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ntsearelr

RW Beachey.pdf - 1 views

Lindokuhle Ntseare History 2A 222011098

shared by ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • But it was in the nineteenth century that the great development of the East African ivory trade took place. An increased demand for ivory in America and Europe coincided with the opening up of East Africa by Arab traders and European explorers, and this led to the intensive exploitation of the ivory resources of the interior. Throughout the nineteenth century, East Africa ranked as the foremost source of ivory in the world; ivory over-topped all rivals, even slaves, in export value, and it
  • increased demand for ivory in America and Europe coincided with the opening up of East Africa by Arab traders and European explorers, and this led to the intensive exploitation of the ivory resources of the interior. Thro
  • by the Arabs under Sultan Said of Zanzibar, following the transference of the seat of his authority from Muscat to Zanzibar in I832. Within a decade of Said's move to Zanzibar and the Egyptian advance southwards, the ivory traders were out en mass
    • ntsearelr
      ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23
       
      Sultan Said was the Sultan of Oman and Zanzibar, and he ruled over a vast empire that included parts of East Africa and the Indian Ocean. Under Sultan Said's leadership, Zanzibar became a major center for the ivory trade, and he played an important role in facilitating the trade between East Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. He established commercial relations with interior African states and trading networks, and he used his power and influence to promote the interests of the ivory traders in Zanzibar. Sultan Said's policies helped to create a favorable environment for the ivory trade in Zanzibar, and he encouraged the development of the port of Zanzibar, which became a hub for the transportation and export of ivory to markets in Europe and Asia.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • As the century went on, caravans travelling into the interior became bigger and bigger, until by 1885 it was not unusual to have over 2,000 porters in a single caravan. The ivory caravans developed a life of theil own, and the supply of their needs led to a system somewhat similar to that of ship chandlering. Information as to the condition of routes, the risk of native wars and the best seasons for travel were all available to the enterprising trade
  • The two great inland markets for ivory were Unyanyembe (Tabora) in what is now central Tanzania, and Ujiji on the east coast of Lake Tanganyika.10 From Tabora routes branched to the north, to Uganda, to the west, and to the south and Lake Rukwa. At Unyanyembe and Ujiji, Arab merchants had set themselves up in style, surrounding themselves with the coconut palms of their Zanzibar home, and living in cool tembes, waited on by slaves, and comforted by concubines-reproducing the languid environment of the spice island
  • routes into the int
    • ntsearelr
      ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23
       
      The caravan routes in East Africa during the 19th century were a network of trade routes that extended from the interior of the continent to the coast, particularly to ports such as Zanzibar, Bagamoyo, and Kilwa. These routes were used by Arab and Swahili traders to transport goods, including ivory, to the coast for export to markets in Europe and Asia. The caravan routes varied in length and complexity, but they generally followed a similar pattern. The traders would begin their journey at the coast and travel inland with their goods, often on foot or using pack animals such as donkeys and camels. The journey could take several months, and traders would often have to navigate challenging terrain, including mountains and forests. Along the way, traders would stop at towns and villages to rest, resupply, and conduct trade with local communities. These towns and villages served as important trading centers, where goods such as food, cloth, and weapons were exchanged for ivory and other commodities. The caravan routes varied over time, depending on the political and economic conditions in the region. As new trading centers emerged, or existing ones declined, the routes would shift accordingly. Furthermore, the caravan routes were vulnerable to disruption from conflicts between different groups and natural disasters such as droughts and floods. Despite these challenges, the caravan routes remained an essential part of the East African trade network throughout the 19th century, and they played a crucial role in facilitating the ivory trade and other forms of commerce in the region.
  • The value of ivory was calculated in different ways. The African estimated its value by its size and quality. The Arab carried his steel-yard scales which were simple and practical, and, all things being equal, he purchased ivory by weight, the unit being the frasilah (34-36 lb.).16 In the southern Sudan and some parts of East Africa-for example, in Karagweivory was valued in terms of cattle, and this was one of the causes of the cattle raids carried out by ivory dealers. With the cattle they looted, they could trade for more ivo
  • ibar. Colonel Hamerton, who arrived at Zanzibar in 1841 as British consul, remarked: 'The whole trade in ivory, slaves, and gum copal is carried on by the natives of India, the ivory is consigned to them from the interior.' Hamerton noted that even the Sultan's ivory and copal trade on the mainland was mana
    • ntsearelr
      ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23
       
      Indian agents played an important role in the East African ivory trade during the 19th century. These agents had established commercial networks in East Africa and had close ties to the Indian subcontinent. The Indian agents acted as intermediaries between the ivory traders in East Africa and the markets in India. They were responsible for purchasing ivory from the traders and then arranging for its transportation to India, where it would be sold for a profit. The Indian agents were essential to the ivory trade because they had access to capital and resources that the local traders often lacked. They were also familiar with the Indian market and were able to negotiate better prices for the ivory they sold.
  • The quest for ivory was never-ending. The price on the world market was remarkably free from fluctuations; no commodity retained such a stable price as did ivory in the nineteenth c
  • Figures of ivory exports from East Africa during the early nineteenth century are not easy to obtain. Various estimates range as low as 40,000 lb. a year to as high as 200,000 lb., but no indication is given as to how these figures were arrived at. But from the arrival of Colonel Rigby as British consul at Zanzibar in 1858, customs returns are available. We get a definite figure based on customs returns for 1859, showing that 488,600 lbs. of ivory worth I46,666 were exporte
  • Zanzibar as the ivory market for East Africa, supplying 75 % of the world's tota
  • ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23
     
    The ivory trade was a significant economic activity in East Africa during this period, and it had a profound impact on the region's economy, society, and environment. In the article, Beachey discusses the origins of the ivory trade in East Africa and how it grew in importance over time. He explains how the trade was facilitated by the arrival of Arab and Swahili traders, who established commercial networks that stretched across the interior of the continent. These traders were able to acquire ivory from African hunters and then transport it to the coast for export to markets in Europe and Asia. In his article, Beachey also discusses the important role that Zanzibar played in the East African ivory trade during the 19th century. Zanzibar was a center for the ivory trade, serving as a hub for the transportation and export of ivory to markets in Europe and Asia. Beachey explains how Zanzibar's strategic location and its political and economic ties to East Africa made it an ideal location for ivory traders to set up shop. The island's port was well-situated to receive ivory from the interior, and Zanzibar's ruling Sultanate had established commercial relations with interior African states and trading networks. Furthermore, Beachey highlights how the ivory trade contributed to the growth of Zanzibar's economy during this period. The trade brought significant wealth to the island, which was invested in infrastructure development, such as the construction of the Zanzibar port and the city's buildings.
fortunatem

