5 views

NM MABUZA 222121134

shared by maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • the first person to travel and record the entire length of the Congo River. Stanley was also the first European to circumnavigate Lake Victoria (/places/africa/african-physicalgeography/lake-victoria) and the man responsible for opening parts of central Africa to transportation
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Stanley was the first explorer to measure the Congo River length, travel to Lake Victoria and responsible for making transportation paths in Central Africa.
  • In 1795 Scottish physician Mungo Park (/people/history/explorers-travelers-and-conquerorsbiographies/mungo-park) (1771-1806) explored the Niger River and first spoke of the immensity of the Congo, which he assumed originated from a large lake in the center of Africa.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      After exploring the Niger River, Mungo started praising the large size of the Congo River and even thought that it had derived from a big lake situated in Central Africa.
  • By 1836, when more than 10 million Africans had already been shipped out of their homeland as slaves, the major European powers declared slave trading illegal and thus removed a large commercial interest in African exploration. This shifted the focus of exploration to geographical science and Christian missionary work
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Superiors in Europe viewed slavery as an unlawful activity which led them into abandoning the mission of exploring Africa and focused on Christianity.
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • Henry Morton Stanley's first African expedition was in 1871, on assignment for The New York (/places/united-states-and-canada/us-political-geography/new-york) Herald to find Livingstone, who was assumed dead. Stanley's famous question upon finding him, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" made Stanley a household name in the explorer frenzy that followed Livingstone's journeys. Although not a scientist, Stanley was sent back out to answer the geographic questions left following Livingstone's death in 1873. Among these, Stanley set out in 1874 to circumnavigate the enormous Lake Victoria to see if it was a single body of water, and—more importantly—to see if it was the much-sought-after source of the Nile River. Stanley also planned to circumnavigate Lake Tanganyika (/places/africa/african-physical-geography/laketanganyika), to see if it was the source of the Nile, as Burton had suggested. Finally, Stanley planned to finish Livingstone's work of mapping the Lualaba River. Livingstone had theorized that the Lualaba, which flowed from Lake Bangweolo, was quite possibly the Nile itself. (Others thought that the Lualaba was the same as the Congo River, not the Nile.)
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Stanley went on a journey in search of Livingstone whom was thought to be dead. He also discovered that Lake Victoria had a single outlet that drained into the Nile River through the Rippon Falls and Lake Albert. Moreover, he also discovered the measurements Luaba River.
  • British missionary David Livingstone (/people/history/explorers-travelers-and-conquerorsbiographies/david-livingstone) (1813-1873), while partly on a quest to seek the elusive source of the Nile, discovered the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls (/places/africa/african-physicalgeography/victoria-falls). Livingstone's expedition went on to discover parts of the main network of Africa's largest rivers, including the Congo, but his work remained unfinished, leaving many questions that Stanley would soon answer.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Although Livingstone had discovered many rivers he left his mission of discovering the river that supplied the Nile unconcluded which was later finished by Stanley.
  • Richard Francis Burton (1821-1890) and John Hanning Speke (/people/history/explorers-travelers-and-conquerors-biographies/john-hanning-speke) (18271864) explored part of Lake Victoria and a section of the Nile, and theorized that either Victoria or Lake Tanganyika (/places/africa/african-physical-geography/lake-tanganyika), southwest of Victoria, was the river's source
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      These two explorers discovered a part of Lake Victoria and Nile River and from their theory made a conclusion that the rivers that supplied the Nile River was the Victoria Lake if not Tanganyika.
  • It took four months for Stanley to meet the banks of Tanganyika, but he circumnavigated it successfully in 51 days.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Although Stanley had spent 4 months before reaching the ground at the edge of Tanganyika, he was able sail around the lake within 51 days.
  • Verney Lovett
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This was an explorer from Britain whose quest was to discover the main source of the Congo River.
  • The Congo, as Stanley had now surmised that the Lualaba and the Congo were the same river, would have nearly 200 miles (320 km) of the most severe rapids he would encounter.
  • Stanley's journey also concluded what we know about the character of the Congo River: from its source, just south of Lake Tanganyika, the river begins as the Lualaba, heads southwestward to Lake Bangweolo, then turns north to the Zambia/Zaire border to Lake Mweru, where it becomes the Congo. The mighty river crosses the equator twice, placing it in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. After 3,000 miles (4,800 km) of a wild path through extreme landscapes, it reaches the Atlantic Ocean.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Because of Stanley's exploration we are now aware about the river that supplies the Congo River and its paths where it flows until its gets to the Atlantic Ocean.
karabo03

Livingstone's ideas of Christianity,commerce and civilization in Africa.pdf - 5 views

