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nonjabulorsxabar

CRL Resources on 19th-Century Christian Missionary Work in Africa | CRL - 4 views

www.crl.edu/6696

Nonjabulo xaba 222145034'' History 2A

shared by nonjabulorsxabar on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Missionary work in central and southern Africa began in the early 19th century, before Europeans had colonized those regions. Missionaries were among the earliest explorers of central and southern Africa. The London Missionary Society sent David Livingstone to South Africa in 1840, where he became one of the first Europeans to traverse the continent. When Europeans began to colonize central and southern Africa toward the end of the century, international coordination featured prominently in both missionary and colonial projects.
    • Safiyya Shakeel
      Safiyya Shakeel on 25 Apr 23
       
      This newspaper article provides more information regarding the London Missionary Society before 1890 and shares additional information of Christian missionaries during that period. There are multiple articles that are relevant to Christian Missionaries in Africa before 1890 and each article shares a different perspective of the spread of Christianity back then, however the common factor is that the mission to spread the word of God was not as easy as it seemed.
  • Missionary work in central and southern Africa began in the early 19th century, before Europeans had colonized those regions. Missionaries were among the earliest explorers of central and southern Africa. The London Missionary Society sent David Livingstone to South Africa in 1840, where he became one of the first Europeans to traverse the continent. When Europeans began to colonize central and southern Africa toward the end of the century, international coordination featured prominently in both missionary and colonial projects.
    • nonjabulorsxabar
      nonjabulorsxabar on 26 Apr 23
       
      Early in the 19th century, before Europeans had colonized those areas, missionary work was started in central and southern Africa. The earliest travelers to central and southern Africa were missionaries. David Livingstone was one of the first Europeans to cross the continent when the London Missionary Society despatched him to South Africa in 1840. International coordination played a significant role in missionary and colonial initiatives when Europeans started to occupy central and southern Africa around the turn of the century.
  • Missionary work in central and southern Africa began in the early 19th century, before Europeans had colonized those regions. Missionaries were among the earliest explorers of central and southern Africa. The London Missionary Society sent David Livingstone to South Africa in 1840, where he became one of the first Europeans to traverse the continent. When Europeans began to colonize central and southern Africa toward the end of the century, international coordination featured prominently in both missionary and colonial projects.
    • nonjabulorsxabar
      nonjabulorsxabar on 26 Apr 23
       
      Early in the 19th century, before Europeans had colonized those areas, missionary work was started in central and southern Africa. The earliest travelers to central and southern Africa were missionaries. David Livingstone was one of the first Europeans to cross the continent when the London Missionary Society despatched him to South Africa in 1840. International coordination played a significant role in missionary and colonial initiatives when Europeans started to occupy central and southern Africa around the turn of the century.
lmshengu

Europeans and East Africans in the Age of Exploration.pdf - 3 views

Lwandile Mshengu History 2A

shared by lmshengu on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • nted a
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      yeilded is to give forth or produce by natural process or in return for cultivation
  • y Johann Re
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      johannes Rebmann was agerman missinary, linguist and explorer credited with feats including being the first european ,along with his colleague johann Ludwig krapf to enter africa from the indian ocean coast. in addition he was the first european to find kilimanjaro.
  • on th
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      It is habitational name of british origin that means from the story
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • s too. It was not just that Europeans now began to arrive in larger numbers, demand more and
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      . It was not just that Europeans now began to arrive in larger numbers, demand more and wanted to stay more
  • ample,
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Mtyela Kasanda, better known as King Mirambo, was a Nyamwezi king, from 1860 to 1884. He created the largest state by area in 19th-century East Africa in present day Urambo district in Tabora Region of Tanzania. Urambo district is named after him. Mirambo started out as a trader and the son of a minor chief.
  • Europeans,
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      NYUNGU-YA-MAWE was the exact contemporary and, for a time at least, the ally, of Mirambo-ya-banhu, the famous Nyamwezi war-lord who rose. to power in west-central Tanzania early in the second half of the nine- teenth century.
  • omoted
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Fragmentation most generally means the process of fragmenting-breaking into pieces or being divided into parts. It can also refer to the state or result of being broken up or having been divided.
  • to switch from
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      In matrilineal kinship sysytems,lineage and inheritance are traced through a groups female members and children are parts of their mothers and children are parts of their mothers kinship group. in contrast in patrillineal systems group membership is determined through men and children are part of their fathers kinship.
  • In the period of exploration the most notable visitors for the majority of East Africans were not the European explorers so much as other Africans and, more particularly, the Swahili and Arab traders from the coast and Zanzibar. By the late 1870s again, it might be argued, some sort of accommodation showed signs of being reached between these traders and many African
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      For the bulk of East Africans, other Africans and especially the Swahili and Arab traders from the coast and Zanzibar were the most famous visitors throughout the age of exploration rather than European explorers. It may be argued that by the late 1870s, some type of accommodation had been made between these traders and many Africans.
  • 'Scientific geography' did, in fact, mean, more than anything, the recording of accurate observations for latitude, longitude and height on the basis of which satis? factory maps could be constructed. In this sense, the 'discovery' of a feature like the source of the Nile was indeed a discovery for it definitively established a scientific fact.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      In reality, the recording of precise observations for latitude, longitude, and height on which reliable maps could be created were what "scientific geography" really meant. In this sense, the 'finding' of a feature like the source of the Nile was legitimately a discovery because it established a scientific fact.
  • 'scientific geo
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      A geographer is a physical scientist, social scientist or humanist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society, including how society and nature interacts.
  • appear to have been in the Society mainly because it was part of the fashionable London scene. Many such individuals may have joined because they considered their continental tours made them explorers but it seems reasonable to distinguish as a separate group the wealthy amateur travellers and big-game hunters who constitute 4 per cent of the sample. But much larger than all these groups except the scholars, bulks the servicemen, no less than 47 (23 per cent) of the sample being
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      appear to have been in the Societymainly because it was part of the fashionable London scene. Many such individualsmay have joined because they considered their continental tours made themexplorers but it seems reasonable to distinguish as a separate group the wealthyamateur travellers and big-game hunters who constitute 4 per cent of the sample.But much larger than all these groups except the scholars, bulks the servicemen,no less than 47 (23 per cent) of the sammple being naval officcers.
  • out th
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      It is insistent and positive affirming, maintaining or defending as of a right or attribute an aasertion of ownership/ innocence .
  • Clements Markha
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Sir clements Robert Markham was an english geographer , explorer and writer.He was secretsry of the royal geographical society between 1863 and 1888 and later served as the society's president for a futher 12 years
  • r. There was in fact much more social and political cohesion in East African societies than most explorer
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      IN East African societies africans were more united in terms ofsocial and political than the most of the explores and the explores discovered that when they were there in east africa.
  • Although the British government moved to increase its control over East Africa for reasons that involve much wider considerations, the apparent need to improve law and order provided at least a very powerful justification. Indeed it was a necessary part of the process by which imperial objects could be achie
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Even if the British government expanded its influence over East Africa for far larger objectives, the seeming need to strengthen law and order served as at least a very strong pretext. In fact, it was a crucial step in the process of achieving imperial goals. Inasmuch as this was the case, the explorers were both the antecedents and forerunners of imperialism.
  • precursors. It is much more difficult to attempt an answer to the question of what Africans learned or thought they learned about Europeans during the period of exploration in East Africa. Obviously, first of all, the explorers' direct social and economic impact was slight. It is true that Captain Speke seems to have fathered a daughter in Buganda by one of the Kabaka's
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Inasmuch as this was the case, the explorers were both the antecedents and forerunners of imperialism.Answering the topic of what Africans discovered or believed they discovered about Europeans during the period of exploration in East Africa is far more challenging. Obviously, the direct social and economic impact of the explorers was little. It is true that according to the CMS Archives, Captain Speke appears to have fathered a daughter in Buganda by a Kabaka sister.
  • Krapf was in a weak position and could not be more than a pawn but Speke, for example, had too large a following of reasonably well-organized porters to be taken entirely for granted. It was therefore possible for him to be a desirable ally for one side or the other in the war between the Tabora Arabs and Mnwya Sera; in the event, he tried to mediate in the dispute with some effect (Bridges, 1971). Stanley, who had an even more formidable caravan on his expeditions, and who, unlike all the other explorers, showed a willingness to act in a ruthless way, did frequently intervene as, for instance, in the war between Mirambo and the Arabs in 1
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Krapf was in a weak position and could not be more than a pawn but Speke,for example, had too large a following of reasonably well-organized porters to betaken entirely for granted. It was therefore possible for him to be a desirable allyfor one side or the other in the war between the Tabora Arabs and Mnwya Sera;in the event, he tried to mediate in the dispute with some effect (Bridges, 1971).Stanley, who had an even more formidable caravan on his expeditions, and who,unlike all the other explorers, showed a willingness to act in a ruthless way, didfrequently intervene as, for instance, in the war between Mirambo and the Arabsin 1
  • European explorers could, then, have a noticeable political effect although generally only in the short term. In the longer term, their special characteristics probably operated in different and less easily described ways. Early European visits to Buganda were marked by great questionings of the explorers on the place of Man in Society and in t
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Therefore, European explorers could have an impact on politics, albeit usually in the short term. Their unique traits likely functioned in distinct and harder-to-describe ways over a longer period of time. Early European excursions to Buganda were distinguished by intense inquiries about the role of man in society and in the world.
talha09noor

Close encounters of the worst kind: Malagasy resistance and colonial disasters in South... - 1 views

shared by talha09noor on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The historical evidence indicates, however, that these slave-based societies did not provide substantial numbers of slaves to the European
    • talha09noor
      talha09noor on 25 Apr 23
       
      Slaves were not often traded between madagascar and europe. This probably as a result of the British Merina
  • In any case, the southern Malagasy were not interested in trade goods other than guns whilst there were few suitable commodities for the Europeans. Even the people were considered too difficult to take as slaves.
  • laves.
    • talha09noor
      talha09noor on 25 Apr 23
       