Ivory and slaves in East and Central Africa (c. 1800 - 1880.pdf - 4 views

Lesego Mlandu History 2A

shared by fortunatem on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Trade routes in the interior had been pioneered by the Africans themselves. The Yao had found their way from the vicinity of Lake Nyasa to the coast long before coastal traders decided to go inland. Kamba traders southeast of Mount Kenya had traded in ivory for many years before the coastal traders moved in and took over their routes.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      Long before coastal traders decided to move inside, the Yao had made their way from Lake Nyasa's vicinity to the coast. Before the coastal traders moved in and took over their routes, the Kamba traders southeast of Mount Kenya had been involved with the ivory trade for many years.
  • The Nyamwezi had also opened up a route to the coast which they were using about 1800, and it was this route that the Swahili-Arab traders from the coast employed when they made their first forays into the interior.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Swahili-Arab traders from the coast used this path when they made their initial journeys into the interior since the Nyamwezi had also opened up a route to the shore that they were using around 1800.
  • hough ivory had always trickled through from the interior to the coast, the growth in the demand for ivory in the nineteenth century made a more systematic approach necessary for its gathering. As early as 1811 caravans from the coast were reaching into central Tanzania, and a decade later Swahili-Arab caravans were found on the other side of Lake Tanganyika in modem Zaire. By mid-century the Arabs had established the town of Unyanyembe or Tabora, and Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      Although ivory has always been transported periodically from the interior to the the coast, the rise in demand for ivory in the nineteenth century required a more organized method of collection. Central Tanzania was first reached by caravans from the coast in 1811, and modern Zaire's Swahili-Arab caravans were discovered on the opposite side of Lake Tanganyika a decade later. By the middle of the century, the Arabs had founded Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika and the town of Unyanyembe or Tabora.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Although Africans in the interior had pioneered these routes, in many cases they were ousted by the Arabs who had three great advantages over the indigenous traders - they had a wider range of products to offer, they had modem arms, access to credit, and they knew the Zanzibar trading system and could influence it.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      Although Africans in rural areas had established these routes, the Arabs frequently drove out the native traders because they offered a wider variety of goods, they had access to modern weapons and credit, and they had experience in the Zanzibar trading system.
  • When the Swahili-Arabs themselves raided for slaves they usually did so at night; Arabs villages were surrounded and burned down and gardens were destroyed, because starvation favoured the conditions in which the slave trade thrived.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Swahili Arabs usually carried out their slave attacks at night, Arab villages were burned to the ground, and their gardens were destroyed since starvation favored the conditions that allowed the slave trade to flourish. Swahili Arabs were barbaric ivory hunters who destroyed the communities of everyone who stood in their way.
  • Swahili-Arabs were ruthless ivory hunters and razed the villages of those who stood in their way
ntsearelr

Trade and Transformation Participation in the Ivory Trade in Late 19th Century East and... - 1 views

Lindokuhle Ntseare 222011098 History 2A

shared by ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ivory had important and widespread political meanings as a sign of authority and an item of tribute.
  • ivory could be translated into value both in the sphere of subsistence production and reproduction, and in the sphere of production for trade.
  • Tippu Tip.
    • ntsearelr
      ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23
       
      Tippu Tip, also known as Hamed bin Muhammad el Murjebi, was a 19th-century trader, slave trader, and plantation owner who played a significant role in the history of East Africa. He was born in Zanzibar in 1837 and was the son of a successful merchant. Tippu Tip began his career as a trader, dealing in ivory and other goods. He later became involved in the slave trade, trading in slaves captured from interior regions of East Africa and selling them to buyers in Zanzibar and elsewhere. He also owned plantations in what is now Tanzania, where he employed slave labor to produce cloves, coffee, and other crops. Despite his involvement in the slave trade, Tippu Tip was also known for his diplomatic skills and his ability to navigate the complex political landscape of East Africa. He formed alliances with local rulers and played a significant role in the Arab-led slave trade networks that operated in the region.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • PORTERS, CARAVAN ROUTES AND TRADE COMMUNITIES Ivory provided status and livelihood for porters engaged in transporting it. The ivory trade was crucial in the development of long-distance trade routes by peoples in the interior, particularly by the Nyamwezi and the Yao. Among the Nyamwezi, the carriage of ivory was important in the development of a body of professional porters with particular skills and a work culture that set norms for long-distance caravan transport in the 19th century
  • ivory was the basis of several kinds of transactions at the coast. It was used to discharge the debts of those who traded in the interior and was the basis for the further extension of credit, often in the form of trade goods. It was also the basis for the authority of senior merchants like Tippu Tip, who used it to acquire guns and trade goods
  • ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23
     
    Ruth Rempel examines the impact of the ivory trade on African societies and the processes of economic and social change that it brought about. She also explains how factors such as political factors, the consultate of Zanzibar, and caravan routes played a role. Rempel argues that the ivory trade created new patterns of trade and exchange, with local African communities acting as intermediaries between the interior and the coast, where European traders were based. These communities were drawn into the trade by the lure of European goods, such as firearms, cloth, and beads, and were able to accumulate wealth and power through their participation in the trade. At the same time, Rempel notes that the ivory trade also disrupted traditional social and economic relationships, causing conflict between different groups competing for control of the trade. European powers played a major role in shaping the ivory trade in Africa, using their control of coastal ports and trade routes to further their imperial ambitions and secure access to ivory and other resources.
zenethian

Imperial Strategy and the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879.pdf - 2 views