Karabo Klaas

shared by karabo03 on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • David Livingstone is often misunderstood as being a conscious promoter of European colonization of Africa.
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      Argument that the article/Arthur is trying to address that David Livingstone wasn't just a explorer or a conscious promoter but a African missionary who had his way of developing what Christians believe in
  • He saw mission centres not only for strictly evangelization purposes, but encompassing the whole spectrum of human act
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      Unlike other missionaries David Livingstone saw the role of missionaries the other way
  • inhumane
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • Cambridge lectures of December 4th. and 5th., 1857
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      The Cambridge lectures of December 4th and 5th, 1857 a series of lectures delivered by David Livingstone at the University of Cambridge. In these lectures, Livingstone shared his experiences and observations from his travels in southern Africa, including his encounters with the local people and his efforts to spread Christianity and end the slave trade. The lectures were well-received and helped to raise awareness about Livingstone's work and the need for increased exploration and missionary efforts in Africa.
  • maxim
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      rules of conduct or fundamental principles
  • stem
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      stop
  • unnavigability
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      Pathless of a water way not being able to be sailed on by ships
  • Evangelical revival in Scotland and England, and missions abroad
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      Reading for interest about Livingstone early in Scotland
  • Livingstone's vocation as missionary
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      Another reading interest About Livingstone background as Christian MISSIONARY
  • Early experience inAfrica: the 'Bechuana' mission
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      Abstract about Livingstone early experience in Africa
  • Later experience inAfrica: missionary travels
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      Reading for his later experience in Africa
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      The article focuses/discuss David Livingstone's beliefs about Christianity, commerce, and civilization in Africa. It argues about how Livingstone is being misunderstood as just an explorer not a missionary. It also covers/addresses all Dr Livingstone's ideas about Africa as missionary, 'different from all other missionaries. David Livingstone as missionary different from others missionaries, He believed that Christianity was necessary for moral and spiritual improvement, commerce could promote economic development and end slavery, and Africans should adopt European ways of living. However, his ideas have been criticized for their paternalism and ethnocentrism. Note that this article doesn't only argue on how David Livingstone can be viewed as missionary but it also focus on the main topic question of "Christian Missionaries In Africa" on how Livingstone was Christian missionary and the roles he attributed in Africa
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      Article content : David Livingstone's beliefs about Christianity, commerce, and civilization in Africa(44-45) Evangelical revival in Scotland and England, and missions abroad(46-48) Livingstone's vocation as missionary(48-49) Early experience in Africa: the 'Bechuana' mission(52-49) Later experience in Africa: missionary travels(53-55) Conclusion(55)
rikarooi

THE ZULU WAR IN ZULU PERSPECTIVE.pdf - 5 views

shared by rikarooi on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • glish, it becomes clear that the Zulu view of the war was very different from the English or European view, not so much as to detail but as to men
  • ompare with the Ndwandwe war
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      The war between the Zulu kingdom and the Ndwandwe tribe in 1817-1819.
  • ttle of Ndondakusuk
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      The culmination of succession struggle between Cetshwayo and Mbuyazi in 1856.
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • he Zulu War (s
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      one of the books on Zulu war.
  • the red soldiers were withdrawn after only a few months, and sailed away together with Lord Chelm
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      After the defeat of the Zulus at Ulundi allowed Chelmsford to recover his military prestige.
  • red soldie
  • t! Isandlwana was a Zulu v
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      The battle was a decisive victory for the Zulus and that resulted in the defeat of the first British invasion of the Zulus.
  • he British than to th
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      Because they had their aim such as labor from the Zulu population in the diamond fields.
  • the War was not only somewhat insignific
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      They understood the reason for other Zulu wars except for Isandlwana.
  • f it
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      In short, this article focused mainly on different writers and books about the Zulu war (s).
thendo359

The Role of the Diamond-Mining Industry in the Development of the Pass-Law System in So... - 2 views

Thendo Magoba

shared by thendo359 on 28 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The industrial col
    • thendo359
      thendo359 on 28 Apr 23
       
      color bar means a set of societal barriers that segregate people of color from white people. white people demanded a 'color bar' to protect their access to certain jobs.
  • The discovery of a small diamond in 1867 first drew serious attention to the possibility of the existence of diamond deposits in S
    • thendo359
      thendo359 on 28 Apr 23
       
      this discovery of diamonds led to many explorers sailing to south Africa.
  • Their suggested punishment for purchasing diamonds from black workers included cropping ears, destruction of property, and fifty lashes in the public market place.19 On Saturday, 13 January, a meeting of diggers was held in the market square at Dutoitspan to consider granting licenses to dig to blacks. This meeting passed the following resolution: That in the opinion of this meeting it is undesirable that licenses for claims be granted to natives, for the following reasons-first, because it would render the checking of theft of diamonds an impossibility: secondly, because any native allowed to dig for diamonds must also be allowed to sell them, and consequently no check could be placed on
    • thendo359
      thendo359 on 28 Apr 23
       
      this shows the emerging discrimination for people of color, they associated them with bad behaviors such as stealing.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • Whether there was any truth in the belief that people with "comparatively" white skins had higher standards to maintain and "civilized" values to safeguard requires further investigat
  • In fact, the question was not one of passing class-meaning race-legislation, but of the degree of control in the law. This is clear when one considers that within a short time of assuming control of Griqualand West the commissioners passed a law which they themselves acknowledged smacked of class legislation:40 they declared it illegal to supply "native"41 servants with liquor without the written consent of their maste
    • thendo359
      thendo359 on 28 Apr 23
       
      many laws were passed which aimed at keeping mostly black servants under the control of their masters. this also shows how the white people exercised power.
  • Proclamation Number 64 of 5 December 1871 was the first in a long line of legislative acts which pandered to the desires of
  • Certain "promoters" put one plan to the commissioners in June 1872. They suggested opening an office to be called the "Native Search; Pass and General Enquiry Office," which would search blacks, grant them certificates to prove that they had been searched, and issue passes when they were to leave the camps.57 The idea of a sort of passport had originated with Alfred Aylward, the "Fenian agitator" exiled from Britain.58 In forwarding the plan to the commissioner Giddy agreed that some special legislation was necessary to curb the theft of diamonds by black workers, but added that he opposed entrusting police duties to private individ
    • thendo359
      thendo359 on 28 Apr 23
       
      the exploration of diamond mining also aided the pass law which later affected both men and women of color and was later outlawed in 1986.
nkosithand

Sir Samuel White Baker - Document - Gale eBooks - 2 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

European and African Interaction from the 15th century through 18th

shared by nkosithand on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Traveling up the Nile to Berber, Baker spent a year wandering along the Atbara River and the Blue Nile, hunting and learning Arabic before returning to Khartoum, from which he and his wife launched an expedition up the White Nile in December 1862. Arriving at Gondokoro, the Bakers met the British explorers John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant, who had reached Lake Victoria and the Nile from the East African coast. In 1863-1864 Baker and his wife discovered and explored the eastern shore of Lake Albert, visited Kamrasi, the ruler of Bunyoro, and after many delays returned to London, where Baker wrote an extremely popular book about his explorations and the horrors of the Sudanese slave trade. In the spring of 1869 Baker was approached by Ismail, the khedive of Egypt, to lead an Egyptian expedition to the Upper Nile to extend Egyptian control to Lake Victoria, to claim the territory for Egypt, and to end the slave trade. Baker was consequently appointed governor general of Equatoria Province and sailed up the Nile with a large expedition of 1200 troops, the most expensive expedition to penetrate Africa.
    • nkosithand
      nkosithand on 02 May 23
       