      It became too difficult for europeans to take these people as slaves. A failed venture one might argue
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • Initially excluding other European nations from the area, the Portuguese acquired slaves from Madagascar but failed to establish any permanent trading posts or to achieve any religious conversions by the early seventeenth century.
  • nitially excluding other European nations from the area, the Portuguese acquired slaves any religious conversions by the early seventeenth century
  • Initially excluding other European nations from the area, the Portuguese acquired slaves from Madagascar but failed to establish any permanent trading posts or to achieve any religious conversions by the early seventeenth century
  • Initially excluding other European nations from the area, the Portuguese acquired slaves any religious conversions by the early seventeenth century.
  • Initially excluding other European nations from the area, the Portuguese acquired slaves any religious conversions by the early seventeenth century
  • Initially excluding other European nations from the area, the Portuguese acquired slaves from Madagascar but failed to establish any permanent trading posts or to achieve any religious conversions by the early seventeenth century
  • Initially excluding other European nations from the area, the Portuguese acquired slaves from Madagascar but failed to establish any permanent trading posts or to achieve any religious conversions by the early seventeenth century
morajane

Them Who Kill the Body: Christian Ideals and Political Realities in the Interior of Sou... - 3 views

Bonolo Morajane Student no222039298 History 2A

shared by morajane on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • considers the changing political significance of Christianity in the interior of southern Africa during the 1850s, focusing primarily on the views of Tswana rulers,
  • Introduction
  • 1850s
    • morajane
      morajane on 25 Apr 23
       
      year of focus
  • ...35 more annotations...
  • southern Africa
    • morajane
      morajane on 25 Apr 23
       
      Region of focus
  • With the expansion of European power, however, Africans were soon struck by a contradiction between the preaching and practice of Europeans, and they questioned how universal and
  • European missionaries
  • Impressed by the effectiveness of European skills, and respectful of the gospel’s humanitarian ideals, prominent Sotho-Tswana sought to appropriate Christianity as a supplemental source of politico-religious authority.
  • The 1850s also saw a significant change in how Africans perceived Christianity and its association with Europeans
  • Contrary to mission Christianity’s alleged role as a vehicle for imperialism, early British missionaries and Tswana converts operated under the conviction that Christianity could belong simultaneously to both Europeans and Africans, superseding their worldly divisions and selfish interests
  • altruistic Christianity might be
  • This article examines how the meaning and influence of Christianity changed in the southern African interior during the 1850s, focusing in particular on the views of Tswana rulers, converts and others within their communities.
  • The goal is to illustrate the debate and doubt that accompanied Christianity’s loss of its initial universalistic ideals as it became politicised by African-European competition.
  • European colonisation and the establishment of the apartheid state, with their attendant subjugation of Africans, gave rise to an understandable impression that European involvement in the region, including the introduction of Christianity,
  • Africans were usually more concerned with affairs within their own families and communities over which they felt some measure of control and responsibility.
  • The appropriation of Christianity by Tswana rulers in the far interior during the late nineteenth century, for example, was shaped by circumstances very different from those informing the efforts of Khoisan converts to assert their legal rights within the Cape Colony earlier in the century.
  • Christianity eventually became more instrumental in colonisation,
    • morajane
      morajane on 25 Apr 23
       
      Christianity was used as a way to exploit people in southern Africa.
  • Escalating tensions in much of southern Africa during the mid-nineteenth century were accompanied by competing understandings of the relationship between religion and politics.
    • morajane
      morajane on 25 Apr 23
       
      The growing tension between Christianity and politics.
  • By the mid-nineteenth century, Christianity had already acquired a presence in many Sotho-Tswana communities,
    • morajane
      morajane on 25 Apr 23
       
      The spread of Christianity
  • The appropriation of Christianity by Batswana was evident at the very outset in their reception of the thuto (teaching) primarily as spoken text.
    • morajane
      morajane on 25 Apr 23
       
      Christianity was taught.
  • The integrity and authority of Christians were severely challenged, and African converts as well as European missionaries confronted the apparent limits of God’s power and benevolence in a violent and politically divided world.
  • One major aspect of Christianity that appeared to resonate with Tswana views was its promise of molemo (medicine, goodness) for curing communal afflictions, such as drought and war, as well as more personal illnesses, making Christianity a form of bongaka (medical practice).
  • Some have sickness in the head, some in the feet, some in the heart, some in the liver, and some have the falling sickness. Jesus Christ tells us that all these sicknesses come out of the heart. Does your head ache? Here is medicine to heal it, and mend it, too, if it be cracked. [ ... ] This Book is the book of books: it has medicine for all the world and for every disease. 18
    • morajane
      morajane on 25 Apr 23
       
      Preaching
  • Christianity offered access to a more comprehensible and tractable modimo, and the value of Christian beliefs and practices appeared, to some, to be demonstrated by the success of badumedi (believers).
  • Rulers took an interest in Christianity when it appeared to offer an additional source of politico-religious
  • support for their government, and they usually only allowed the establishment of a congregation after Christians and their prayers proved to be of some assistance to their communities.
  • As trade, warfare and migration across the interior intensified during the mid-nineteenth century, the macrocosmic reach of Christianity became particularly valuable
    • morajane
      morajane on 25 Apr 23
       
      The spread of Christianity
  • missionaries frequently recounted the deathbed testimonies of believers who found great comfort in the
  • Christian promise of eternal life and preservation of their souls.
  • Conversion could not take place without adaptation of Christianity into Tswana terms, and the efficacy of its ‘medicinal words’ was tied to the peace and prosperity of a congregation and its community.
  • The Christian ideal of a humane, peaceful society under the guidance and protection of a benevolent God, difficult to achieve even under the most favourable circumstances, was especially unworkable amidst the rivalry of different groups during the mid-nineteenth century.
  • the moral authority of Christian precepts and the power of God to sustain their governments.
  • Tswana evangelists were able to present the thuto of Christianity in ways that gained the attention and interest of their fellow Batswana, beyond the reach of missionaries’ voices.
  • As Christianity was gradually appropriated by small numbers of Africans beyond the frontier of the Cape Colony, the threat that it initially posed to the stability of Tswana communities was not as an invasive book, tool or god of the ‘white man’, but as an internal threat, encouraging factionalism as it was embraced by some people and not others.
  • Tswana rulers ignored missionary calls for a separation of church and state, instead regarding religion and politics as an inseparable,
  • In virtually every Tswana community, leading Christians were connected in some way to the ruling family, and the kgosi expected any medicine that Christians wielded to be used in service to his reign
  • Most rulers managed to govern Christians within their communities through a careful mix of intimidation and negotiation, but they resisted becoming converts themselves.
    • morajane
      morajane on 25 Apr 23
       
      People in the community were forced to convert to Christianity. Christianity was basically used to push propaganda.
  • Moshoeshoe disarmed the threat by allowing his close relatives to become leading Christians while securing their continued allegiance through a combination of patronage and coercion.
  • As Tswana rulers employed Christian bongaka for the benefit of their communities, they did so not only in occasionally following its precepts but, more evidently, in promoting the long-distance trade and interstate connections that accompanied the spread of Christianity.
absalommukwevho37

Them Who Kill the Body: Christian Ideals and Political Realities in the Interior of Sou... - 2 views

Mukwevho Absalom 220111948

shared by absalommukwevho37 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • This article considers the changing political significance of Christianity in the interior of southern Africa during the 1850s,
  • y European missionaries to reconcile their service both to African communities and to European expansion, which compelled them to articulate a rationale for their civilising mission.
    • absalommukwevho37
      absalommukwevho37 on 26 Apr 23
       
      On attempts by European missionaries to reconcile their service to both African communities and to European expansion, which obliged them to create a justification for their civilizing mission, Christianity had a political role in the interior of southern Africa during the 1850s. In the end, missionaries pushed for increased European influence in the interior, which quickly spread and gave rise to colonial power. African perceptions of Christianity and its connection to Europeans underwent a huge shift in the 1850s when many Africans began to view Christian doctrine and paraphernalia as comparatively benign oddities that might be used for their communities' good. They are unaware that this is not the case, though. This is crucial because it sets up how the missionaries gained more clout.
  • Introduction The 1850s were a turbulent time in the interior of southern Africa, stirred by a boom in the trade of wildlife products and guns, an outbreak of bovine lungsickness, and escalation of African-European tensions into open warfare
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • The 1850s were a turbulent time in the interior of southern Africa, stirred by a boom in the trade of wildlife products and guns, an outbreak of bovine lungsickness, and escalation of African-European tensions into open warfare. 1
  • There was tremendous variation in the experiences of Africans and their communities during the long and gradual expansion of European influence in southern Africa,
  • Christianity eventually became more instrumental in colonisation, but in early encounters between Africans and Europeans beyond the frontier of the Cape Colony there was limited control by anyone over its use and ownership, allowing its humanitarian and universalistic ideals to assume greater currency.
mokhele_l

European Exploration and Africa's Self-Discovery.pdf - 8 views

Mokhele L

shared by mokhele_l on 13 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Africa was indeed a dark continent, in the sense of being relatively unknown outside it
    • mokhele_l
      mokhele_l on 13 Apr 23
       
      European exploration was sparked by european desire to know about a somewhat "Unknown" part of the world.
  • whistle: his instruments are all borrowed from one coast people.' Ogot asks whether this kind of reporting by the explorers really helped Europe to know Africa better. Indee
  • nding of African cultures, he wanted to understand in order to change. The first anthropologists, by contrast, wanted to understand in order to pres
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • Exploration itself can be due to a passionate interest in Africans. It has been suggested that David Livingstone was perhaps 'the one explorer who may be said to have lived and died for Africans rather than for Af
    • mokhele_l
      mokhele_l on 13 Apr 23
       
      European exploration was driven by interest in Africans and their practices, This interest also manifested in the representation of Africans as barbaric people- European interest in Africans may have been a tool of an academic paradigm of difference.
  • . The first anthropologists, by contrast, wanted to understand in order to pres
    • mokhele_l
      mokhele_l on 13 Apr 23
       
      A different motive in European exploration was understanding Africa and Africans and preserving knowledge and culture.
  • The discoveries of the anthropologists helped to correct some of the myths-to which the physical explorer had lent greater credibilityabout an Africa steeped in savagery. The anthropological researchers came to provide a different kind of inform
    • mokhele_l
      mokhele_l on 13 Apr 23
       