Zenethian VanRoss

shared by zenethian on 21 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • 1879
  • On 22 January 1879, the British army suffered its worst colonial defeat of the nineteenth century when 1,500 men armed with the most modern weapons then available were wiped out at the battle of Isandlwana by a Zulu army––an impi––of 25,000 warriors armed only with spears.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The Zulu forces attained a brilliant and famous victory at Isandlwana.
  • remarkable
  • ...42 more annotations...
  • a small mission station named Rorke’s Drift made these events more remarkable still. Here, 120 men decided to stand and fight rather than flee the advancing impi that had just wiped out their comrades. At bayonet point, they fought a last-round defense against 4,000 Zulu
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The British won at the Rorkes Drift.
  • eleven Victoria Crosses
  • the British Empire provides an example of greedy capitalists dispossessing indigenous peoples in their search for new markets and raw materials
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      It was plainly this motive.
  • Zululand, invaded by British forces in 1879, but left un-annexed until 1887
  • economic motives drove imperial expansion in Africa in the last quarter of the nineteenth century
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      British were ultimately ambitious for Africa and its possessions.
  • Before this mineral revolution, South Africa was too poor to tempt the British government into increasing its control there for economic reasons
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The British empire were only seeking South Africas resources.
  • What the British wanted was control of the route to India, and this meant control of the ports: Cape
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Britain wanted control of the route to India.
  • T own, Simonstown, and Durban
  • By 1876, Britain was without doubt the strongest power in the region, but both the Zulus and the Boers were unwilling to recognize that and were determined to resist British influence.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The two groups were adamant in its opposition to Britain conquest.
  • always on the lookout for ways to complicate Britain’s imperial problems. 8
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Boers made this move to disturb Britain.
  • a British invasion of Zululand, the strategic control of the Cape route to India assumes greater significance
  • article will argue that the roots of this war lay in the strategic importance of the Cape route to India and the particular strategic situation of the British Empire in 1879
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      the route to India has strategic importance.
  • Lord Carnarvon’s concern with security that powered his controversial policy of confederation for South Africa, whereby the problems of defense among others would be solved by amalgamating the various states—Boer, African, and British—into one powerful British bastion on the Canadian mode
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      British leaders had a policy of confederation.
  • he Cape may become to us a station of first-class value.” 11 It was essential therefore to make it “an imperial station for military and naval purposes.” 12
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The Cape was used for British purposes.
  • The Cape feared it would end up paying for the Boers’ wars against indigenous Africans while the Boers distrusted any British proposals on principle.
  • that confederation was primarily intended to bring South Africa into a state of defense
  • None of the biographers of Frere, Carnarvon, nor Hicks-Beach referred to their role in setting up a Colonial Defense Committee long before the more famous Committee of Imperial Defense was established after the Boer War
  • Political and Secret Committee on the Indian Council
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Frere was head of this council.
  • As well as being an “Indian” administrator of enormous talent, a zealous antislavery campaigner and humanitarian, Frere was one of the foremost defense thinkers of the day
  • was he who wrote the plan for the defense of India,
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Frere wrote a defense plan for India against the British.
  • his successor as commander there, Lord Chelmsford.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Frere successor was lord Chelmsford
  • Constantinople fell to the Russians then their fleet would be able to interdict the Mediterranean route to Indi
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      This was important for Britain because the city provided a land bridge between Europe and Asia.
  • and singled out Frere for praise in his efforts to take the Cape defenses in hand
  • This aspect of South African affairs has been entirely neglected in the historiography, which tends to look at Frere almost entirely through the prism of the Anglo–Zulu War of 1879.
  • vital link in the imperial defense chain.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Frere had a vital link in the defense , which included South Africa.
  • onal situation. For Frere, however, making Cape Town secure was only part of the answer to external threats, and he argued that there were a number of opportunities for European powers to intervene in Southern Africa if they so wished.
  • He annexed Walfisch Bay 34 and the mouth of the St. John’s River, 35 both potential sites for a port, and pressed for the annexation of all territories between the Cape Colony and Natal and for a “complete and exact survey” of all the coastline. 3
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Frere annexed territory.
  • Frere made strenuous efforts to construct local forces through the Peace Preservation Act of 1878, 40 including a revived Cape Mounted Rifles, which would go some way to alleviating the defenselessness of the Colony
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Frere took some measures to protect the Colony of the Cape.
  • the beginning that imperial troops would be needed to defeat a major threat and applied for two regiments in July 1877. 41
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      However, Frere needed the help of the imperial powers: Britain.
  • securing South Africa through confederation
  • Sir Bartle Frere as High Commissioner
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Was high commissioner,and administrator in India and finally in South Africa.
  • In reality, Frere reacted to events in places where he could have little actual day-to-day control. South Africa is a very big place, and communications were so appallingly bad that he was never able to impose his will on events within the frontiers as much as he wanted.
  • Carnarvon had authorized Shepstone to annex the Transvaal if he felt the time was ripe, but neither he nor Frere expected him to act so soon and without prior consultation.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Carnarvon authorized the annexation of the Transvaal.
  • Paul Kruger, set off for London and Europe to petition for the removal of British rule.
  • The second Boer republic, the Orange Free State, rejected confederation the next month.
  • He was also aware that the annexation would have repercussions for the relations of Britain with the Zulus, in that the British had now inherited Boer border quarrels with Cetshwayo, the Zulu King, who would no doubt look on this development as something of a diplomatic revolution. 48
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Cetshwhayo was the Zulu King.
  • Although the Zulus had moved up Frere’s list of priorities, they still ranked far behind the construction of adequate naval defenses and the untangling of Shepstone’s Transvaal fiasco
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The Zulus was indeed on Freres List of priorities.
  • Frere had won a desperate bureaucratic struggle over the necessity to centralize control of the armed forces, both imperial and colonial, under his own command, the Natal telegraph told him that the Zulus had committed a series of border violations
  • replace those weak polities based upon semi-independent clans and chiefdoms
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Frere taught that the Capes security was dependent upon replacing the following:
  • Cape strategic security was ever to be achieved.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Britain through Frere wanted to achieve the Capes security.
  • Cetshwayo’s acts as “indicative of an intention to bring about war .”
  • Rather , he was a shrewd leader who unfortunately suffered from an overwhelming ignorance of the extent of British power .
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Cetshwayo did not understand the power of the British military.
lmshengu