      Baker traveled up the Nile to Berber for a year, hunting and learning Arabic between the Atbara River and the Blue Nile before returning to Khartoum, from which he and his wife undertook an excursion up the White Nile in December 1862. The Bakers encountered the British explorers John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant at Gondokoro, who had reached Lake Victoria and the Nile from the East African coast. Baker and his wife located and explored the eastern bank of Lake Albert in 1863-1864, paid a visit to Kamrasi, the monarch of Bunyoro, and returned to London after many delays, where Baker wrote an extraordinarily successful book about his discoveries and the horrors of the Sudanese slave trade
  • nkosithand on 24 Apr 23
     
    THE ENGLISH EXPLORER WHO EXPLORED UPPER NALE
nkosithand

Missions and Missionaries - Document - Gale eBooks - 2 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

European and African Interaction from the 15th century through 18th

shared by nkosithand on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Beginning in the early 1400s, European explorers carried European culture, including Christianity, to the farthest points on the globe. The primary motives for these voyages of discovery were financial profit and the creation of large empires. The church saw the voyages as an opportunity to bring Christianity to new converts in distant lands. Thus, priests and monks often accompanied explorers and conquerors as they sailed to America, Africa, and Asia.
    • nkosithand
      nkosithand on 02 May 23
       
      The Europeans when they discovered Africa, they introduced religion of Christianity in countries like Egypt in Africa, the course of doing this was to get financial profit and create large empires.
  • Despite the acceptance of Christianity in Kongo and a few other African kingdoms, the popularity of the faith eventually declined in many of those states. Local peoples went back to their traditional beliefs and abandoned Christianity, which survived only among foreigners and their agents and slaves. By the 1800s, Christianity had vanished almost without a trace in many places.
    • nkosithand
      nkosithand on 02 May 23
       
      After people accepted the Christianity in Kongo, they changed their mind and go back to their traditional beliefs as they believed that the, Christianity came with the explorers as they wanted to their profit while they were busy with religion.
Lesedi Mokoena

_Guns Race and Power in Colonial South Africa edited 222.pdf - 2 views

Lesedi Mokoena

shared by Lesedi Mokoena on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ubiquitous
    • Lesedi Mokoena
      Lesedi Mokoena on 26 Apr 23
       
      present, appearing, or found everywhere.
  • colonial settlers
    • Lesedi Mokoena
      Lesedi Mokoena on 26 Apr 23
       
      Settler colonies were places outside of Europe where huge numbers of European immigrants voluntarily settled, even though they were a minority among the native population. This allowed them to ensure their political control.1 Colonies were predominately settler colonies until the early 19th century; after that, settler colonies were a distinct type of colony. In classical antiquity, a "colony" was a compact settlement of emigrants from a polis or, in the case of the Romans, a group of retired soldiers. When one considers the definition of colony as it was used in classical antiquity, the phrase "settler colony" becomes a tautology. However, since genuine settlement became the exception rather than the rule in the 19th century, we still use this phrase. The concept of colonialism , which only emerged in the late 19th century, has connotations of "foreign rule".
  • guns also accentuated the insecurities of settlement
    • Lesedi Mokoena
      Lesedi Mokoena on 26 Apr 23
       
      Settlers felt they needed to rely on guns for safety seeing as they knew they forcefully occupied land belonging to groups of people and that put them in potential danger.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • David Livingstone
    • Lesedi Mokoena
      Lesedi Mokoena on 26 Apr 23
       
      David Livingstone, (born March 19, 1813, Blantyre, Lanarkshire, Scotland-died May 1, 1873, Chitambo [now in Zambia]), Scottish missionary and explorer who exercised a formative influence on Western attitudes toward Africa. Livingstone took the decision to go into medicine in 1834 after hearing a need for skilled medical missionaries in China from British and American churches. He spent two years in Glasgow studying Greek, theology, and medicine to prepare while still working part-time in the mill. He was approved by the London Missionary Society in 1838. His hopes of traveling to China were dashed by the first of the Opium Wars (1839-42), but a meeting with Robert Moffat, a well-known Scottish missionary in southern Africa, persuaded him that Africa should be his area of focus. He received his missionary ordination on November 20, 1840. At the end of the year, he sailed for South Africa and arrived in Cape Town on March 14, 1841. Livingstone was constantly moving into the interior of Africa in order to strengthen his commitment to missions, indulge his passion for geographic exploration, engage in conflict with the Boers and Portuguese-whose treatment of the Africans he eventually came to detest-and establish for himself a remarkable reputation as a devout Christian, fearless explorer, and ardent opponent of slavery. But his devotion to Africa was so intense that he neglected his responsibilities as a spouse and a father.
  • Guns were a form of private property,
    • Lesedi Mokoena
      Lesedi Mokoena on 26 Apr 23
       
      Only colonists were allowed tp own guns
  • reticent
    • Lesedi Mokoena
      Lesedi Mokoena on 26 Apr 23
       
      not revealing one's thoughts or feelings readily.
  • guns also accentuated the insecurities of settlement 502 Book Reviews Stickynote once they spread
    • Lesedi Mokoena
      Lesedi Mokoena on 26 Apr 23
       
      (The note for this highlight falls under the previous highlight...i could not highlight it at once).
  • Robert Moffat
    • Lesedi Mokoena
      Lesedi Mokoena on 26 Apr 23
       