      Exploration as a tool of dissolution of previously established myths on Africa.
  • cience.2 But another strong influence on the explorers, besides the scientific spirit, was the European romantic movement, associated with the spirit of anti-scie
  • ience.2 But another strong influence on the explorers, besides the scientific spirit, was the European romantic movement, associated with the spirit of anti-scie
    • mokhele_l
      mokhele_l on 13 Apr 23
       
      Europeans in Africa aimed at spreading the european idea of Euphoria- modernization and civilization.
Mnqobi Linda

Archaeology of Slavery in East Africa.pdf - 2 views

Mnqobi Linda 222051757

shared by Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Like Arab sources, European documents rarely refer to slaves and the slave trade during the sixteenth and seventeenth century. However, one German traveler, who accompanied Francisco d'Almeida to Mombasa and Kilwa, observed in Kilwa "more black slaves than white Moors" and in Mombasa all the 500 archers were "negro slaves of the white Moors" (Freeman-Grenville, 1965, p. 107, 109). Tom? Pires, the Portuguese ambassador to China described the Indian Ocean trade in the early sixteenth century. From the ports of Zeila and Berbera, he noted, Arabs obtained gold, ivory, and slaves (Freeman-Greenville, 1962, p. 125). A Franciscan Friar, who visited Mombasa in 1606, mentioned a boat arriving from Zanzibar with some slaves (Freeman-Grenville, 1962, p. 155). An English trading captain noted that the governor of Mombasa, Johan Santa Coba, would send small boats to Kilwa, Pemba, Zanzibar, and Mozambique to obtain gold, ambergris, elephant teeth, and slaves, apparently for himself (Freeman-Grenville, 1962, p. 190). Even when slaves are mentioned as part of cargo, their importance relative to ivory, gold, and iron was minimal.
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      Slavery, gold and Ivory trading which too place in the East of Africa.
  • rior; there is hardly evidence of expeditions inland until the nineteenth century." However, several hinterland com munities such as the Taita, Hadzabe, Iraqw, Makonde, and Oromo became victims of slave raiding and ethnic warfare for control of trading routes (Bagshawe, 1925; Obst, 1912). Others, like the Yao, Makua, Nyamwezi, and Akamba transformed
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is shocking because there are communities which became part of the hunting for Ivory to trade with the Europeans and used weapons which the got from the Europeans to get slaves for them.
  • hite Moors" a
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      White moors refers to the Muslim people of North Africa and Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • uropean demand for ivory and plantation labor affected communities as far as Central Africa and set in motion human and elephant depopulation (Alpers, 1975; Beachey, 1986; Newitt, 1987; Ringrose, 2001; Schweinfurth, 1874; Thorbahn, 1979). As early as AD 1770 slaves destined for the French plantation in their colonies were being procured from Nyasaland [Malawi] (Alpers, 1975; Nwulia, 1975; Sheriff, 1987, p. 159). Although Europeans initially confined their presence in Africa to coastal regions between the sixteenth to mid-nineteenth cen turies, their slave trading enterprise affected all African communities. Interestingly, Thornton (1992, p. 125) downplays the European impact by stating that the de velopment of slavery in its most repugnant forms was more a product of active African participation and desires for economic expansion because Europeans pos sessed no means, either economic or military, to compel African leaders to sell slaves
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      In the East of Africa many societies were affected by the demand of the Europeans for slaves to work in Sugarcane plantations. Many people lost their loved ones and there was a decrease in the number of people in communities. There was also a depopulation in Elephants because the of Ivory by the Europeans as many Elephants were killed. The development of slave on the East Coast of Africa was caused by the participation of the Kings and Leaders in the communities of Africa, but not because Europeans, bassically they were not forced to participate.
  • rchers were "negro slaves o
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      These archers were trained to be professional in using bow and arrows
  • hemselves into professional ivory and slave hunters, raiders, and traders (Alpers, 1969,1975; Klein and Robertson, 1983; Lovejoy, 2000; Mutoro, 1998; Robertson, 1997). Ivory trade with overseas markets introduced guns to African societies that helped facilitate slave raids as well as "trade goods that sometimes sharpened the appetite of Africans for additional slave raiding and tradin
  • ; Lugard, 1968; New, 1874; Thomson, 1885). Slave and cattle raiding had forced Tsavo and Taveta peoples to move to fortified localities in the hills and mountains (Bravman, 1998; French-Sheldon, 1892; Merritt, 1975; Wray, 1912). Migration and relocation created subsistence insecurities and made people vulnerable to famine and disease. The
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      Many communities went to live in mountains to be safety from slavery and made fenced areas to hide, this led to starvation as people were unable to produce food and they were prone to disease form the wild and its animals.
  • fortified localities i
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      A Fortified area is a strong defenses, usually a massive wall structure and inner citadels or strongholds.
  • ad occurred in Taita in the 1880s reported by Hobley (1895) is a case in point. Starving Taita emigrated to Taveta, Chagga, Pare, and Ukambani, only to find their residents similarly afflicted. Parents reportedly sold children into slavery for food. People starved to death in houses, on roadsides, in gardens, everywhere and were left unburied for no one had strength to dig graves; the number of bodies was too numerous to be disposed by hyena or other scavengers. Sagala area in Tsavo was one of the earliest and hardest hit areas. People killed one another in competition for food and many Sagala emigrated to Giriama for relief. Abandoned settlements reverted to wilderness. At the end of the famine, after the rains returned, only 1000 of the estimated 10,000 Taita people survived (Merritt,
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      Slavery led to hunger and hunger led to competition of food which eventually caused parents trade their own children for food and people killing each other for food.
lmshengu

Mungo Park's African Adventures - Document - Gale eBooks - 1 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

Lwandile Mshengu History 2A

shared by lmshengu on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • By the end of the eighteenth century, vigorous exploration of the interiors of major continents was well underway. In North America, the eastern part of the continent was well known, and major portions west of the Mississippi had been explored by the Spanish and the French. South America had been explored by the Spanish, and much of Asia had been visited or described as well. The Australian interior remained a mystery, nor was anything known of the African interior. Of these, Africa was of far greater interest because of its animals, great lakes and rivers, natives, and jungle. It simply seemed more exotic, dangerous, and interesting than Australia. It was also more accessible, lying just a few thousand miles from Europe.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      The interiors of the main continents had been vigorously explored by the end of the eighteenth century. The eastern half of North America was well known, and the Spanish and French had explored the most of the territory west of the Mississippi. The Spanish had explored South America and had visited or written about much of Asia. Both the Australian interior and the interior of Africa remained a mystery. Africa was the most fascinating of all due to its wildlife, large lakes and rivers, inhabitants, and jungle. Simply put, it appeared to be more exotic, perilous, and fascinating than Australia. Due to its proximity to Europe-just a few thousand miles-it was also more accessible.
  • After Park's disappearance public and political interest in Africa began to increase. He had proved that Africa could be explored, showing that it was possible to journey through unknown territory to a major African river, with few supplies and little help—but that doing so was dangerous business. More than 15 years would pass before the next major expedition left for Africa. (This is surprising when you consider that Africa, is, after all, geographically closer to Europe than either of the Americas or Asia. Yet, trade was established with India and China, colonies were established in both North and South America, and a struggling colony was present in Australia before African exploration was well underway.) Hugh Clapperton, Dixon Denham, and Walter Oudney led a three-year expedition for the British government (1822-1825) through Saharan and sub-Saharan Africa—and returned to England to tell about it. They were followed by many others in subsequent decades, culminating in the epic journeys of David Livingstone (from 1852 until his death in 1873
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      By the end of the eighteenth century, the innards of the major continents had undergone active exploration. The eastern part of North America was well known, while the majority of the area west of the Mississippi had been explored by the Spanish and French. The Spanish had traveled through most of Asia and had explored South America. The interiors of Australia and Africa both remained a mystery. Due to its wildlife, numerous lakes and rivers, residents, and jungle, Africa was the most fascinating of all the continents. In other words, it seemed more exotic, dangerous, and exciting than Australia. It was also easier to get to because of how close it was to Europe-just a few thousand kilometers away.
  • Back in England, Park married, wrote a book, and became licensed in surgery. In 1805 he set out again on another expedition sponsored by the African Association, accompanied by nearly 40 men, trying again to map the course of the Niger. This time, after reaching the river, they built boats and sailed along it for over 1,000 miles (1,609 km), mapping its course as it flowed to the east and turned south. Disease, however, killed all but 11 of his expedition members, and the weakened party was never to reach the mouth of the Niger. They were killed in a battle with natives near the present city of Bussa in 1806.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Park married, published a book, and obtained his surgical license back in England. With roughly 40 additional men, he headed out on another African Association-sponsored trip in 1805 in an effort to survey the Niger once more. This time, they arrived at the river, built boats, and sailed nearly 1,000 miles (1,609 km) down it while charting its course as it ran to the east before turning south. However, disease claimed the lives of all but 11 of his expedition's participants, and the weaker group was unable to make it to the Niger River's mouth. In 1806 they lost their lives in a conflict with locals close to the modern-day city of Bussa.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • Over the next century, Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Portugal, and Belgium all established (or tried to establish) colonies, trading outposts, or both in Africa. Although warfare between competing European powers rarely erupted, the natives often resisted European incursions. The African tribes, however, could neither coordinate their efforts nor overcome the technological advantage of European weapons. In every instance but one (Ethiopia, who defeated the Italians in 1896), they failed to resist the onslaught of European colonizers.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      In the next century, colonies, trading outposts, or both, were created (or attempted to be formed) in Africa by Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Portugal, and Belgium. The locals frequently opposed European advances, notwithstanding the rarity of conflict between rival European nations. However, the African tribes were unable to work together or overcome the technological superiority of European weapons. In all but one case-Ethiopia, which beat the Italians in 1896-they were unable to fend off the invasion of European invaders.
nsndzimande

September 1874 - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 1 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