exploration of Africa - Students | Britannica Kids | Homework Help - 1 views

kids.britannica.com/...543378

Lwandile Mshengu History 2A

shared by lmshengu on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Archaeological
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      it is the scientific study of material remains such as tools,pottery,jewelry,stone walls and monuments of past human life and activities.
  • The coasts of northern Africa were known to peoples of Europe and Asia since ancient times. Non-Africans later gained knowledge of the western, southern, and eastern coasts. However, the interior of Africa remained largely a mystery to foreigners until the mid-19th century. It was the last of the inhabited continents to be thoroughly explored by outsiders, along with Australia. Africa lies very close to southern Europe and even closer to the Middle East region of Asia. Nevertheless, Europeans explored the distant Americas first.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      The ancient inhabitants of Europe and Asia were aware of the northern African shores. Later, the western, southern, and eastern beaches were known to non-Africans. However, until the middle of the 19th century, the interior of Africa was mainly unknown to outsiders. Along with Australia, it was the last of the inhabited continents to be properly explored by outsiders. The Middle East region of Asia is even closer to Africa than it is to southern Europe. Nevertheless, the far-off Americas were first discovered by Europeans.
  • Africa posed several challenges to foreign explorers
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Many africans had faced several issues from the foreign explorers
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • Mediterranean Sea.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      The mediterranean sea is a sea connected to the atlantic ocean, surrounded by the mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land on the north by southern europe and anatolia on the south by north africa and on the east by the levant in western asia.
  • fierce storms
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Fierce storms is a violent storm with extremely strong winds and heavy rain
  • Portugal’s exploring aims were largely commercial. The Portuguese wanted to find a sea route around Africa to the riches of Asia. Like other European powers, they wanted to trade directly in valuable Asian spices. The older trade routes to Asia were becoming increasingly blocked to them.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Portuguese exploration mostly served commercial interests. The Portuguese sought a sea route from the riches of Asia around Africa. They desired to engage in direct trade in priceless Asian spices, much like other European powers. Older trade routes to Asia were getting more and more closed off to them.
  • The Portuguese wanted to end Muslim control over northern Africa. That desire was one of several reasons why Portugal explored the continent in the 15th century. Spreading Christianity in Africa was another motive for Portuguese exploration, along with scientific curiosity. They also sought great wealth.
  • The Portuguese also wanted to establish trade with western Africa. Gold, ivory, and African slaves had long been traded across the Sahara to Muslims in the north.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Additionally, the Portuguese desired to open markets in western Africa. African slaves, gold, and ivory had long been traded with Muslims in the north across the Sahara.
  • By the time Henry died in 1460, his navigators had explored the coast as far south as Sierra Leone. For a time the Portuguese were busy fighting the Moroccans, and few exploring expeditions were sent out. John II became king of Portugal in 1481. Under John, the Portuguese once again began exploring Africa regularly
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      By the time Henry passed away in 1460, his explorers had traveled as far south as Sierra Leone to investigate the coastline. Few exploration trips were sent out for a while since the Portuguese were preoccupied with fighting the Moroccans. Portugal's John II was crowned king in 1481. Under John, the Portuguese resumed frequent exploration of Africa.
  • stone pillar
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      A stone pillar having a rectangular cross section tapering towards a pyramidal top.it is a landform, eisther of rock or earth.
  • For the next 15 years, Livingstone was constantly on the move in the African interior. First, he ventured north of Cape Town into the Kalahari, a vast dry plain. By 1842 he had already traveled farther north in the Kalahari than any other European. In 1844 he traveled to Mabotsa to establish a mission station. Along the way he was mauled by a lion, and his left arm was injured. The following year Livingstone married Moffat’s daughter Mary. She accompanied him on many of his travels.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Livingstone moved about constantly throughout the interior of Africa for the following 15 years. He first traveled into the Kalahari, a large, dry desert, to the north of Cape Town. He had already traversed the Kalahari further north than any previous European by 1842. He went to Mabotsa in 1844 to start a mission station there. He was attacked by a lion along the route, which hurt his left arm. Livingstone wed Mary, Moffat's daughter, the following year. She traveled with him on many occasions.
  • Modern exploration of the Nile basin began when Egypt conquered Sudan starting in 1821. As a result, the Egyptians learned more about the courses of the Blue Nile and the White Nile. A Turkish officer, Selim Bimbashi, led three expeditions between 1839 and 1842. Two of them reached the point in what is now South Sudan where rapids make navigation of the Nile difficult.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      When Egypt seized control of Sudan beginning in 1821, modern exploration of the Nile basin began. The Egyptians gained deeper knowledge of the Blue Nile and White Nile's courses as a result. Between 1839 and 1842, Selim Bimbashi, a Turkish officer, was in charge of three expeditions. Two of them arrived at the spot where the Nile's navigation becomes challenging due to rapids in what is now South Sudan
Francis Jr Mabasa

A Few Remarks on Zanzibar and the East Coast of Africa.pdf - 2 views

Francis Jr Mabasa History 2A

shared by Francis Jr Mabasa on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • 345 taken by the Mission; we went as far south as Mozambique, touching, either on our way down or returning, at most places of importance on the mainland between Eas Hafun and Mozambique, and at the islands of Pemba, Zanzibar, and Monfia. From Mozambique we crossed to Madagascar, visiting Majunga in" Bembatooka Bay, Nossi Beh in Passandava Bay, Mayotta, Johanna; returning by Kilwa-Kavinja to Zanzibar, thence to Bagamoyo to assist in starting Cameron's expedition; Mombas, whence we visited the Missionary stations of Eibe and Kissoludini, Lamoo, and Eas Hafun. Thence across to Maculla
  • taken by the Mission; we went as far south as Mozambique, touching, either on our way down or returning, at most places of importance on the mainland between Eas Hafun and Mozambique, and at the islands of Pemba, Zanzibar, and Monfia. From Mozambique we crossed to Madagascar, visiting Majunga in" Bembatooka Bay, Nossi Beh in Passandava Bay, Mayotta, Johanna; returning by Kilwa-Kavinja to Zanzibar, thence to Bagamoyo to assist in starting Cameron's expedition; Mombas, whence we visited the Missionary stations of Eibe and Kissoludini, Lamoo, and Eas Hafun. Thence across to Maculla, Shehur, Muscat, Kurachee, and Bombay, and so back to Europe.
    • Francis Jr Mabasa
      Francis Jr Mabasa on 24 Apr 23
       