      (born December 21, 1795 in Ormiston, East Lothian, Scotland-died August 9, 1883 in Leigh, Kent, England), a Scottish Bible translator and missionary to Africa who was well-known for his work to raise the standard of living there. Additionally, he was the father-in-law of David Livingstone (1813-1973), a missionary and explorer. Moffat was sent to South Africa by the London Missionary Society in 1816 despite having minimal training. He resided at Kuruman, southeast of the Kalahari (desert), after spending seven years in a number of locales that were disrupted by fighting among Zulu clans. He spent 49 years there, establishing one of the most prestigious Protestant missionary settlements in Africa.
  • political discourse in South Africa in the nineteenth century
    • Lesedi Mokoena
      Lesedi Mokoena on 26 Apr 23
       
      Humanitarians had been fighting vehemently against slavery by the time the Cape changed hands during the Napoleonic Wars, and in 1807 they were successful in convincing Britain to outlaw the practice. Soon after, British antislavery ships began patrolling Africa's western coast. In order to meet the rising demand in Europe, ivory became west-central Africa's most significant export. The main supply came from the renowned hunters Ovimbundu and Chokwe, who were located near the western port of Benguela. With their weapons, they waded into into south-central Africa and wiped off the elephant populations. They had entered Luvale and Lozi territory by 1850 and were making their way through the southern Congo's woods. The Ovambo peoples, who lived in more rural, agricultural areas, were enticed into the ivory trade as well. The Ovambo had initially been able to dodge the slave trade that plagued their more populated neighbors by selling in salt, copper, and iron from the Etosha Pan region to the north as well as providing hides and ivory to Portuguese traders. The introduction of weapons in the middle of the 19th century greatly increased the volume of the ivory trade, but by the 1880s, the elephant population was almost completely disappeared. By that time, traders from Walvis Bay, the Cape Colony, and Angola wanted livestock in addition to ivory. Ovambo leaders increased their dominance by raiding the pastoral Herero and Nama people in the vast, dry country to their south with the weapons they obtained through trade.
  • Portuguese
    • Lesedi Mokoena
      Lesedi Mokoena on 26 Apr 23
       
      The earliest connections between South Africa and Europe were made by Portugal's exploration missions. The first Europeans to step foot on South African soil were the Portuguese. The Dutch founded the first permanent settlement in Europe on April 6, 1652.
  • assegai
    • Lesedi Mokoena
      Lesedi Mokoena on 26 Apr 23
       
      An assegai is a pole weapon used for throwing, usually a light spear or javelin made up of a wooden handle and an iron tip. The Zulu produced at least 20 different types of spear. Perhaps the best known of these is the assegai, which was also used by several other Nguni groups in Southern Africa. The Assegai was a throwing spear (javelin) as can be seen from the narrow, leaf-shaped blade and long, slender tapering shaft.
  • flintlocks
    • Lesedi Mokoena
      Lesedi Mokoena on 26 Apr 23
       
      flintlock, ignition system for firearms, developed in the early 16th century. It superseded the matchlock and wheel lock and was itself outmoded by the percussion lock in the first half of the 19th century. The best-developed form, the true flintlock, was invented in France in the early 17th century, probably by Marin le Bourgeoys. It had a frizzen (striker) and pan cover made in one piece. When the trigger was pulled, a spring action caused the frizzen to strike the flint, showering sparks onto the gunpowder in the priming pan; the ignited powder, in turn, fired the main charge in the bore, propelling the ball.
  • nexus
    • Lesedi Mokoena
      Lesedi Mokoena on 26 Apr 23
       
      a central or focal point.
mandisamahlangu

The East African Slave Trade, 1861-1895: The "Southern" Complex.pdf - 2 views

Mandisa Mahlangu

shared by mandisamahlangu on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • June. Chiefs were rarely able to guarantee sufficient slaves even for later arrivals, and frustrated buyers frequently either tried to take enslave local people, particularly if they had already expended considerable sums on trade "preliminaries," or sailed north to the more stable markets of Iboin
    • mandisamahlangu
      mandisamahlangu on 25 Apr 23
       
      The labor for for plantation and trading activities was needed so that is why the swahili and Arab demanded slaves.
  • controller of the Mahajanga customs, died in 1875, he owed $11,211 to French partners.30
    • mandisamahlangu
      mandisamahlangu on 25 Apr 23
       
      These islands were attractive sources of slaves because they were different so that made it to be the potential of being slaves and being sold to Arab and Swahili traders.
  • The voracious demand for slaves from the islands of the western Indian Ocean was also reflected in the intensification of slave raiding in the interior of East Afric
    • mandisamahlangu
      mandisamahlangu on 25 Apr 23
       
      This was due to the fact that there was a high demand for labor in East Africa.
mbalenhle2003