Noluthando Ndzimande

shared by nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Sir Bartle Frere having accomplished the grand work of abolishing slavery
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      Once again this proves that David Livingstone was a noble man and he despised slavery, probably because it went against everything he believed in as a religious man.
  • Dr. Livingstone
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      Dr Livingstone was a physician, a Christian missionary, and a well known explorer of Africa. He spent 3 decades exploring the African continent, and in the 1950s he became known as the first European to cross the African continent. He is also known for his discovery of the Victoria falls. Despite the history of Africans and Europeans, Dr Livingstone strongly believed that Africa had a good chance of being progressive.
  • Manyema,
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Manyema tribe originated from the place referred to in the modern day as eastern Congo and they were feared by many because of how powerful and warring they were. The way Livingstone describes this tribe shows how intimidated he was and this further demonstrates how his mission was not to destroy the Africans.
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • Lord Stanley
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      Henry Marton Stanley is well known for locating Dr Livingstone during his voyage in Africa.
  • Ujijian traders carrying 18,000 lbs. weight of ivory, bought in this new field for a mere trifle, in thick copper bracelets and beads
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      During this century guns were a form of currency and they were also a measure of economic standard. Africa has always been known for its richness in resources, therefore they would trade their resources, such as ivory as mentioned above, and in return they would receive guns.
  • Garden of Eden, in the Book of Genesis.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      A reference to the Bible is made which relates to Christianity, one of the mains reasons why he came to Africa.
  • Sultan of Zanzibar.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      A sultan is a Muslim supreme ruler/ monarch.
  • Ujiji
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is a historic town land it is the oldest town located in Western Tanzania. This is the town where David Livingstone and Henry Marton Stanley met and amemorial was constructed to honour that event.
  • r ictoria Falls
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      He is known as the first person to discover the Victoria falls.
  • My reasons for the opinion that it is the river of Egypt are the great length of the watershed, which certainly is that of South-Central Africa. It stretches from west to east, a vast elevated bar, across at least two-thirds of the entire continent, while I observed the sources of the Congo arising from a com¬ paratively short piece of it, which it shared with the Zambezi on its south. In the same journey that I travelled across the sources of the Congo and Zambezi,
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      This proves that he actually crossed the African continent as he seemed very knowledgeable about it. He was indeed the greatest African explorer.
  • cannibals
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      They attained this label beause of their brutality and because they were literal eaters of flesh.
  • Africans are not unreasonable, though smarting under wrongs, if you can fairly make them understand your claim to innocence and do not appear as having your " back up."
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows how David Livingstone saw Africans as normal people, he did not belittle them or view them in a dehumanising manner.
  • Two English guns in the box are surely not too much for his virtue.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows how valuable guns were during this age, they were a high currency. Explorers traded resources which were they had in abundance in their ethnic countries, these were traded to obtain resources they wanted. This was a barter trade of some sort.
  • Arabs
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      They resided along the coast of Tanzania.
  • Sir Bartle Freie
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      He was the imperial administrator of Zanzibar meaning he worked for the British colony. David Livingstone may have been "different" from other Europeans in terms of how they viewed Africa and her people, but that did not strip his European "benefits" away.
  • Nile valley,
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Nile is known as the longest river in Africa. It is called the father of African rivers.
  • I. too, have shed light of another kind, and am fain to believe that I have performed a small part in the grand revolution which our Maker has been for ages carrying on, by multitudes of conscious, and many unconscious, agents, all over the world.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      He believed that his objective for travellin/ exploring was in progress and he had achieved a good portion of it.
  • The women here were particularly outspoken in asserting our identity with the cruel strangers. On calling to one vociferous lady who gave me the head trader's name, just to look if he and I were of the same colour, she replied with a bitter little laugh, "Then you must be his father."
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      Europeans were known by the Africans mostly for all the wrong reasons, they were known as the oppressors. David Livingstone was rather different to the description of Europeans, but this must have been hard for Africans to believe because of the suffering they had endured at the hands of the Europeans. The comparison of Livingstone to the head trader is a demonstration of how the Africans saw all Europeans, as the presecutors.
  • and I had a sore longing to finish my work and retire.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      Livingstone came to Africa to as a missionary, he was teaching about Christianity. He faced a number of challenges during his time of work, but he pesevered.
  • Bambarre
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      In the modern time, this place is well known for the letter written by Dr Livingstone when he was there.
  • This 1 name after good Lord Palmerston. Near it rises the Lunga, which farther down is called Luenge, and still further off Kafue or Kafuje, I would name it Oswell's fountain.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      The fountains obtained names with religious meaning behind them which proves that he was a man of religion and he was there to teach about Christianity. Palmerston can be translated to pilgrim, which is defined as an individual who voyages to a place of sacredness for religious purpose. When directly translated Oswell means God's power. During his journey he witnessed might have witnessed God's power through the beauty of nature all around him.
  • an irritable eating ulcer fastened on each foot, and laid me up for five months.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      These are some of the challenges he faced as a missionary and explorer in Africa. The way he sympathises with the slaves represents how he felt about slavery, it was inhumane.
mathapelo063

The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century.pdf - 4 views

Mathapelo Mabote HISTORY 2A

shared by mathapelo063 on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • But it was in the nineteenth century that the great development of the East African ivory trade took place. An increased demand for ivory in America and Europe coincided with the opening up of East Africa by Arab traders and European explorers, and this led to the intensive exploitation of the ivory resources of the interior. Throughout
    • mathapelo063
      mathapelo063 on 24 Apr 23
       
      The Arabs and European explorers (Portuguese) were the ones who ensured that the East African ivory trade flourished.
  • Until the early nineteenth century, ivory was obtained in sufficient quantity from the coast to meet demand, but, writing in the i84os, the missionary Krapf observed that, although the elephant was still found in some areas near the coast, ivory caravans were now making regular trips into Usagara, Masailand and the Kikuyu countries. Krapf was surprised to see an elephant tusk from Kikuyuland so large that it required three stalwart Akamba tribesmen to carry it.
    • mathapelo063
      mathapelo063 on 24 Apr 23
       
      As the demand for ivory increased in Europe and America, elephant hunters began to hunt day in and day out for the tusks in order to meet the demand. This led to a slight decrease in the number of elephants in that area.
  • It was the ivory trade which evoked from Krapf the cry: 'How many slaves, how many women, how much palm-wine, how many objects for the gratification of lust and vanity are purchased by the Galla, Wanika, Wakamba and Swahili with the ivory which they bring to the coast.'4
    • mathapelo063
      mathapelo063 on 24 Apr 23
       
      The competition to find ivory led tribes who resided in areas with elephants to lose their homes and land in a cruel manner.
  • mathapelo063 on 24 Apr 23
     
    The article describes the Ivory trade in East Africa in the 19th century. Here we see the value ivory had and its demand in Europe and America. Due to its demand, many European travelers began to settle closer to the ivory reserves. This led to the locals being forcefully removed from their land. We also see the journeys of different European explorers where they describe the conditions in East Africa during this period. As the demand for ivory increased, the need to build a proper infrastructure, such as railways for the transportation of ivory from the interior to the coast for shipment emerged. Ivory was the source of wealth for the European explorers and the kings and chiefs in East Africa.
wamiercandy

EUROPEAN COMPETITION AND COOPERATION IN PRE-MODERN GLOBALIZATION: "PORTUGUESE" WEST AND... - 2 views

"Owami Mbeko" "History2A"

shared by wamiercandy on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • One of the chief problems with many of the existing scholarly interpretations of sixteenth century 'Portuguese' Africa is that they fail to understand Europe's trade with Africa in terms of commodity chains.8 Direct European involvement on the coast of Africa south of the Sahara came to take place because of markets; some of these market relationships were already very old when this started to happen, i.e. caravan routes, and some new ones came into being as a result of increased contact and trade along new routes. By the sixteenth century, the various commodity chains embracing African trade connected Africa primarily with north, northwestern and central Europe, not Lisbon, which was mostly a way station on the route northward. This was true not only for the trade items produ
    • wamiercandy
      wamiercandy on 26 Apr 23
       
      this part explains how the trade between African and Portuguese began which was seen as exploitation at first but as years went by Africa claimed back its resources and began good trade with Portuguese
  • l-state systems.9 The logic of markets, far more than political jurisdictions, established the routes along which flowed the various European and African trade commodities as well as the technology, informational exchanges and financial tools that allowed the trade to flo
    • wamiercandy
      wamiercandy on 26 Apr 23
       
      This part of the journal explains how the European explorers started using Central Africa's resources to start up their own trade which was also gonna require African roots to be used without paying any money to the Africans.
  • Portuguese attack. The weakness of its territorial claims and the implausibility of enforcing maritime rule over such a vast coastline were among the conditions that drove various Portuguese groups - representing the crown, colonies and religious orders - to attempt to gain a more secure territorial base in Africa by the end of the sixteenth century. These groups realized just such a project in Angola by the end of the sixteenth century. By the seventeenth century, all European groups competing for African trade sought to harness merchant shipping to African territorial claims and relied on state support to achieve these ends, although the success of these ventures remained limited.
    • wamiercandy
      wamiercandy on 26 Apr 23
       
      This part explains the goodness of African resources that ended up producing competition within the European countries as every one wanted to gain power and colonise Cental Africa.
  • wamiercandy on 26 Apr 23
     
    This is a source from Jstor which explains how the European explorers discovered Central Africa and began to use its resources for their own gain while they colonised people in Central Africa.
l222091943

Modern Egypt and Its People.pdf - 1 views

Lindiwe.S Mbatha 222091943

shared by l222091943 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The subject to be treated in this paper is " Modern Egypt and its People." It i
  • Compared to Eastern princes, he towers infinitely above them all except his grandfather
  • The first question for consideration is: Who and what are the Modern Egyptians?
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 25 Apr 23
       
