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Contents contributed and discussions participated by chantesolomonstatum

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10.4324_9781315206714-1_chapterpdf.pdf - 3 views

diigo.com/0ses8x

Chante Solomons History 2A

shared by chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Over the next four centuries millions of Europeans and three times as many Africans were shipped across that ocean from their ancestral continents. Recent historiography has sought to understand these human flows both more precisely and more interactively
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      Over the past four centuries millions of Europeans and three times as many African slaves were taken from their ancestral continents and were shipped across the oceans.
  • While the creation of the early modern European Atlantic long received most attention, there has been a burst of interest in the African Atlantic that dominated transatlantic migrations for nearly two centuries after the 1630’s.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      The African Atlantic slave trade dominated due to the burst of interest in African slaves and the African Atlantic transatlantic migrations dominated for nearly two centuries.
  • The prevailing explanation has had recourse to predominantly economic motives and forces. The opening of the Atlantic invited the creation of a virtually unconstrained form of capitalism, whose beneficiaries purchased human chattels from Africa as their labor force. 3 This model of untrammeled economic behavior has recently elicited a further question. Was African slavery was really the optimal source of labor for the rapid development of the Americas?
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      The opening of the Atlantic trade invited the creation of a virtually unconstrained form of capitalism as the beneficiaries purchased human chattels from Africa as their labor force this created an economic boost for the beneficiaries who purchased African slaves for labor purposes.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • European freedom at home was thus the prerequisite for Europeandirected slavery abroad. They could take fullest advantage of the opportunity to combine newly available New World lands with a new and more intensive system of coerced labor. Unable to dominate or even penetrate beyond the coastal lands of tropical Africa, Europeans tapped into the existing system of African social relations to produce crops more cheaply in the Americas, and to deliver them more cheaply and massively to Europe, than ever before.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      The European slave market or demand for slaves could not compete with Africa. The Europeans were unable to dominate or even penetrate beyond the coastal lands of tropical Africa they decided to tap into the existing system of African social relations where they would produce crops for cheaper prices.
chantesolomonstatum

Captives being brought on board a slave ship on the West Coast of... News Photo - Getty... - 3 views

www.gettyimages.com/...463911399

Chante Solomons History 2A

shared by chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
     
    This image depicts slaves being tied up and loaded onto a ship where they will be shipped and traded in the slave markets.
chantesolomonstatum

The story of East Africa's role in the transatlantic slave trade - 8 views

theconversation.com/ransatlantic-slave-trade-43194

Chante Solomons History 2A

shared by chantesolomonstatum on 17 Mar 23 - No Cached
  • The plundering and burning of the sugar plantations in France’s wealthiest colony had destroyed the established market for East African slaves in the Americas. The Sao José was thus a pioneer, hoping to find a new market for East African slaves in Brazil. This was no easy matter, as traders in Angola and the Congo monopolised the sale of slaves to Portuguese America.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      The East African slave rebellion and the plundering and burning of the sugar plantains in France's wealthiest colony, destroyed the market for East African slaves in the Americas. The Sao Jose pioneered hoping to find a new market for East African slaves in Brazil. This was not easy as traders in Angola and Congo then monopolized the sale of slaves to the Portuguese America.
  • East Africa was a late participant in the transatlantic slave trade. It was only in the 1770s that a regular trade in slaves to the French islands of Mauritius and Réunion began from points on the East African coast. Small numbers of slaves had been carried around the Cape for more than a century. But as planters on St Domingue cried out for labour, this trade became more profitable and systematic, particularly as the French king agreed to subsidise the shipment of slaves to the island.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      East Africa was late in participating in the transatlantic slave trade. In the 1770s the French traded slaves from the Island of Mauritius to the East African coast. Trade became more profitable due to the St Domingue labor the French king then agreed to subsidize the shipment of slaves to the island
  • Rebellions were frequent and slave ships carried large crews and the firepower needed to suppress any resistance. The East Africa slave trade reached its peak in 1789-90 when about 46 ships, carrying more than 16,000 slaves, circumnavigated the Cape. Almost all were bound for the sugar and coffee plantations of northern St Domingue.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • A triangular trade developed as ships sailed from French ports such as Bordeaux and Nantes to buy slaves in East Africa. The slaves were then taken to St Domingue and exchanged for tropical produce like sugar, coffee and indigo. The size of these vessels grew in the 1780s and some had the capacity to carry up to 1000 slaves.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      The French ports such as Bordeaux and Nates bought slaves in East Africa. Slaves were then taken to St Domingue and were exchanged for tropical produce such as sugar, coffee, and indigo. In the 1780s the size of the slave vessels grew and some of these vessels had up to 1000 slaves in them.
  • The recent discovery of the remains of the Portuguese slave ship São José off Cape Town has brought East Africa’s role in the transatlantic slave trade to public attention.
  • All this made a bad situation only worse as the major market for East African slaves was in a state of high rebellion.
  • In France, the republicans had outlawed slavery and the slave trade. In Britain, a chorus was rising in many parts of the country in opposition to a trade that wrenched 80,000 people every year from their homes in Africa and brought them to the Americas.
chantesolomonstatum

East Africa's forgotten slave trade - DW - 08/22/2019 - 4 views

www.diigo.com/...hdku

Chante Solomons History 2A

shared by chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23
     
    This image depicts slaves sitting on the lower deck of a ship (slave ship) on their way to the slave markets where they will be traded.
chantesolomonstatum