Slavery | Encyclopedia.com - 2 views

www.encyclopedia.com/...slavery

Mbalenhle Magagula History 2A

shared by mbalenhle2003 on 23 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Slavery is the unconditional servitude of one individual to another. A slave is usually acquired by purchase and legally described as chattel or a tangible form of movable property. For much of human history, slavery has constituted an important dimension of social and occupational organization. The word slavery originated with the sale of Slavs to the Black Sea region during the ninth century. Slavery existed in European society until the nineteenth century, and it was the principal source of labor during the process of European colonization.
  • Some forms of slavery existed among the indigenous societies in the Americas before the arrival of Christopher Columbus. However, the reconstruction of the Americas after 1492 led to a system of slavery quite unprecedented in human experience. Slavery in the Americas was a patently artificial social and political construct, not a natural condition. It was a specific organizational response to a specific labor scarcity. African slavery in the Americas, then, was a relatively recent development in the course of human history—and quite exceptional in the universal history of slave societies.
  • Nevertheless, the first Africans who accompanied the early Spanish explorers were not all slaves. Some were free (such as Pedro Alonso Niño, who accompanied Christopher Columbus on his third voyage); and others were servants.Nuflo de Olano, who accompanied Vasco Nuñez de Balboa across the Isthmus of Panama was, however, a slave. So were Juan Valiente and several others who traveled and fought with Hernán Cortés in Mexico, or the Pizarro brothers in Peru, or Pánfilo de Narváez in Florida. Those blacks who sailed with Columbus on his first voyage to the Americas in 1492 were free men, and their descendants presumably were as free as any other Spanish colonist in the Americas. Other blacks who accompanied the early Spanish conquistadores might have been servile, but they were not true slaves as the term was later understood. Estebanico—described as "Andrés Dorantes' black Moorish slave"—accompanied Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca in his amazing journey around the Gulf of Mexico and overland across the Southwest to Mexico City in the late 1520s and 1530s. Estebanico learned several local Indian languages with consummate ease, and he posed, along with his companions, as holy men gifted with healing powers (Weber, p. 44). The chronicler Bernal Díaz del Castillo describes several "blacks" who accompanied Hernán Cortés to Mexico—one of whom brought wheat to the New World, and another (a follower of Pánfilo de Narváez) who introduced smallpox among the Indians, with lethal results (Castillo, 1979). Of the 168 men who followed Francisco Pizarro to Peru in 1532 and captured the Inca at Cajamarca, at least two were black: Juan García, born in Old Castile, served the expedition as a piper and crier, and Miguel Ruiz, born in Seville, was a part of the cavalry and probably received a double portion of the spoils, as did all those who had horses.
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • Slavery was also a form of power relations, so slaves by and large did not have an equal voice in articulating a view of their condition. Their actions, however, spoke loudly of their innermost thoughts and represented their reflections on, and reactions to, the world in which they found themselves. Columbus thought the people he encountered in the Caribbean in 1492 might make good slaves, as he seemed to infer in his log of October 10, 1492, when he wrote: "They ought to make good and skilled servants, for they repeat very quickly whatever we say to them. I think that they can easily be made Christians, for they seem to have no religion. If it pleases Our Lord, I will take six of them to Your Highness when I depart, in order that they may learn our language" (Columbus, p. 77).
  • The transatlantic slave trade formally began in 1518, when King Charles I of Spain sanctioned the direct importation of Africans to his colonies in the Americas, finally acknowledging that the potential supply of indigenous slaves was inadequate to maintain the economic viability of his fledgling overseas colonies. Shortly thereafter, the Portuguese started to import Africans to Brazil to create a plantation society and establish an Atlantic bulwark against other Europeans intruding along the coast. As the demand for labor grew, the number of Africans imported as slaves increased, and manual labor throughout the Americas eventually became virtually synonymous with the enslavement of Africans. The transatlantic slave trade became a lucrative international enterprise, and by the time it ended, around 1870, more than ten million Africans had been forcibly transported and made slaves in the Americas. Many millions more died in Africa or at sea in transit to the Americas.
  • The slave trade responded to an interrelated series of factors operating across Africa, at the supply side, and also in the Americas, at the market level. The trade can be divided into four phases, strongly influenced by the development of colonialism throughout the hemisphere. In the first phase, lasting to about 1620, the Americas were the domain of the Spanish and the Portuguese. These Iberian powers introduced about 125,000 slaves to the Americas, with some 75,000 (or 27 percent of African slave exports of the period) to the Spanish colonies, and about 50,000 (18 percent of the trade) to Brazil. This was a relatively small flow of about 1,000 slaves per year, most of whom were supplied from Portuguese forts along the West African coast. But slavery in the towns, farms, and mines of the Americas then employed less African slaves (about 45 percent of the total Atlantic trade) than in the tropical African islands of Fernando Po and Sâo Tomé, Europe proper, or the islands of the Madeiras, Cape Verdes, and the Azores (about 55 percent of trade). Indeed, the small island of Sâo Tomé alone received more than 76,000 African slaves during the period, exceeding the entire American market.
  • The second phase of the transatlantic slave trade lasted from 1620 to about 1700 and saw the distribution of approximately 1,350,000 slaves throughout the Americas, with an additional 25,000 or so going to Europe. During this phase, the Americas became the main destination of enslaved Africans. The trade was marked by greater geographical distribution and the development of a more varied supply pattern. The European component of the trade eventually dwindled to less than 2 percent. Instead, Brazil assumed the premier position as a slave destination, receiving nearly 42 percent of all Africans sold on the western side of the Atlantic Ocean. Spanish America received about 22 percent, distributed principally in Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Mexico, Central America, and the Andean regions of South America. The English Caribbean colonies bought more than 263,000 slaves, or 20 percent of the volume sold in the Americas. The French Caribbean imported about 156,000 slaves, or 12 percent; and the small islands of the Dutch Caribbean bought another 40,000 slaves, or 3 percent of slaves sold throughout the Americas.
  • Even more important, slavery evolved into a complex system of labor, commerce, and society that was legally, socially, and ethnically distinct from other forms of servitude, and that was almost always applied to the condition of nonfree Africans. Two patterns of colonies developed throughout the western hemisphere: colonies designed as microcosms of European societies and colonies designed primarily for the efficient production of export commodities. The first group of colonies constituted the settler colonies. In these colonies, slaves constituted a minority of the population and did not necessarily represent the dominant labor sector. In the second group were exploitation plantation colonies, marked by their overwhelming proportion of nonfree members, and in which slavery formed the dominant labor system.
  • The period between 1701 and 1810 represented the maturation of the slave system in the Americas. This third phase witnessed the apogee of both the transatlantic slave trade and the system of American slavery. Altogether, nearly six million Africans—amounting to nearly 60 percent of the entire transatlantic slave trade—arrived in American ports. Brazil continued to be the dominant recipient country, accounting for nearly two million Africans, or 31 percent, of the trade during this period. The British Caribbean plantations (mainly on Barbados and Jamaica) received almost a million and a half slaves, accounting for 23 percent of the trade. The French Antilles (mainly Saint-Domingue on western Hispaniola, Martinique, and Guadeloupe) imported almost as many, accounting for 22 percent of the trade. The Spanish Caribbean (mainly Cuba) imported more than 500,000 slaves, or 9.6 percent of the trade. The Dutch Caribbean accounted for nearly 8 percent of the trade, but most of those slaves were re-exported to other areas of the New World. The British North American colonies imported slightly more than 300,000, or slightly less than 6 percent of the trade, while the small Danish colonies of the Caribbean bought about 25,000 slaves, a rather minuscule proportion of the slaves sold in the Americas during this period.