      This sentence provides a detailed account of the author's travels, including the various places he visited in Africa and Asia. The author indicates that he and his party traveled as far south as Mozambique, and visited many places of importance on the mainland between Eas Hafun and Mozambique, as well as the islands of Pemba, Zanzibar, and Monfia. After leaving Mozambique, the author and his party crossed over to Madagascar, where they visited several places, including Majunga, Nossi Beh, Mayotta, and Johanna. They then returned to the African mainland, passing through Kilwa-Kavinja on their way back to Zanzibar, where they helped to start Cameron's expedition. From Zanzibar, they went on to Mombasa, where they visited several Missionary stations, including Eibe and Kissoludini, as well as the towns of Lamoo and Eas Hafun. The author and his party then traveled across the Indian Ocean to Maculla, Shehur, Muscat, Kurachee, and Bombay, before returning to Europe. The level of detail in this sentence suggests that the author is attempting to provide a comprehensive account of his travels, possibly for the purpose of documenting his experiences or sharing them with others.
  • The principal caravan routes have been fully described by General Eigby, Captain Burton, and others; but I may mention that I am assured by Dr. Hildebrand that he met at Zeila and Berbera, traders who had come from the Lake Eegion, and who told him that the route thither was annually traversed by small caravans from the slaves with cotton manufactures, brass wire, and b
    • Francis Jr Mabasa
      Francis Jr Mabasa on 24 Apr 23
       
      This sentence describes the knowledge of caravan routes in the region as described by General Eigby, Captain Burton, and others. The author also adds that traders who had come from the Lake Eegion informed Dr. Hildebrand that small caravans annually traverse the route to the Lake Eegion, carrying cotton manufactures, brass wire, and beads. The mention of General Eigby and Captain Burton implies that there have been previous accounts of caravan routes in the region. Dr. Hildebrand's encounter with traders who had come from the Lake Eegion suggests that the information presented is current and reliable. The use of the word "assured" implies that the author is confident in the veracity of Dr. Hildebrand's account. The description of goods carried by the small caravans provides insight into the trade practices of the region.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • He hoped that his countrymen in India would profit hy what had heen done, and that even those who were connected slave by Sir Bartle Frere.
    • Francis Jr Mabasa
      Francis Jr Mabasa on 24 Apr 23
       
      This sentence expresses the hope of an unknown person that his countrymen in India would benefit from what had been done, even those who were connected to slavery by Sir Bartle Frere. The use of the word "hoped" indicates a desire for a positive outcome. The phrase "what had been done" is vague, but may refer to previous actions or initiatives. The mention of "countrymen in India" implies that the author is referring to people of Indian origin or descent. The reference to "even those who were connected to slavery by Sir Bartle Frere" suggests that there may have been individuals who were involved in or benefited from the slave trade. Sir Bartle Frere was a British colonial administrator who served in India and Africa during the 19th century. The use of the word "even" suggests that the author is aware that this connection to slavery might make it harder for these individuals to benefit from the actions being taken.
karabo03

I Will Open a Path into the Interior of Africa or Perish David Livingstone and the Mapp... - 3 views

Karabo Klaas

shared by karabo03 on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • This article is an attempt to elucidate this rather unknown facet of his legacy by referring to the instruments, methods and techniques he used to collect his data and the high premium he put on the accuracy of his observations. Attention is also given to his lifelong friendship with HM Astronomer at the Cape, Sir Thomas Maclear to whom he regularly sent his observations to be checked and his occasionally tempestuous relationship with the official cartographer of the Royal Geographical Society, John Arrowsmith.
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      Article attempt. It also includes some of the primary sources pictures from early age of Livingstone discovery in Africa. Primary sources pictures like sketch maps of his travel route, Diaries and notes From Livingstone which will be highlighted
  • Livingstone’s sketch of the Victoria Falls
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      Livingstone's sketch of the Victoria Falls primary source picture illustrating Livingstone discovery of unknown places in Africa as a missionary
  • Extract from Livingstone’s sketch map of the drainage area of the Zambes
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • Figure 7. Sketch map of the route from Cassange towards St Paul de Luanda on the Atlantic Ocean sent to the LMS (Courtesy of the Council for World Mission Archive, SOAS. CWM LMS Africa Odds Livingstone Box 3, No.87(2)).
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      Livingstone Sketch map and travel routes he traveled
  • Sketch map of the route from the upper reaches of the River Leeba towards St Paul de Luanda on the Atlantic Ocean
  • A photograph taken in natural light of two pages of Livingstone’s 1871 Field Diary.
  • A processed spectral image of two pages of Livingstone’s 1871 Field Diary
  • An extract from a sketch map in Livingstones’s own hand, drawn at different scales of the course of the Zambesi from Sesheke in the south to the river’s confluence with the Kabompo in the north
  • Extract from the map in Livingstone’s book Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa indicating his journey between Zumbo and Tete
  • Map of Livingstone’s travels in south-central Africa, 1866–1873
  • Map showing all Livingstone’s travels in south-central Africa, 1851–1873
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      The article abstract the life and exploration of David Livingstone. He made multiple expeditions, documented his findings, and advocated for the end of the slave trade. Despite facing hardships, he continued to push forward in his quest to uncover the mysteries of Africa. His legacy includes his contributions to mapping and exploration, as well as his humanitarian efforts and impact on European perceptions of Africa in which this article discuss or focus on.
nkosithand

Black Explorers of Africa Pioneers in Pan-African Identity on JSTOR - 0 views

www.jstor.org/...44175159

American explorers of Africa were the who explored Africa. They that in there is an existence a race pygmies. One gorillas and killed them. Du Chaillu broke much fresh ground unknown hinterland between equator Congo .He also Ogowe river . existance

shared by nkosithand on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • nkosithand on 25 Apr 23
     
    There are five slaves that were taken from their countries to other countries. One of the slaves went to school and became a teacher. When he was done with school he went back to his country to become a teacher and he published many books, he is considered as a first black explore of books in Africa. One of the slave was a first black explorer who explored route, he explored that there are routes that are used when travelling, when he was transported as a slave.
wamiercandy