The East African Slave Trade, 1861-1895: The "Southern" Complex.pdf - 6 views

diigo.com/0se7wj

Chante Solomons History 2A

shared by chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The history of the nineteenth-century "southern" East African slave trade, comprising the coast and its hinterland from Kilwa southwards, has hitherto been given scant attention. This stems partly from the nature of source material, which, like the British Blue Books, tends to concentrate on the "northern" complex supplying slaves from the Swahili coast to the Muslim markets of the north, and partly from the traditional assumption by historians that the Mozambique slave export trade to non-Muslim regions largely died out in the 1860s following the closure of the Brazilian and Cuban mark
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23
       
      The East African slave trade system compromised their trade from the coast. It focused on slaves from the coast of Swahili to the Muslim markets in the north. The Mozambique slave exports to non-Muslim regions in the 1860s due to the closure of the Brazilian and Cuban markets.
  • ter than has traditionally been assumed: French labour demands were too small to account for the scale of the Muslim slave trade from East Africa in the nineteenth century, especially when the traffic from Mozambique to Brazil is taken into account. Instead we must keep in mind the substantial slave trade which existed before the French arrival and also its destinatio
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23
       
      The labor from the French was not in very high demand and was small than the Muslim slave trade from East Africa. There was also traffic from Mozambique to Brazil which contributed to the slow demand for labor back in the nineteenth century.
  • However, Austen, like so many Africanists before him, misses the vital role of Madagascar in the East African slave trade
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23
       
      Madagascar played a significant role in slave labor as well as the slave trade.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • There was a flourishing system of slavery in Madagascar, the economy of which Mutibwa has described as "dependent largely on the use of slave labour." Thus there was a vigorous slave trade until the imposition of French colonial rule over Madagascar at the end of the nineteenth century. It is important to note, however, that slave labour on Madagascar did not serve only the domestic economy of the island. The Hova hierarchy was deeply involved in commercial agriculture for export, especially in the rice trade to Mauritius, and the entire economy was orientated outward after the early 1860s. Like the slave trade to Zanzibar, then, that to Madagascar cannot be dismissed simply as the product of an anomalous Arab or Malagasy slave economy, but must also be seen in the context of Madagascar's becoming an economic satellite of the West.2
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23
       
      Madagascar was dependent on slave labor as it helped the country's economy grow. Slave trade and the use of slave labor continued to increase in Madagascar but ate the end of the nineteenth century the French took over Madagascar and their slave trade.
chantesolomonstatum

The Mozambique and Apassa Slave Trade - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 4 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

Chante Solomons History 2A

shared by chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ,John Hawkins—afterwards knighted—having discovered that great riches might be gained by transporting negroes from the African coast to the West Indies, was incited to personally engage in that trade, and laid certain plans before his "worshipful friends" in London, who entered very heartily into his schemes. Some of these friends being wealthy, and of high rank, he was soon placed in possession of three ships, with which, in 1562, he sailed for Sierra Leone
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23
       
      John Hawkins was knighted by the Queen which granted him a higher status/title. Hawkins then discovered the riches that one can acquire from transporting and trading negroes from the coast. Hawkins then personally began to engage in the slave trading industry as well as his friends who had high rankings as well.
  • the Portuguese, whose colonists in both East and West Africa, we are told, still actively participate in the slave traffic, and whose authorities often wink at, if they do not directly share in, the same trade.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23
       
      Portuguese colonists actively participated in slave trade in East Africa even though some authorities did not participate in slave trade those who did were pardoned from it. Slave trade was seen or viewed as "normal" as that is the term the English colonists used to justify their participation is slave trade.
  • vigorous denunciations
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23
       
      "An appeal to some supernatural power to inflict evil on someone or some group" www.vocabulary.com
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • and this is natural, for it is a thing of which every Englishman is justly proud—of the unsparing efforts and noble sacrifices, in the past and present, made by England to diminish slavery and suppress the slave traffic. But we rarely hear, and are apt perhaps at times to forget, that England has herself been one of the greatest of slave trading nations, and that, within a very recent period of her history, Englishmen have taken an active part and share in the slave traffic.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23
       
      England was viewed as one of the greatest nations that participated in the slave trade as they were the most active and dominant in the slave trading industry.
  • There he shipped 300 negroes, and, crossing the Atlantic, sold them at highly profitable rates in the island of St. Doming
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23
       
      Hawkins then had 300 slaves in his possession, made his way across the Atlantic, and sold the 300 slaves to the island of St. Domingo.
  • o. The commercial success of this voyage attracted much attention, and, in the following year, seven of Her Majesty's ships were placed under the same commander, and sent upon a slaving voyage.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23
       
      Hawkins's success in his trade gained a lot of attention and the following year, the Queen sent seven ships placed under the same commander for another slave trading voyage.
  • It may surprise some to hear that Sir John Hawkins, of British naval renown, and Treasurer to the Royal Navy, was one of the first of English slave traders, and that the Government of our "good Queen Bess" employed Her Majesty's ships to carry on that trade.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 24 Apr 23
       
      The treasurer of the British Royal Navy Sir John Hawkins was one of England's first slave traders that received orders from the government on behalf of the queen for the ships that were transporting slaves to continue with the trading of slaves.
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