  • The system of slavery in the Americas was generally restrictive and harsh, but significant variations characterized the daily lives of slaves. The exhaustive demands of the plantation societies in parts of the Caribbean and Brazil, combined with skewed sexual balances among the slaves, resulted in excessively high mortality rates, unusually low fertility rates, and, consequently, a steady demand for imported Africans to maintain the required labor forces. The recovery of the indigenous populations in places such as Mexico and the Andean highlands led to the use of other systems of coerced labor, somewhat reducing the reliance on African slaves in these areas. Frontiers of grazing economies such as the llanos of Venezuela, the southern parts of Brazil, and the pampas of Argentina and Uruguay required only modest supplies of labor, so that African slaves constituted a small proportion of the local population. Only in the United States did the slave population reproduce itself dramatically over the years, supplying most of the internal demand for slave labor during the nineteenth century.In general, death rates were highest for slaves engaged in sugar production, especially on newly opened areas of the tropics, and lowest among domestic urban workers, except during periodical outbreaks of epidemic diseases.
  • The attack on the slave trade paralleled growing attacks on the system of slavery throughout the Americas. The selfdirected abolition from below that occurred in Saint-Domingue in 1793 was not repeated elsewhere, however. Instead, a combination of internal and external events eventually determined the course of abolition throughout the region. The issue of slavery became a part of the struggle for political independence for the mainland Spanish American colonies. Chile (1823), Mexico, and the new Central America States (1824), abolished slavery immediately after their wars of independence from Spain. The British government abolished slavery throughout its empire in 1834, effectively ending the institution in 1838. Uruguay legally emancipated its few remaining slaves in 1842. The French government ended slavery in the French Antilles in 1848. Colombia effectively abolished slavery in 1851, with Ecuador following in 1852, Argentina in 1853, and Peru and Venezuela in 1854. The United States of America abolished slavery after the U.S. Civil War in 1865. Spain abolished slavery in Puerto Rico in 1873 and in Cuba in 1886. Finally, Brazil abolished slavery in 1888.
  • Opposition to SlaveryThe eighteenth century formed the watershed in the system of American slavery. Although individuals, and even groups such as the Quakers, had always opposed slavery and the slave trade, general disapproval to the system gained strength during the later eighteenth century, primarily due to the growth of the Enlightenment, with its emphasis on rationality, and British Evangelical Protestantism. Opposition to slavery became increasingly more coordinated in England, and it eventually had a profound impact, with the abolition of the English slave trade in 1807. Before that, prodded by Granville Sharp and other abolitionists, Lord Chief Justice Mansfield declared slavery illegal in Great Britain in 1772, giving enormous impetus to the British antislavery movement. The British legal ruling, in time, freed about 15,000 slaves who were then in Britain with their colonial masters, who estimated their "property loss" at approximately £700,000.
  • In 1776 the British philosopher and economist Adam Smith declared in his classic study The Wealth of Nations that the system of slavery represented an uneconomical use of land and resources, since slaves cost more to maintain than free workers. By the 1780s the British Parliament was considering a series of bills dealing with the legality of the slave trade, and several of the recently independent former North American colonies—then part of the United States of America—began to abolish slavery within their local jurisdictions. After 1808—when Great Britain and the United States legally abolished their component of the transatlantic slave trade—the English initiated a campaign to end all slave trading across the Atlantic, and to replace slave trading within Africa with other forms of legal trade. Through a series of outright bribes, diplomatic pressure, and naval blockades, the trade gradually came to an end around 1870.
  • Slavery Scholarship and the Place of the Slave in the WorldThe topic of slavery has attracted the attention of a very large number of writers. Before the 1950s, writers tended to view slavery as a monolithic institution. Then, as now, there was much discussion of slavery, and less of the slaves themselves. Standard influential American studies, such as U. B. Phillips's American Negro Slavery (1918) and Life and Labor in the Old South (1929), Kenneth M. Stampp's The Peculiar Institution (1956), and Stanley Elkins' Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life (1959), misleadingly described slaves as passive participants to their own cruel denigration and outrageous exploitation. In Phillips's world, everyone was sublimely happy. In the world of Stampp and Elkins, they were not happy—but neither could they help themselves. Apparently neither Stampp nor Elkins read much outside their narrow field—or if they did, they discounted it. Certainly the then available scholarship of Eric Williams, C. L. R. James, or Elsa V. Goveia is not evident in their works. Herbert Aptheker in American Negro Slave Revolts (1943), Gunnar Myrdal in An American Dilemma (1944), and Frank Tannenbaum in Slave and Citizen (1946) had tried, in those three intellectually stimulating works, to modify the overall picture, but without much success.
  • Conditions of Slavery
  • Then, in 1956, Goveia published an outstanding book, Slave Society in the British Leeward Islands at the End of the Eighteenth Century. As Francisco Scarano notes of Goveia's work: "Goveia's sensitive and profound study of slave society in the British Leewards … is doubtless one of the great works of Caribbean history in any language. The Guyanese historian revealed the ways in which, in a racialized slave society, the imperative of slave subordination permeated all contexts of social interaction, from legal system to education and from religion to leisure. Everything was predicated on the violence necessary to maintain slavocratic order" (Scarano, p. 260). Goveia's approach inculcated the slaves with agency, a fundamental quality of which earlier writers seemed incredibly unaware. Slaves continuously acted in, as well as reacted to, the world in which they existed.
  • But slavery was not only attacked from above. At the same time that European governments contemplated administrative measures against slavery and the slave trade, the implacable opposition of the enslaved in the overseas colonies increased the overall costs of maintaining the system of slavery. Slave revolts, conspiracies, and rumors of revolts engendered widespread fear among owners and administrators. Small bands of runaway slaves formed stable black communities, legally recognized by their imperial powers in difficult geographical locations such as Esmeraldas in Ecuador, the Colombian coastal areas, Palmares in Brazil, and in the impenetrable mountains of Jamaica. Then, in 1791, the slaves of Saint-Domingue/Haiti, taking their cue somewhat from the French Revolution, staged a successful revolt under the leadership of Toussaint Louverture (1743–1803) and a number of other local leaders. The radical French commissioner in the colony, Léger Félicité Sonthonax (1763–1813) saw the futility of trying to defeat the local revolt and declared the emancipation of all slaves and their immediate admission to full citizenship (1793), a move ratified the following year by
  • French colonies. Napoleon Bonaparte revoked the decree of emancipation in 1802, but he failed to make it stick in Saint-Domingue, where the former slaves and their free colored allies declared the independence of Haiti—the second free state in the Americas—in 1804.The fourth and final phase of the transatlantic trade lasted from about 1810 to 1870. During that phase approximately two million Africans were sold as slaves in a greatly reduced area of the Americas. With its trade legal until 1850, Brazil imported some 1,145,400 Africans, or about 60 percent of all slaves sold in the Americas after 1810. The Spanish Antilles—mainly Cuba and Puerto Rico—imported more than 600,000 Africans (32 percent), the great majority of them illegally introduced to Cuba after an Anglo-Spanish treaty to abolish the Spanish
  • he revolutionary government in Paris, which extended the emancipation to all
chantesolomonstatum