EUROPEAN COMPETITION AND COOPERATION IN PRE-MODERN GLOBALIZATION: "PORTUGUESE" WEST AND... - 2 views

"Owami Mbeko" "History2A"

shared by wamiercandy on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • One of the chief problems with many of the existing scholarly interpretations of sixteenth century 'Portuguese' Africa is that they fail to understand Europe's trade with Africa in terms of commodity chains.8 Direct European involvement on the coast of Africa south of the Sahara came to take place because of markets; some of these market relationships were already very old when this started to happen, i.e. caravan routes, and some new ones came into being as a result of increased contact and trade along new routes. By the sixteenth century, the various commodity chains embracing African trade connected Africa primarily with north, northwestern and central Europe, not Lisbon, which was mostly a way station on the route northward. This was true not only for the trade items produ
    • wamiercandy
      wamiercandy on 26 Apr 23
       
      this part explains how the trade between African and Portuguese began which was seen as exploitation at first but as years went by Africa claimed back its resources and began good trade with Portuguese
  • l-state systems.9 The logic of markets, far more than political jurisdictions, established the routes along which flowed the various European and African trade commodities as well as the technology, informational exchanges and financial tools that allowed the trade to flo
    • wamiercandy
      wamiercandy on 26 Apr 23
       
      This part of the journal explains how the European explorers started using Central Africa's resources to start up their own trade which was also gonna require African roots to be used without paying any money to the Africans.
  • Portuguese attack. The weakness of its territorial claims and the implausibility of enforcing maritime rule over such a vast coastline were among the conditions that drove various Portuguese groups - representing the crown, colonies and religious orders - to attempt to gain a more secure territorial base in Africa by the end of the sixteenth century. These groups realized just such a project in Angola by the end of the sixteenth century. By the seventeenth century, all European groups competing for African trade sought to harness merchant shipping to African territorial claims and relied on state support to achieve these ends, although the success of these ventures remained limited.
    • wamiercandy
      wamiercandy on 26 Apr 23
       
      This part explains the goodness of African resources that ended up producing competition within the European countries as every one wanted to gain power and colonise Cental Africa.
  • wamiercandy on 26 Apr 23
     
    This is a source from Jstor which explains how the European explorers discovered Central Africa and began to use its resources for their own gain while they colonised people in Central Africa.
Rosina Ntoi

The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century.pdf - 3 views

Rosina Malebati

shared by Rosina Ntoi on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • BY R. W. BEACHEY THE East African ivory trade i
    • Rosina Ntoi
      Rosina Ntoi on 25 Apr 23
       
      Ivory trade in East Africa started to be labelled as important
  • an ancient on
  • first accounts of geographers and travellers, a
  • ...43 more annotations...
  • nence than the
  • reat quantity.1 Refer
  • ivory was obtained in sufficient quantity from the coast to meet deman
  • middle
    • Rosina Ntoi
      Rosina Ntoi on 25 Apr 23
       
      Ivory trade in East Africa started in early and later middle ages.
  • of the coast
  • from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, ivory continue
  • important exp
  • carving. It was in keen demand in the Orient because of its superior quality and because it was less expensive than that from south-e
  • East African ivory is soft ivory and is ideal f
    • Rosina Ntoi
      Rosina Ntoi on 25 Apr 23
       
      Ivory in East Africa was in great demand because of the quality and price.
  • But it was in the nineteenth century that the great development of the East African ivory trade took place. An
    • Rosina Ntoi
      Rosina Ntoi on 25 Apr 23
       
      Greater changes started in the 19th century.
  • risk of native wars and the best seasons for travel were all available to the enterprising trade
  • ut, writing in the i84os, the missionary Krapf observed that, although the elephant was still found in some areas near the coast, ivory caravans were now making regular trips into Usagara, Masailand and the Kikuyu countries
  • so large that it required three stalwart Akamba tribesmen to carry it. The ivory trade was lucrative, and the Masai, despite their vaunted aloofness, were eager to share in it, and strove to drive the Waboni tribe from the southern bank of the Sabaki River, so that they could gain access to the port of Malindi with their ivory
  • Nile, became an important centre
    • Rosina Ntoi
      Rosina Ntoi on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Nile river became the centre for coast countries during the ivory trade.
  • By mid-century there were well-defined caravan routes into the interior.
    • Rosina Ntoi
      Rosina Ntoi on 25 Apr 23
       
      Caravan routes were developed.
  • he most northerly, and that still preferred by some missionaries in the latter part of the century, followed the present route of the railway from Tanga to Moshi and Arusha, then swung westward to the Masai country, and from here, after a journey of fifty-five days, Burgenej, near the southwest corner of Lake Victoria, was reached. A south
  • The two great inland markets for ivory were Unyanyembe (Tabora) in what is now central Tanzania, and Ujiji on the east coast of Lake Tanganyika.1
    • Rosina Ntoi
      Rosina Ntoi on 25 Apr 23
       
      The two important inland markets.
  • As the century went on, caravans travelling
  • bigger and bigger, until by 1885 it was not u
  • porters in a single caravan. The ivory caravans
  • from the East African coast continues throu
  • that of ship chandlering. Information as to t
  • own, and the supply of their needs led to a sy
  • The packing of all this merchandise was an art in itself, and so imp
    • Rosina Ntoi
      Rosina Ntoi on 25 Apr 23
       
      The trade was important that traders started doing things like praying.
  • that the caravan leader began the task with 'prayers and incense
  • he ivory trader had to know his ivory, which varies from hard to soft. On the whole, the ivory of East Africa is of the soft variety. The dividing line between soft and hard is the Congo border; west of this line it is hard, to the east it is soft, although there are variations within each region. Buyers maintained that soft ivory came from areas where water was scarce; for example coastal ivory from near Pangani and Mombasa was never as good as that from the dry, upland regions of the interior. Soft ivory is white, opaque, and smooth, it is gently curved, and easily worked, and has what might be called 'spring'. Hard ivory, on the other hand, is translucent, glossy and of a heavier specific gravity than soft ivory; it is more subject to extremes of temperature and more difficult to carve.
    • Rosina Ntoi
      Rosina Ntoi on 25 Apr 23
       
      It was the job of the ivory trader to know his ivory and there was two different types of ivory namely soft and hard. These two ivories were also found at different places.
  • armlets
  • being softer and malleable, were highly prize
  • It was difficult to find a perfect match of tusks. These are seldo
    • Rosina Ntoi
      Rosina Ntoi on 25 Apr 23
       