      I think modern Egyptian are people with genetic affinities primarily with population of north Africa and the middle East.
  • ...60 more annotations...
  • Some of the latest and best authorities fix the foundation of Memphis by Menes at 4000 years B. C., and the building of the pyramids at 500 years later; the obelisk of Heliopolis and the tombs of Beni Hassan at 3000, all of which necessarily implies onie or two thousand years of previous consolidation to create an empire capable of such achievements.
  • Finally the Turks, under Sultan Selim, conquered Egypt in 1517, and hold it to this day.
  • wondrou
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 25 Apr 23
       
      wondrous meaning the inspiring feeling of wonder or delights
  • Its soil was trod by Abraham and Jacob, Joseph and Moses, as well as by Herodotus, Pythagoras and Plato. After the glories of the Pharaohs and the conquests of Cambyses, came those of Alexander. Then followed the Ptolemies, Anthony and Cleopatra, Pompey and Caesar and Augustus.
  • he Nile,
  • In the Soudan, negro blood begins to predominate. To these elements must be added 90,000 Circassians, Jews, Syrian s and Armenians, 40,000 Turks and about 100,000 Europeans; and in the deserts, 300,000 Bedouins who are of a type entirely different from all the rest, being nearly all of pure Arab blood
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 25 Apr 23
       
      the Nile what was the Nile it was the major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. which flowed into the Mediterranean Sea.
  • Mohammed Ali was born at Cavalla, in Macedonia, on the Gulf of Salonica, in 176
  • t Memlooks would soon treat him as they had done all his predecessors, he resolved to suiypress them. Suimmoned to the citadel of Cairo on the 1st of March, 1811, for a state ceremony, they repaired there on horseback, about 800 strong. The ouiter gate, Bab-el-azab, was closed on them, and the first inner gate al
  • , Mohammed Ali organized his army upon the European model, with the assistance of numerous French officers, and commenced all these reforms in civil as well as military matters which have placed Egypt so far ahead of other Mussulman countries. He died insane in 1849.
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Mohammed ali passed away on 1849.
  • Ibrahim-Pasha, his son, exercised a short time the functions of regent, but died before his father. He was a great soldier, and twice-in 1832 and 1839-he would have driven the Sultan out of Constantinople had he not been stopped in the height of victory by the European power
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Ibrahim-pasha son took over the reins but did not live longer, he passed away before his father he was known as a good soldier.
  • r Mohammed Ali came Abbas-Pasha, a cruel tyrant, who died by violence in 1854; then Said-Pasha, and in 1863 Ismall-Pasha, the son of Ibrahim, who was forced to abdicate a year or two ago.
  • Ismagl-Pasha, the deposed Khedive, was once the most belauded of men, as he became afterwards the best abused; yet he might say, in the words of the French poet: " Wais je n'ai m6ritO Ni cet excbs d'honneur ni cette indignit6."
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 25 Apr 23
       
      the most fearless man changed and become the most abused man this were his words in the French poem.
  • " Modern Egypt and its People.
  • Pompey's pillar, nearly 100 feet total height, the shaft being of a single piece of red Syenite granite, highly polished, 73 feet in length, was erected about the year 300 of our era, in honor of Diocletian, and had no more connection with Pompey the Great than Cleopatra's needles with Cleopat
  • Egypt should perish of hunger. Ismail's greatest error was in not tendering a compromise of 50 per cent. of his debL, which would have been accepted gladly, and 3 or 4 per cent. interest, instead of 12 and 14 and 20, which he had been paying for years.
  • His son, the present Khedive, has much less ability than his father, and is a mere figurehead, the consuls and commissioners having virtual control. The ex-Khedive and his sons are well educated for Orientals, and in their habits and mode of living, are quite European except as regards the hareem. They all speak French fluentl
  • Alexandria, or Iskanderia, as the Arabs call it, is the great seaport of Egypt, founded and named by Alexander 332 B.
  • The Arab quarters are inhabited by about 200,000 natives, and the European population amount to 60,000 more
  • Out of a debt of one hundred millions of pounds Egypt never realized over forty-five millions, and the suffering inflicted upon his people by excessive taxation was partly due to his extravagance,
  • They were originally at Heliopolis, but were brought to Alexandria under Tiberius. They bear the hieroglyphics of Thotmes III. (1500) and Rameses II. (Sesostris the Great), 1400 B.C.
  • The distance is 130 miles; time, four hours and a half, over a perfectly level country, for Cairo, 12 miles above the apex of the Delta, is only 40 feet above the sea level.
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 25 Apr 23
       
      the traveler did not even realize that he had left Alexandria for Cairo because of the distance.
  • e "'New Hotel
  • emple, and you would not be astonished if from it issue the Caliph Haroun-al-Rasbid with his faithful Mesrour, or the very same three Calenders whose adventures are recorded in the "Arabian Nights," and I could vow that I have seen the very oil jars in which Ali-Baba's forty thieves were scalded to death. There are the same bazars, with the same little shops, mere recesses in the wall, where the merchant, sitting cross-legged, can reach without rising every shelf in his shop. There he sits all day smoking his chibook and wa
  • ge English horses and full of lovely, half-veiled, fair Circassian and Georgian women. Two mounted janizaries, with long pistols in their holsters and curved scimetars at their sides, gallop some twenty yards in front. Behind come four syces, in pairs, with cressets full of burDing light-wood, then two more syces with wands. At each side of the carriage rides a mounted eunuch, and a pair of them follow the carriage, and behind them, another couple of mounted janizaries. They pass you at full speed, the flashing of dark eyes mingling with that of diamon
  • . Just between the New Hotel and Shepherd's Hotel, in the most frequented part of the European quarter, stands a building whose history brings all the darkness of the Middle Ages in juxtaposition with modern civilization. It is a palace of Arab architecture, surrounded by a palm grove and enclosed within a lofty stone wall. In that palace, less than twenty-five years ago, lived the widowed daughter of Mohammed Ali-the widow of the famous Defterda
  • She was a beautiful and talented woman, but licentious and cruel
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Mohammed ali daughter which was a widow was beautiful but not only beautiful she was cruel at the same time.
  • This princess whose power at couirt was very great, was one of the chief actors in the assassination of her nephew, Abbas-Pasha, in 185
  • . It is a small city in itself, three or four times more extensive than the Tower of London. It contains a vast palace, once inhabited by Mohammed Ali, and his tomb in the mosk, which he built of Oriental alabaster and whose minarets are miracles of architectural bol
  • All the punishments were ordered by me, generally upon the reports of the native officers; and the most frequent offences were disrespect to the latter. The company officers are so little above the level of their men that they inspire but little respect. As an instance: A captain of infantry of my detachment used to come up every evening to the kitchen-tent to play checkers with my black Ntubian cook until I had him put under fifteen days' arrest for it. The punishments for officers are arrest and loss of pay. In theory, no corporal punishment can be inflicted upon a soldier; but in practice it is necessarily otherwise. On the marches the punishments consisted of from two to five dozen stripes with a rope's end. The culprit is stretched on the ground at full lerigth, on his face, and held down by a soldier at his feet and another at his head, while two sergeants administer the stripes over his clothes. This punishment is just severe enough to be effective with a people who cannot be governed without the rod;
  • ! The unequalled moon of Egypt has just risen above the Mokattan range, and its silver light mingles with the fiery glow of departing day. As you now stand nothing lies before you but the tombs of the Caliphs and the Arab cemeteries scattered in dreary ravines of yellow sand
  • It was comiposed mainly of Asiatics from the warlike tribes of Kurdistan, Circassia and Syria, and Arnauts from Albania. After the European powers checked the conquering career of Ibrahim-Pasha, the army was reduced to 40,000 men and rarely reached that number. Of late years it has varied from 30,000 to 15,000 men or less, according to the state of the treasury. Until the late reductions imposed by the Anglo-French commission, the Egyptian army consisted of 22 regiments of infantry of 3 battalions each; 4 battalions of rifles; 4 regiments of cavalry and 144 pieces of artillery. It is recruited by a totally arbitrary and irregular system of conscription. The inhabitants of Cairo and Alexandria are exempte
  • ore. I once had an orderly, a Copt Christian named Girgis, or George, about fifty-five years old. TIe said he had beeni more than twenty-five years in service and, having no friends to apply for his release, he did not know that he would ever be discharged.
  • Their white cotton uniforms (short tunics, baggy zouave trouisers, and gaiters over their substanitial army shoes) are well suited to the climate and make a very good appearance. They are exceedingly weell drilled upon the French system of tactics. The infantry are armed with the best American Remington rifles. The cavalry are extremely well mounted and equipped. The artillery are well organized and have several batteries of the best Krupp guns. The officers are thoroughly acquainted with the routine of service, but the best of them are utterly ignorant of the higher branches of military science. They, as well as their soldiers, understand perfectly all the details of military life.
  • In one word, they possess all thebest qualities of soldiers except one-the fighting quality. This probably is due in part to the oppression of centuries, the Egyptian people having beenl ruled bv a foreign conqueror for 2,400 y
  • The subordinate officers are hardly a shade better than the men, and the high Pashas think only of their ease and personal safety. At the battle of Guy Khoor, in Abyssinia, the Pashas and Colonels, with Prince Hassan at their head, led the flight before the fight had fairly begun, and when my gallant frienid General Dye, severely wounded, tried to stern the tide of the retreating troops, the soldiers said to hi
  • Egyptian army from a defeat as complete as that of Isandula, for the Abyssinians fight as desperately as the Zulus. It is true that two or three Arab officers of high rank fought bravely and were killed on the field, buit they were the exception. Ratib-Pasha, who commanded the army, saw his extreme right flank-one battalion and a battery, which he had imprudently left isolated about twelve hundred yards off-surrounded by a multitude of Abyssinians, who rushed for that ga
  • Simply because a despotic prince, however intelligent, is always deceived by falsehood and intrigue, and the Khedive has never yet known the truth about the Abyssiiiian war. The best regiments in the Egyptian service are those formed of negroes from Central Africa. These' are savages captured by slave traders and forcibly taken from them by the Government in order to destroy the slave trade. When retaken from the traders, it is impossible to send them back to their own country, for one-half of them have already died on the way and the rest would perish going back. So the Government makes soldiers of them and gives them the women as wives. Now, let m
  • from the slave traders, being marched to the barracks by an Egyptian sergeant to be enrolled-great tall fellows, emaciated by fatigue and starvation, all literally as naked as Adam before he dreamt of a fig leaf, and not wearing even a smile, and nio wonder. They were in single file, each one fastened to the next by a piece of wood about five feet long, going from the back of the neck of the front man to the throat of the next behind him. Thus they had travelled hundreds and hundreds of miles, never released for a moment except when one would drop dead by the way and would be left as food for hyenas. As soon as they are enrolled they are clothed in a good white uniform, fed on good rations of bread and meat, they who had never eaten anything but grain in its raw state, like camels. They are taught Arabic and the rudiments of t
  • We were treated with more respect than the native officers, in spite of our being Christians and foreigners.
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 25 Apr 23
       