The Mozambique and Apassa Slave Trade - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 4 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

Chante Solomons History 2A

shared by chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ,John Hawkins—afterwards knighted—having discovered that great riches might be gained by transporting negroes from the African coast to the West Indies, was incited to personally engage in that trade, and laid certain plans before his "worshipful friends" in London, who entered very heartily into his schemes. Some of these friends being wealthy, and of high rank, he was soon placed in possession of three ships, with which, in 1562, he sailed for Sierra Leone
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23
       
      John Hawkins was knighted by the Queen which granted him a higher status/title. Hawkins then discovered the riches that one can acquire from transporting and trading negroes from the coast. Hawkins then personally began to engage in the slave trading industry as well as his friends who had high rankings as well.
  • the Portuguese, whose colonists in both East and West Africa, we are told, still actively participate in the slave traffic, and whose authorities often wink at, if they do not directly share in, the same trade.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23
       
      Portuguese colonists actively participated in slave trade in East Africa even though some authorities did not participate in slave trade those who did were pardoned from it. Slave trade was seen or viewed as "normal" as that is the term the English colonists used to justify their participation is slave trade.
  • vigorous denunciations
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23
       
      "An appeal to some supernatural power to inflict evil on someone or some group" www.vocabulary.com
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • and this is natural, for it is a thing of which every Englishman is justly proud—of the unsparing efforts and noble sacrifices, in the past and present, made by England to diminish slavery and suppress the slave traffic. But we rarely hear, and are apt perhaps at times to forget, that England has herself been one of the greatest of slave trading nations, and that, within a very recent period of her history, Englishmen have taken an active part and share in the slave traffic.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23
       
      England was viewed as one of the greatest nations that participated in the slave trade as they were the most active and dominant in the slave trading industry.
  • There he shipped 300 negroes, and, crossing the Atlantic, sold them at highly profitable rates in the island of St. Doming
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23
       
      Hawkins then had 300 slaves in his possession, made his way across the Atlantic, and sold the 300 slaves to the island of St. Domingo.
  • o. The commercial success of this voyage attracted much attention, and, in the following year, seven of Her Majesty's ships were placed under the same commander, and sent upon a slaving voyage.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23
       
      Hawkins's success in his trade gained a lot of attention and the following year, the Queen sent seven ships placed under the same commander for another slave trading voyage.
  • It may surprise some to hear that Sir John Hawkins, of British naval renown, and Treasurer to the Royal Navy, was one of the first of English slave traders, and that the Government of our "good Queen Bess" employed Her Majesty's ships to carry on that trade.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23
       
      The treasurer of the British Royal Navy Sir John Hawkins was one of England's first slave traders that received orders from the government on behalf of the queen for the ships that were transporting slaves to continue with the trading of slaves.
  • cinderellaochu on 06 May 23
     
    Great attempt!
ncamisilenzuza9

The Making of a Colonial Elite: Property, Family and Landed Stability in the Cape Colon... - 3 views