      It was also hard to find the right ivory for the markets.
  • for 'just as a man uses his right hand in preference to his lef
  • elephant works with a particular
  • buried nearly 3 ft. in the head. The task of removal was much facilitated by using a steel axe, which the Arabs usually possessed, but the natives
    • Rosina Ntoi
      Rosina Ntoi on 25 Apr 23
       
      The bargaining for ivory required a lot of patience and they used steel axe.
  • the Arab p
  • . The task of removal was much facilitat
  • esome process. The value of ivory was calculated in different ways. The Africa
    • Rosina Ntoi
      Rosina Ntoi on 25 Apr 23
       
      The ivory value was calculated looking at its size and quality
  • mated its value by its size and qual
  • Ivory was a heavy article to transp
    • Rosina Ntoi
      Rosina Ntoi on 25 Apr 23
       
      It was also hard to transport ivory
  • he usual weight carried by a porter was 50 lb
  • The business of ivory trading could only
  • constant extension and development, and this
  • Bargaining for ivory required infinite pati
  • The Indian merchants, by and large, were not an attractive lot. T
  • were jealous of their trade and intensively secre
naicker222027679

February 13, 1862 - Correspondence Respecting the Relief of Emin Bay at Uganda - 1 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

Xantia Naicker History 2A

shared by naicker222027679 on 20 Mar 23 - No Cached
  • his ivory trade was an Egyptian Government monopoly disputed only by slave-hunters. In Emin Bey's province this monopoly is now, and has always been since 1874, continuously asserted. If such a route is opened up it will be of very great value indeed. Ivory is worth nearly l,000i. а -ton in London, and even now (without a railway to Stanley Pool) the cost of carriage from Stanley Pool here is only 40/. a-ton. A railway is pretty sure to he made to Stanley Pool from the sea before long.
  • most valuable ivory trade,
  • send down ivory by this route enough to pay the expenses of his Government; and it is highly probable in that case that a Company can be started here to trade in ivory on its head-waters, and to take over the task of governing and protecting Emin Bey's province, if Egypt consents to delegate her authority to such hands.
ipeleng

Smith__K__0869818015__Section3.pdf - 1 views

Ipeleng Sitwe 222054131

shared by ipeleng on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • the slave and ivory trade played a more crucial role in opening up routes and creating new demands and avenues. In the period up to 1880 the search for slaves and ivory, essentially extractive products, became so significant that other activities such as agriculture and manufacturing were neglected
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      During this time, there was a high demand in ivory and that meant that there had to be more workers being slaves. The traders had to enslave more people to work and cover the high demand and to also transport the goods in person as there were limitations to other modes of transport.
  • Fortunately for the Mozambican economy, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the demand for slaves was rising
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      The rise in the demand of slaves was caused by the introduction of trades that needed workers
  • behind after the expira­ tion of their contracts. Fresh inputs of contract labour followed a period of great growth in the sugar industry in the 1850s, and by 1907 almost half a million Indians had been brought to Mauritius. At the same time the British refused to allow the French to import Indian labour to Reunion to extend the p
  • ...20 more annotations...
  • tracts. Fresh inputs of contract labour followed a period of great growth in the sugar industry in the 1850s, and by 1907 almost half a million I
  • 1907 almost half a million Indians had been brought to Mauritius. At the same time the British refused to allow the French to import Indian labour to Reunion to extend the plantations there. So the French
  • a to North African ports in order to be shipped to the Ottoman empire and to the East. Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows.
  • ra to North African ports in order to be shipped to the Ottoman empire and to the East. Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows
  • Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows.
  • Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows.
  • Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows.
  • Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows.
  • Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows.
  • n empire and to the East. Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows. The passage between Zanzibar and southern Arabia usually took between
  • Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows.
  • . Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows. The passage between Zanzibar and southern Arabia usually took between 30 and 35 days
  • Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      Slaves were transported in large numbers in small boats. some would even die on the way because of overcrowding and the diseases that come with unhygienic spaces
  • st, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows. The passage between Zanzibar and southern Arabia usually took between 30 and 35 days. The short passage from Kilwa to Zanzibar took only 24 hours, so no food for slaves was taken aboard. If the winds failed and the boat was becalmed for a few days
  • ought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows. The passage between Zanzibar and southern Arabia usually took between 30 and 35 day
  • If one reason for vigorous trade between the coast and the interior was the greatly increased demand for slaves, the other reason was the increased demand for ivory.
  • Europe and America developed new uses for East African ivory. Knife handles had been made from the hard ivory of West Africa, but the softer East African ivory was better for billiard balls, piano keys and combs
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      These are some of the products that are made out of ivory
  • Throughout the nineteenth century demand was greater than the supply, and the price moved steadily upwards
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      Traders were making more profit since there were a lot of buyers and with the prices being high it is for their advantage if they are also matching the price standard.
  • slaves were used to transport the ivory to the coast as draught animals could not live in the tsetse-infested country.
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is why they needed more slavers so that they can personally transport the goods because animals could not withstand the tsetse-infested countries
  • .
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      The growth of other countries was at the expense of other basically because Kilwa was able to attract trade from the same interior and that did not sit the Portuguese well because they could not control what they do. Their trade was also stimulated by the demand of slaves so they were the suppliers. Disagreements regarding the route that Yao was using to move their supplies and Makua started making things difficult for Yao to continue the trade using that route. END!
maureennompumelelo1

Recent explorations in the territories of the African Lakes Company.pdf - 5 views