      even though there were foreigners' they were treated with a lot of respect.
  • There are also large barracks, military schools, all the bureaus of the War Department, arsenals, vast magazines, workshops and a cannon foundry. Also the famous well of Joseph, 270 feet deep, so called, not from the Joseph of Scripture, but from Saladin, whose name was Yusu
  • The line-officers, nearly all natives, did not show any dislike to the Christian staff-officers, even if they felt it. When the financial difficulties culminated in 1878, the English and French comptrollers, who had virtually assumed the government, ordered a great reduction of the army and the discharge of all the foreign officers, which resulted in the practical abolition of the staff. There were now left in the army only two elements-the native or fellah, and the Turco-Circassian. The Turks have hitherto occupied nearly all the high positions, civil and military, for they still retain their prestige as the conquerors of Egypt.
  • The ex-Khedive, IsmaYl-Pasha, was a regular purchaser of twenty or thirty of them every year. It is the highest ambition of a Circassian girl to be sold to the Sultan or some of his chief officers. If she succeeds in becoming a favorite, her brothers hasten to sbare her fortunes by obtaining civil or military appointments. This accounts for there being so many Circassians in high places in Turkey and Egypt. Ratib-Pasha, the Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian army under Ismail-Pasha, was a Cireassiani. (See Appendix A.) Until the close of the Abyssinian war, the Egyptian army seemed to be absolutely submissive to its Prince.
  • . Ismail was deposed, and Tewfik, vastly inferior in force of character, reigns in in his place. Soon-eafter his accession, a Circassian was promoted General over the heads of three native Colonels. The latter sent a protest to the Khedive, who ordered them to the citadel under arrest, but their regiments rose in arms and released them. The Khedive sent two picked regiments of his guards to overawe the mutineers, but they joined the latter and the Khedive had to yield to all their demands, to revoke the objectionable promotion and to appoint a new Minister of War. A few months later another military demonstration forced the governmenit to increase the pay of the army. And now a new rallying cry has been raised, "Egypt for the Egyptians !" Otut -with Turks and Cireassiatns! Out with foreign Comptrollers who grind out the fellaheen for the benefit of foreign bondholders! Arabi-Bey, who is the leader of the movement, is only a Colonel, but all the native regiments are under his influence, while the Turkish and Circassian pashas, unable to command the obedience of the troops, look helplessly on.* In the meantime, the Assembly of Notables, from whom no opposition was dreamed of (otherwise it never would have been called),
  • " Holy War,"
  • "Egyptian crisis," and such is the attitude of that army which in former days would have submitted to decimation without a murmur at the command of MIohammed Ali, Ibrahim-Pasha or even Ismail. It must be remembered that the soldiers are in fact the best and truest representatives of the people, from which they are drawn by conscription, and they are the most intelligent portion of the fellaheen masses, for they have acquired in the army new ideas which would nev-er have occurred to them if they had remained in their villages. It is evident that they are waking up to a sense of their power. Yet it seems most probable that bv some compromise with France, Egypt will finally become a British dependency, thus perpetuating indefinitely the subjection of the Egyptian people to a foreign conqueror.
  • The most prominent were Generals Mott, Sibley, Loring, Stone, who held the rank of Pashas (Generals); Reynolds, Dye, Field, Long, Prout, Lockett, Ward, Purdy andl Mason, who ranked as Beys or Colonels
  • te. Several of my esteemed comrades in those expeditions-Campbell, Losche, Lamnson-left their bones in the deserts of the Soudan, and others returnied with impaired constitutions.
  • The experienced old Germaln surgeon (Dr.Pfund) attached to the expedition assured me that my only hope of life was to get on a boat and float down to Cairo, and that I would certainly die if I went into the deserts. But I knew that if I tuirned back and left the expedition in charge of the native officers, they would never budge one mile from the. Nile, and the expedition, which was very costly anid important, would be a complete failure, reflecting much discredit upon the American staff. I considered it one of those cases in which a soldier must prefer his duty to his life, and I started from the Nile for the capital of Kordofan in such a helpless condition that I had, to be lifted by the soldiers on and off my dromedary.
  • l Obeyad, the capital of Kordofan, after unspeakable sufferings. There I was joined by that talented and accomplished officer, Col. H. G. Prout, to whom I turned over the comnmand. The surgeon anw everybody else gave me up to die, and I thought my days had reached their term. But I began to mend slowly, and after six months I started back for Cairo.
  • El Obeyad from Suakim on the Red Sea, where I took a steamer for Suez and thence by rail to Cairo. All the Americans except Gen. Stone are now out of the Egyptian army, but I can assert with
  • They stop every two or three hundred yards while the discordant music strikes up and a hired male dancer goes through some absurd contortions
  • e ancient Hebrews, and the manners and ideas as well as the morals of the Mussulmans, with regard to women, are very much such as pictured in Scripture of Abraham, Jacob and Judah, David and Solomon and a host of other patriarchs. Th
  • f Dr. Parsons, the American missionary, and they will never be hanged unless the United States send a squadron to require it. Our Secretary of State in his last report states that the demands of his department on this subject have been evaded.
  • f Mussulmans have but one or two wives-at one time; but divorce is accomplished with a speed and facility which leave far behind the most expeditious and liberal courts of Chicago or any other place. The wife cannot divorce her husband, nor force him to divorce her, but he has only to say "Entee talleekah "-Thou divorcedand the matrimonial bond is dissolved. He is bound only to give her the unpaid tlhird of her dower, and an alimony proportional to
  • On my second -expedition to Kordofan, one of the soldiers of my escort, rejoicing in the name of Abou-la-nane, came to me on the eve of our departure from Cairo, and stated that he had married a wife from a village far up the Nile. Would I permit him to take his wife on the boat and leave her at her village with her relatives; otherwise she would starve from misery in Cairo. This was probably a subterfuge, but I consented. Arriving at the village after several days, Abou-la-nane came and said that all his wife's relations were dead, and if she was left there she would starve more certainly than in Cairo. " Would his Excellency the Bey (that was myself) permit him to take her along?" I told him that if he did she would certainly surely die in the desert from the hardships we would
  • One night at Dongola, on the Upper Nile, after retreat, the whole camp was startled by the wails and moanings of Hafizah, the soldier's wife. He had become jealous of the attentions of the sergeant of artiller
  • The sentence was irrevocable. Fortunately theire were no witnesses, and he stoutly denied having used the triple formula, only the simple one. So they went before the cadi and got married again, and everything was altogether lovely. I may as well state here that my kitid treatment of Abou-la-nane and his wife was "bread cast on the waters." When in the heart of Kordofan, soldiers and servants were dying or prostrated by fevers, and I was at the point of death, this little weak, puny woman was never sick a day, and did all the coQking and washing at headquarters wheni no one else could be found to do it. When I was transported back to Cairo, Abou-la-nane was detailed as one of my escort, and he returned safely to Cairo with his wife. Another anecdote to illustrate inatrimonial customs: The house in which I dwelt the last four mnonths of my residence in Egypt was in Alexandria, just behind the English chuirc
  • "CHIEF OF THE EuNucHs."-A correspondent of the Allqemeine Zeitung, writing from Pera (1881), describes at length a remarkable ceremony, which seems to be curiouslv out of place in Europethe installation of the new Chief of the Eunuchs over the harem of the Sultan. It was a genuine piece of old Turkish conservatism. The name of the new " Kislar Agassi," or Head Eunueb
  • " His Excellency Belhram Aga, Chief of the Eunuchs," rode past on a magnificent charger, the orders of the Osmanie and Medschidje glittering on his breast, followed by Ahmed Bey and a number of the adjutants of the Sultan. When he arrived at the gate of the palace, lambs were slaughtered before him as a token of welcome.
  • he Sultan sent across to his new official two symbols of office, a written document and a magnificent silver pastoral staff worked in relief, which is never handled by any but the Agas of the imperial hare
Lesedi Mokoena

GUN GALE PRIMARY SOURCE.pdf - 1 views

Lesedi Mokoena

shared by Lesedi Mokoena on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Lesedi Mokoena on 26 Apr 23
     
    Around 1880, a number of coastal enclaves and communities had been established by European settlers in Algeria's far north and the Cape's extreme south. Up until that moment, powerful African nations and deadly tropical diseases against which Europeans lacked enough antibodies had kept them out of the majority of interior Africa. The majority of Africans were free to live in separate societies, which might be either dispersed "stateless" groupings or highly organized kingdoms. This drastically changed between around 1880 and 1914, when European countries, in a process known as "the Scramble for Africa," captured all of Africa with the exception of Ethiopia, which resisted Italian invasion, and Liberia, which was a settlement of freed American slaves. On the European side, crucial elements that aided this process included intense racism, nationalistic rivalry, and modern magazine-fed rifles and machine guns' higher firepower. The European countries did not compete with one another over territories in Africa because they had planned the conquest at the Berlin Conference in 1884. African kings and queens reacted differently to the European invasion because they did not see it as a common danger. Some sided with the invaders while others resisted. While privately owned chartered firms with commercial interests in a particular region frequently achieved the initial colonial conquest, financial issues meant that the different European governments took over the colonies within a few years. . Many theories have attempted to explain this dramatic conquest over the years. These theories include Hobson 1902, which links it to the rise of avaricious ultra-rich businessmen; Lenin 1963; Robinson and Gallagher 1961; Robinson and Gallagher 1962; Hopkins 1973; and Lenin 1963. When significant minerals were discovered in Southern Africa-diamonds in the late 1860s and gold in the 1880s-the British felt the need to secure the interior. This led to a succession of battles and the fi
chantesolomonstatum