Ncamisile Nzuza History 2A

shared by ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Cape Colony,
  • Cape Colony, c.
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Cape Colony is located in Southern Africa or rather South Africa, the colony was part of the slave trade under the Dutch and British rule in alliance with the VOC.
  • Wayne Dooling
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Wayne is very much familiar with the history of Africa because he lectures in African History at the University of London.
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • ed its settler population into four classes. Fir
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The division of people into classes is what contributed to slavery, because if people were all viewed as belonging to one class or as equals then each person would have been respected to be not seen as a slave or potential slave. The division of people into classes also shows that the distribution of power and wealth was racially structured by society.
  • gentry
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      What is a gentry? Refers to people of good social position, specifically the class of people next below the nobility in position and birth.
  • there were the poorer stock farmers of the far interior
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Cape Colony is known to be the producer of wine, so slavery played a huge role in developing the economy of the Cape commercially. For about two decades the colonial government, in alliance with the western Cape gentry of slave-owning farmers and officials promoted wine as the main export commodity. So, the poorer stock farmers were the ones who were mostly burdened with working in the wine farms.
  • Their wives and grown-up children or the female slaves put the plants into the soil. In
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      In the history of slavery, anthropologists noted the patterns between the type of agriculture and lineage systems. For example, the planting agriculture was mostly dominated by women.
  • was in the initial heartland of colonial settlement that dispossession of indigenous populations was most complete and where slavery formed the basis for the exploitation of land and lab
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Colonialism played a huge role in the slave trade. When colonizers arrived, they viewed Africans (South Africans) as barbaric and underdeveloped. Which is why colonizers took advantage of them and exploited them in terms of their land.
  • In March 1825
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      During 1825, the system of slavery faced a challenge, because in response to the anti-slavery movement that was happening at the time, the British government intervened directly in master-slave relations, placing constraints on the exploitation of slaves.
  • lived well off large farms or plantations worked by scores of slaves.'10
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      This is mostly likely how the issue of land began in South Africa. The Dutch or British colonizers took most of the arable land in large pieces, which is why Africans had to work on farms owned by colonizers, they did not have enough arable land.
  • the VOC (most
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      During its period as a slave-importing colony, the Cape was an integral part of the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie ( 'Dutch East India Company' ,known as the VOC) trading network in the Indian Ocean. It drew slaves from a wide range of Asian and southwestern Indian Ocean regions. However, when the Cape Colony fell under the control of the British around 1795, the increase in imported slaves came from Mozambique and other regions of southeastern Africa.
  • geographical boundaries
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Cape's geography also gave rise to slavery, because the geographic position of the Cape served as a midway point for ships sailing between Europe and the East Indies.
  • 1834 There is little doubt that Cape settler society grew increasingly complex as slave and settler numbers grew and agricultural output increased
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Slavery was a mainstay of the labor force of the Cape Colony which is part of the reason why there was an increase in the number of slaves, because slave owners realized that the more slaves they owned, the more wealth and status they would gain. Which is why throughout the 18th century slaves outnumbered settlers.
  • state inventories of arable farmers from the middle of the eighteenth century clearly point to the disparities of wealth that existed amongst the Colony's sett
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Cape Colony had favorable geography (arable land) and having favorable geography was a win for slave owners, because they were able to produce a good deal on their farms. This led to good wealth for slave owners.
  • an Blignault owned eighteen slaves and no fewer than seven properties (mostly located in the fertile Drakenstein distr
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Having fertile land meant more slaves to the slave owners, because they needed more labor on the farms for more wine or crop production.
  • children or the female slaves put the plants into the soil.
  • itain withdrew its protection of the wine indust
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The British government also abandoned its commitment to the tariffs used for the Cape wines, which led to the downfall of the main export market for the industry, wine.
  • cinderellaochu on 05 May 23
     
    This is a good source but you did not share it correctly. It says "log in through your library". It appears you did not access the site through the UJ database with your UJ details.
zethembiso

Janet J.Ewald.pdf - 4 views

Zethembiso Xaba 222101794 History 2A

shared by zethembiso on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • What sustained the Red Sea slave trade in the nineteenth century? In this paper, I explore how the trade continued through the participation of three groups of people: those drawn into the trade against their will, the slaves; those who trafficked in slaves, buying them in Africa and transporting them across the Red Sea; and those who profited in Arabia from either putting slaves to work or reselling them
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 24 Apr 23
       
      Janet J. Ewald mentioned these different reasons which made the Red Sea slave trade to continue for a long time
  • 1820 Egyptian invasion of the south, the Nile valley system expanded violently and rapidly to include most of the vast territory that is now the Republic of the Sudan.
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 24 Apr 23
       
      On 1890 that is when there was an intrusion of the Egyptians, which came out with more violent and Brutal.
  • From the sixteenth through to the eighteenth centuries, the rulers of Sudanese kingdoms supervised exports of slaves via both overland routes to Egypt and Red Sea crossings to the Arabian Peninsula or other Asian destinations.
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 24 Apr 23
       
      During the period of 1501-1600(16 century) and the period of 1701-1800(18 century) the Sudans territory directed the way of exporting the slaves both overland routs to Egypt and the Red Sea.
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • Seldom
  • After the late 1820s, slaves taken in ghazwas increasingly passed into the hands of traders rather than into military service
  • In the 1830s traders, many of them itinerant jallaba, brought into Egypt possibly as many as 10,000 to 12,000 Sudanese slaves who represented perhaps two-thirds of all captives. 12
  • In 1840, the French consul at Jidda reported that 500 slaves entered that city from Suakin. 13 And Suakin's slave trade appears to have declined with an overall decline in slave exports during the 1840s and 1850s. In 1856, Suakin was estimated to supply only 300 of the 8,550 slaves annually imported into the Hijaz and Yemen. 14
  • Estimates of the numbers of slaves arriving in the Arabian peninsula during the 1870s alone fluctuated even more drastically, from 1,500 to 30,000 people imported annually
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 24 Apr 23
       
      estimated, they were not so sure sbout the number of slaves imported.
  • Muhammad
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 24 Apr 23
       
      The founder of Islam and the proclaimer of the Qur 'an, Islam's sacred scripture.
  • At that port in March, 1878, authorities seized 15 enslaved children, most of them from the southern Sudan, at a house belonging to one Suakin trader. Another Suakin trader, discovered in the same house,
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 24 Apr 23
       
      Even children were sold as slaves also.
  • had brought over 12 of the children from the African port. The children belonged to a much larger group of slaves in Jidda whom authorities could not seize
  • Hajj Musa al-Baghdad
  • Slaves offered new kinds of profits as the economy of the western Arabian peninsula became more closely linked to wider commercia
  • networks
  • The Hijaz and Yemen also became centres of a steamship-borne transit slave trade, as African slaves disembarked from sailing boats and re-embarked on steamers for the Mediterranean or Indian Ocean.
  • Slavery thus did not exist simply as an isolated economic venture, a result of the profits to be made from slave labour. Nor did the Red Sea slave trade continue because of any supposed inherent and universal bias toward slavery in Islamic societies.
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 24 Apr 23
       
      Reasons for the slave trade in Red Sea.
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