10.4324_9781315206714-1_chapterpdf.pdf - 3 views

Chante Solomons History 2A

shared by chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Over the next four centuries millions of Europeans and three times as many Africans were shipped across that ocean from their ancestral continents. Recent historiography has sought to understand these human flows both more precisely and more interactively
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      Over the past four centuries millions of Europeans and three times as many African slaves were taken from their ancestral continents and were shipped across the oceans.
  • While the creation of the early modern European Atlantic long received most attention, there has been a burst of interest in the African Atlantic that dominated transatlantic migrations for nearly two centuries after the 1630’s.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      The African Atlantic slave trade dominated due to the burst of interest in African slaves and the African Atlantic transatlantic migrations dominated for nearly two centuries.
  • The prevailing explanation has had recourse to predominantly economic motives and forces. The opening of the Atlantic invited the creation of a virtually unconstrained form of capitalism, whose beneficiaries purchased human chattels from Africa as their labor force. 3 This model of untrammeled economic behavior has recently elicited a further question. Was African slavery was really the optimal source of labor for the rapid development of the Americas?
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      The opening of the Atlantic trade invited the creation of a virtually unconstrained form of capitalism as the beneficiaries purchased human chattels from Africa as their labor force this created an economic boost for the beneficiaries who purchased African slaves for labor purposes.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • European freedom at home was thus the prerequisite for Europeandirected slavery abroad. They could take fullest advantage of the opportunity to combine newly available New World lands with a new and more intensive system of coerced labor. Unable to dominate or even penetrate beyond the coastal lands of tropical Africa, Europeans tapped into the existing system of African social relations to produce crops more cheaply in the Americas, and to deliver them more cheaply and massively to Europe, than ever before.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      The European slave market or demand for slaves could not compete with Africa. The Europeans were unable to dominate or even penetrate beyond the coastal lands of tropical Africa they decided to tap into the existing system of African social relations where they would produce crops for cheaper prices.
  • cinderellaochu on 06 May 23
     
    This article has no source. Where did you retrieve it from?
anda mdlokolo

Slavery in Africa - African Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - 2 views

www.oxfordbibliographies.com/...obo-9780199846733-0085.xml

Anda Mdlokolo-222024267

shared by anda mdlokolo on 13 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Slavery in Africa is a very old institution with diverse origins, forms, and ramifications.
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      This highlights the fact that slavery was not a new thing that happened in Africa . It was an act that already existed in various parts of the world.
  • herefore subject to different perceptions and definitions
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      Slavery has different perceptions . Some people view it as an act of inhuman whilst others saw slavery mainly as a "business transaction".
  • Forms of servitude like polygyny, tribute payments, and retainership of royal households were practiced in Africa but were not slavery in the strict sense of the word, though they are known to have created enabling conditions for slavery. The history of slavery in the continent shows development from servitude to slavery,
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      In simpler terms , this ,means that African's already practised a sense of having servants work for them in their households and royal kingdoms , however , they did not practise slavery . This then poses a debate cause if African's practised having servants that went through the conditions of slavery , one can argue and say they influenced the mindsets of the Europeans into enslaving the Africans.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • The trans-Atlantic, trans–Red Sea/Indian Ocean, and trans-Saharan slave trades appear to have been largely responsible for introducing slavery and analogous practices among many African peoples.
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      There were other slave trades that existed prior the Trans-Atlantic slave trade , however , the Trans-Atlantic slave trade was labelled and recorded as the biggest slave trade as many Africans were enslaved to European countries and other African countries.
  • slavery is defined as the subjugation of individuals to temporary or permanent involuntary servitude, including using such persons as chattels, as sex slaves, and in rituals. Slavery is not determined by the way an enslaved person is treated but by the fact that the function such a person performs is involuntary.
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      Slavery was the act of "owning " a person. " slaves" were sold to the highest bidder and that bidder had a sense of possession upon that slave . The bidder / the slave -owner had the right to use and treat the slave the way they had desired too. The slaves were treated as sex slaves , labourers and many more . In some regions , the slaves worked for their " masters " which is the slave owner till they die or become unworthy of their services.
  • Though slavery in Africa dates back to the periods of ancient Egypt, Roman imperialism in North Africa, and the epoch of ceremonial kingship of ancient empires of Sudan, it became a terrible experience only during the external slave trade.
  • European colonization of Africa is linked to the trans-slave trade in that it weakened the continent so badly that it did not take much effort on the part of European imperialists to colonize it. It also exposed the rich resources of the continent, which the Europeans exploited with impunity through colonization.
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      The trans-Atlantic slave trade led to the colonisation of the African continent by the Europeans , as the Europeans has superiority among the African's and saw the Africans as inferior.
thabokhanyile

Hermann Habenicht's Spezialkarte von Afrika - A Unique Cartographic Record of African E... - 1 views

AOT KHANYILE

shared by thabokhanyile on 22 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • A new orientation of European exploration and mapping developed in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. In 1876, Léopold II, king of Belgium, organized a conference in Brussels at which representatives from Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and Russia addressed two issues that were of concern to the leading powers at the time, the coordination of future exploration in equatorial Africa, and the suppression of the slave trade in that region
  • Léopold II seized the opportunity of this conference to found the Association Internationale Africaine (AIA) with the objective of establishing scientific exploration stations from coast to coast, starting in the east.
  • The transformation of the AIA into the Comité d’Etudes du Haut-Congo in 1878, which in 1882 became the even more powerful Association Internationale du Congo (AIC), was observed with growing concern and even suspicion by other European powers
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • This marked the beginning of a new era of European involvement in Africa, and in Central Africa in particular.
  • However, the emphasis shifted towards territorial consolidation, which absorbed much of the exploratory effort of the involved nations since the 1880s.
  • Léopold’s ambitions were clear: as the sovereign of the smallest of the European states reaching out to Africa, he wanted to acquire a large territory that would give him international status among the other nations, at the same time allowing him to secure access to a vast reservoir of natural resources.
  • When Britain occupied Egypt in 1882, European interest in other parts of the continent grew, and the so-called “scramble for Africa” began in earnest. While Britain, France, and Portugal could build on and branch out from territories they had already established under their flag, Germany lagged behind in the race but acted vigorously to catch up.
  • Larger-scale regional maps were now needed — and were produced in profusion across Europe, to substantiate, both administratively and commercially, the consolidation of newly acquired European possessions.
  • As the market for up-to-date maps grew in the European nations engaged in colonizing Africa, so did the cartographic output by geographical establishments and societies.
  • They all published a plethora of more or less detailed maps of the continent and its constituent parts in order to illustrate and document the latest results of African exploration and the colonizing campaigns they supported, complementing the output of established suppliers of maps.
  • Two important events, one political, the other historical, are of relevance to our subject here.
  • reports that a plan to produce a large map of Africa was formulated towards the end of 1884,
  • The choice of Africa rather than other parts of the globe offered itself on account of the incredibly rich body of maps, travel, and exploration documentation that Perthes could still draw upon, and Africa ranked particularly high as a subject of interest in this time of heated colonial contest.
  • At least half of all the maps published in the PGM in the 1880s were of Africa, and the 1885 volume contained even more maps on Africa than on all other parts of the world together (eleven against eight, not counting thematic and general maps). 1
ntsearelr

Trade and Transformation Participation in the Ivory Trade in Late 19th Century East and... - 1 views

Lindokuhle Ntseare 222011098 History 2A

shared by ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ivory had important and widespread political meanings as a sign of authority and an item of tribute.
  • ivory could be translated into value both in the sphere of subsistence production and reproduction, and in the sphere of production for trade.
  • Tippu Tip.
    • ntsearelr
      ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23
       
      Tippu Tip, also known as Hamed bin Muhammad el Murjebi, was a 19th-century trader, slave trader, and plantation owner who played a significant role in the history of East Africa. He was born in Zanzibar in 1837 and was the son of a successful merchant. Tippu Tip began his career as a trader, dealing in ivory and other goods. He later became involved in the slave trade, trading in slaves captured from interior regions of East Africa and selling them to buyers in Zanzibar and elsewhere. He also owned plantations in what is now Tanzania, where he employed slave labor to produce cloves, coffee, and other crops. Despite his involvement in the slave trade, Tippu Tip was also known for his diplomatic skills and his ability to navigate the complex political landscape of East Africa. He formed alliances with local rulers and played a significant role in the Arab-led slave trade networks that operated in the region.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • PORTERS, CARAVAN ROUTES AND TRADE COMMUNITIES Ivory provided status and livelihood for porters engaged in transporting it. The ivory trade was crucial in the development of long-distance trade routes by peoples in the interior, particularly by the Nyamwezi and the Yao. Among the Nyamwezi, the carriage of ivory was important in the development of a body of professional porters with particular skills and a work culture that set norms for long-distance caravan transport in the 19th century
  • ivory was the basis of several kinds of transactions at the coast. It was used to discharge the debts of those who traded in the interior and was the basis for the further extension of credit, often in the form of trade goods. It was also the basis for the authority of senior merchants like Tippu Tip, who used it to acquire guns and trade goods
  • ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23
     
    Ruth Rempel examines the impact of the ivory trade on African societies and the processes of economic and social change that it brought about. She also explains how factors such as political factors, the consultate of Zanzibar, and caravan routes played a role. Rempel argues that the ivory trade created new patterns of trade and exchange, with local African communities acting as intermediaries between the interior and the coast, where European traders were based. These communities were drawn into the trade by the lure of European goods, such as firearms, cloth, and beads, and were able to accumulate wealth and power through their participation in the trade. At the same time, Rempel notes that the ivory trade also disrupted traditional social and economic relationships, causing conflict between different groups competing for control of the trade. European powers played a major role in shaping the ivory trade in Africa, using their control of coastal ports and trade routes to further their imperial ambitions and secure access to ivory and other resources.
mokoena03

Gale manuscript.pdf - 0 views

Palesa Mokoena

shared by mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • WO 32/7837: Overseas: South Africa (Code 0(AU)): State of Affairs in Zululand; Correspondence and Dispatches regarding Disturbances. 01-01-1883 to 31-12-1884. MS Selected War Office Files on Africa WO 32/7837. The National Archives (Kew, United Kingdom). Nineteenth Century Collections Online, link.gale.com/apps/doc/ BJPYHR111699744/GDCS?u=rau_itw&sid=bookmark-GDCS&pg=17. Accessed 26 Apr. 2023.
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      This manuscript is about the Zulu King Cetshwayo who was the leader of the Zulu Kingdom During the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. Cetwayo was at first ignorant of the Europeans, but later on, he realized that if he does not take action he will lose a lot. Thus he declared Europeans as enemies and then declared war against them.
  • mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
     
    This Manuscript talks about the Zulu King Cetshwayo who at first was clueless about the European invasion and their plan of having total power all over South Africa. At first he was ignorant towards the situation but later on he declared war against the Europeans because he wanted to defend his nation
lmshengu

exploration of Africa - Students | Britannica Kids | Homework Help - 1 views

kids.britannica.com/...543378

Lwandile Mshengu History 2A

shared by lmshengu on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Archaeological
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      it is the scientific study of material remains such as tools,pottery,jewelry,stone walls and monuments of past human life and activities.
  • The coasts of northern Africa were known to peoples of Europe and Asia since ancient times. Non-Africans later gained knowledge of the western, southern, and eastern coasts. However, the interior of Africa remained largely a mystery to foreigners until the mid-19th century. It was the last of the inhabited continents to be thoroughly explored by outsiders, along with Australia. Africa lies very close to southern Europe and even closer to the Middle East region of Asia. Nevertheless, Europeans explored the distant Americas first.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      The ancient inhabitants of Europe and Asia were aware of the northern African shores. Later, the western, southern, and eastern beaches were known to non-Africans. However, until the middle of the 19th century, the interior of Africa was mainly unknown to outsiders. Along with Australia, it was the last of the inhabited continents to be properly explored by outsiders. The Middle East region of Asia is even closer to Africa than it is to southern Europe. Nevertheless, the far-off Americas were first discovered by Europeans.
  • Africa posed several challenges to foreign explorers
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Many africans had faced several issues from the foreign explorers
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • Mediterranean Sea.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      The mediterranean sea is a sea connected to the atlantic ocean, surrounded by the mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land on the north by southern europe and anatolia on the south by north africa and on the east by the levant in western asia.
  • fierce storms
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Fierce storms is a violent storm with extremely strong winds and heavy rain
  • Portugal’s exploring aims were largely commercial. The Portuguese wanted to find a sea route around Africa to the riches of Asia. Like other European powers, they wanted to trade directly in valuable Asian spices. The older trade routes to Asia were becoming increasingly blocked to them.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Portuguese exploration mostly served commercial interests. The Portuguese sought a sea route from the riches of Asia around Africa. They desired to engage in direct trade in priceless Asian spices, much like other European powers. Older trade routes to Asia were getting more and more closed off to them.
  • The Portuguese wanted to end Muslim control over northern Africa. That desire was one of several reasons why Portugal explored the continent in the 15th century. Spreading Christianity in Africa was another motive for Portuguese exploration, along with scientific curiosity. They also sought great wealth.
  • The Portuguese also wanted to establish trade with western Africa. Gold, ivory, and African slaves had long been traded across the Sahara to Muslims in the north.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Additionally, the Portuguese desired to open markets in western Africa. African slaves, gold, and ivory had long been traded with Muslims in the north across the Sahara.
  • By the time Henry died in 1460, his navigators had explored the coast as far south as Sierra Leone. For a time the Portuguese were busy fighting the Moroccans, and few exploring expeditions were sent out. John II became king of Portugal in 1481. Under John, the Portuguese once again began exploring Africa regularly
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      By the time Henry passed away in 1460, his explorers had traveled as far south as Sierra Leone to investigate the coastline. Few exploration trips were sent out for a while since the Portuguese were preoccupied with fighting the Moroccans. Portugal's John II was crowned king in 1481. Under John, the Portuguese resumed frequent exploration of Africa.
  • stone pillar
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      A stone pillar having a rectangular cross section tapering towards a pyramidal top.it is a landform, eisther of rock or earth.
  • For the next 15 years, Livingstone was constantly on the move in the African interior. First, he ventured north of Cape Town into the Kalahari, a vast dry plain. By 1842 he had already traveled farther north in the Kalahari than any other European. In 1844 he traveled to Mabotsa to establish a mission station. Along the way he was mauled by a lion, and his left arm was injured. The following year Livingstone married Moffat’s daughter Mary. She accompanied him on many of his travels.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Livingstone moved about constantly throughout the interior of Africa for the following 15 years. He first traveled into the Kalahari, a large, dry desert, to the north of Cape Town. He had already traversed the Kalahari further north than any previous European by 1842. He went to Mabotsa in 1844 to start a mission station there. He was attacked by a lion along the route, which hurt his left arm. Livingstone wed Mary, Moffat's daughter, the following year. She traveled with him on many occasions.
  • Modern exploration of the Nile basin began when Egypt conquered Sudan starting in 1821. As a result, the Egyptians learned more about the courses of the Blue Nile and the White Nile. A Turkish officer, Selim Bimbashi, led three expeditions between 1839 and 1842. Two of them reached the point in what is now South Sudan where rapids make navigation of the Nile difficult.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      When Egypt seized control of Sudan beginning in 1821, modern exploration of the Nile basin began. The Egyptians gained deeper knowledge of the Blue Nile and White Nile's courses as a result. Between 1839 and 1842, Selim Bimbashi, a Turkish officer, was in charge of three expeditions. Two of them arrived at the spot where the Nile's navigation becomes challenging due to rapids in what is now South Sudan
makhoba

Young Converts: Christian Missions, Gender and Youth in Onitsha, Nigeria 1880-1929.pdf - 3 views

Luyanda Makhoba

shared by makhoba on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Christian faith, to become the "helpmeets" for their Christian male contemporaries and proper mothers of the next Christian (hopefully Anglican) generation. Women, therefore, mattered to CMS missionaries both as the domestic purveyors of an Anglican culture and as exemplars for women's christianization throughout the Nigerian southeast. While Anglican Igbo women, too, were to be missionaries of a sort, their mission was to be bounded by the walls of their European-style homes or, at most, kept to specific Christian localities over which their husbands held priestly sw
  • C[raven]. R. Wilson)' In the late nineteenth century and early decades of the twentieth Church Missionary Society (Anglican) missionaries, both of African and European descent, became interested in gaining converts among Igbo-speaking women in southeastern Nigeria. Schooling was an integral part of the conversion process. This education was perceived by the missionaries as a concomitant training to that of young, Igbo-speaking men. Igbo men were seen as the deepest foundations of the Anglican church in southeastern Niger
  • In the late nineteenth century and early decades of the twentieth Church Missionary Society (Anglican) missionaries, both of African and European descent, became interested in gaining converts among Igbo-speaking women in southeastern Nigeria. Schooling was an integral part of the conversion process. This education was perceived by the missionaries as a concomitant training to that of young, Igbo-speaking men. Igbo men were seen as the deepest foundations of the Anglican church in southeastern Niger
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • Female missionaries, perhaps acting out of their own experiences of domestic isolation as well as Christian feminist principles, tried to mitigate this isolation somewhat by establishing women's groups at school. One such group was the Scripture Union, for those women who could read their Bibles and by encouraging Christian women who had graduated from their training to meet periodically as "Old Girls" or members of Christian women's associations. In the early 1900s regular Women's Conferences were established by joint committees of female missionaries and prominent Old Girls. The first of these conferences was held in Janu
  • CMS missionaries first appeared in Onitsha, on the eastern banks of the Niger River, in the 1860s-partially in response to Bishop Crowther's shrewd economic and political assessment of the future importance of the town for European colonialism. When the first missionary (the Rev. Taylor, a repatriated Igbo) arrived, however, he found that Christian evangelism in the town would be difficult and fraught with dangers. Ndi onicha (Onitsha people) eagerly accepted European merchandise and were already involved with the representatives of European trading firms. They were, however, highly skeptical of the offer of a new religion, particularly once they discovered that African CMS missionaries were accorded little respect by western traders. This meant that important Onitsha elders kept their distance from the missionar
  • h century. Missionaries of African descent were recruited in an evangelical campaign in that city by Anglican Bishop Samuel Crowther (a repatriated Yoruba speaker) duri
    • makhoba
      makhoba on 25 Apr 23
       
      They used evangelic way to recruit in 1860s.
  • Although the majority of Igbo-speaking girls during this period were unlikely to approach the missions, Dennis' account shows us that some were not only willing to take the risk of offending their parents and destroying their patrilineally arranged marital opportunities, they had determined upon it. For Dennis, of course, these were the "women who wanted to be good," but from the point of view of Idumuje Ugboko elders, they must have seemed young hellions, bent on destroying proper gender relations along with carefully constructed networks of alliance and affinity. The picture of girls dragged screaming into the night was constructed by Dennis to woo potential CMS donors for a girls' training institution in western Igbo. Nonetheless, there remains in the account something of the horror and embarrassment that must have been felt by every participant in these evening dr
  • Although the majority of Igbo-speaking girls during this period were unlikely to approach the missions, Dennis' account shows us that some were not only willing to take the risk of offending their parents and destroying their patrilineally arranged marital opportunities, they had determined upon it. For Dennis, of course, these were the "women who wanted to be good," but from the point of view of Idumuje Ugboko elders, they must have seemed young hellions, bent on destroying proper gender relations along with carefully constructed networks of alliance and a
  • The children of Christian women had already proved to be the foundation of the Anglican church in the forty years since its inception in Igboland, and CMS missionaries were eager to maintain a hold on the imaginations of children to come through their mothers' examples of f
  • The CMS missionaries therefore had to respond to their own ambivalences about both the centrality of marriage to Christian culture (most of the women missionaries were unmarried while in the Niger Mission) and the need to establish a proper, liminal period of "youth" or "girlhood" for christianized women to prepare them for their duties as wives and helpmeets to Christian husbands. Older women were welcome as converts, but the missionaries were constantly disappointed at how little influence such women seemed to hold over their "heathen" husbands, at least in terms of evangelis
  • Missionized men who showed some interest in evangelism were, by the 1910s, often sent off to villages at some distance from mission centers like Onitsha in order to prepare the way for more professional missionaries or to demonstrate their own fitness for more evangelical responsibility. Their young, recently trained wives would either accompany them directly or be sent for after completing their course.27 Wives' immediate duties included assisting their husbands in setting up Bible studies as well as developing a mod
  • ujhistprof on 16 May 23
     
    not relevant to your topic because its W.Africa
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