NM MABUZA 222121134

shared by maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • I know that this and other longitudes were determined chronometrically, and are depended upon Blantyre being in long. 34 ° 56' 30" E.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Longitudes which are imaginary lines dividing the earth and measuring the distance. These lines are measured in degrees, minutes and seconds. The explorers dictated many longitudes in a chronometric way which is the art of measuring time accurately.
  • O'Neill's most careful observations at Blantyre have shifted that place 7' 24" to the east (to 35 ° 3' 54" E.), all Mr. Stewart's chronometric observa- tions have to be shifted to the same extent, and hence I have not hesitated in placing Karonga in long. 33 ° 57' 24" E.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The explorers had the ability to modify all the longitudes of places since they were the ones who came up with them.
  • 2. A sketch of the road from Tanganyika to Nyassa, June 17 to July 12, 1884, by Mr. E. C. Here. Mr. Here spent 96½ hours on the march, and estimates the distance at 268 English miles. He gives no bearings. 3. MS. notes on the route from Lake Nyassa to the Tanganyika, by Mr. Fred. Moir. Total distance, 231 miles. 4. Lieut. Wissmann's map of his route from Lake Tanganyika to Lake Nyassa, May 12 to June 1, 1887. Scale, 1:927,554. Distance, as measured on the map, 260 English miles.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows that the distance measured by the three different explorers between Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyassa is not equal because each explorer measured the distance as per the hours they spent on the journey and on the route they took.
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • Not a single observation for latitude appears to have been made between Kirenji and the Tanganyika, although this country has been traversed very many times by European travellers.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Although many travelers from Europe had crossed Africa, but neither of them has determined the latitude between Kirenji and Tanganyika. Latitude-this is the angular distance of a place , north or south of the earth's equator and is usually measured in degrees and minutes. Unlike the longitudes, it does not include the seconds in its measurements.
  • , has been laid down from a rough Ms. map prepared by the traveller. Mr. Moir, in a note written on the face of his map in 1883, states that Mom- bera's is laid down from actual observations made at that place in let. 11 ° 37' S., and 30 ° 50' 30" E. ; that Mr. Stewart and himself subse- quently took lunars at the place, the result agreeing within a few miles.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The longitude and latitude measures of Loangwa valley were determined by Mr. Moir and Mr. Steward by t5he moon's revolution in the year 1879. Lunars-of relating to, or resembling the moon.
  • at night, on the 19th, they camped close to Kambomba's town, which lies at the foot of the hills, immediately to the west of Mount Parasinga. There are between four and five hundred huts, and many sheep, but n~> cattle, as the tsetse abounds in the Loangwa valley.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The travelers discovered that in this area there were many people residing but they all kept sheep and no cattle since there were tsetse insects in the area. This might have been that the cattle had died after being bitten by the tsetse tsetse insects because they are the most prone animals to this parasites. Tsetse-this is a large biting fly found normally in the tropical Africa. They feed on the vertebrates blood and their role is to transmit diseases.
  • On the 15th the road led through a level country and past severn} villages, the inhabitants of which were armed with bows and poisoned arrows.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This landmark explained above, led the travelers to a village of hunters who used bows and poisoned arrows as their hunting tools.
  • "pelele,"
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is a labret dummy worn in the upper lip by some native tribes in Africa.
  • Most of the villages are inhabited by Basenga. It then climbed the hills to the village of the chief Chifungwi, a little thin man,
  • wana Hill, where Arabs trading in slaves and ivory, have a station, lies within this district.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      People who lived in Bwana Hill traded slaves and ivory.
  • with a small head, who wore anklets and Bracelets of brass-wire and beads. His people are Wasingwa, but Mangamba and other villages belonging to him are inhabited by fugitives from Unyika, who fled from the dreaded Merere.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Still within the journey, the two travelers came across a chief headed village which included villagers who had fled from their origin villages fearing Merere.
  • Mombera to Kambomba, 27 h. 6 rain. 76"06 miles. Kambomba to Kirenji,. 41 ,, 22 ,, 112'59 ,, Kirenji to Karonga, 18 ,, 14 ,, 54"17 ,,
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      is is the time spent by the travelers on their journey from Mombera to Karonga.
  • The western shore of Lake Iqyassa is partly based upon information collected by Mr. Donald Munro during a land journey from Bandawe to Karonga (Aug. 18-30, 1884).
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Mr. Donald Munro discovered the Western shore of Lake Nyassa when he was travelling from Bandawe to Karonga.
  • The Luweya forms a small delta, enclosing two swampy islands, fringed along its lake shore by sand-banks about 600 feet wide, which are thickly covered with native huts, Ngombo's people occupying the southern, and Makambiro the northern island. The southern arm of the river (Lnweya-mufwa) leaves the main stream about 2 miles from the lake; it is 30 yards broad, 3 feet deep, and has a slow current. The dimensions of the main branch are similar, but its current is stronger. The northern arm (Chintechi) resembles a swamp rather than a river. The people who crowd the delta live in daily dread of the Mangone, against whom the swamps afford a certain measure of security. Their exhalations, on the other hand, are a source of much disease, and the many recently covered graves in the villages afford evidence of this.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      In this paragraph the measurements of the Luweya River in Malawi are stipulated and how people surrounding this area lived in fear of the Mongone disease.
  • The three rocky islands (" Chirwa," Chirupumbu, and another) in a broad bay to the north are crowded with huts, some of them upon piles. The adjoining mainland has a poor soil, notwithstanding which cassava i.~ cultivated, and food appears to be plentiful.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      These three specified islands mainly consists of rocks and their lands are mostly covered in huts and their soil does not have much nutrients to support plant growth but yet the cassava plant was grown there and many other food plants. Cassava-this is a nutty-flavored starchy, root vegetable used for tiredness, dehydration in people with diarrhea, sepsis, and to induce labor.
  • Leaving this bay, Mr. Munro climbed over steep hills, rising to a height of 1500 feet, and then returned to the lake, which he reached near a small bay dubiously called "Magwina" (" crocodile "). Wretched huts of fugitives cling to the hill- sides further to the north.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Munro also discovered the Magwina Lake where there were huts built closely together belonging to the people who had fled from their villages.
  • Patowtow is a beautiful little harbour, extending about half a mile inlaml, and bounded by steep hills. It affords excellent shelter.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Unlike the Magwina Lake huts, in this area Munro witnessed well-maintained houses.
  • Mr. M'Ewan left Bandawe on April 7, 1885, and, having been joined by Mr. Munro, started from Mombera's on April 14. The travellers eneamped on that day at the foot of the Kabo Rock---a mass of granite covering an area of 160 by 80 yards, and rising to a height of 80 feet. Mount Parasinga, a prominent peak, was clearly visible, bearing 269", and during the progress of the journey proved a valuable landmark.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      As these two specified travelers were travelling, they came across an important object marking the land boundary.
  • Five miles to
  • e north of it a river of similar dimensions, the Chiwetwi, enters the lake. The country hereabouts is well cultivated by people from the interior, who spend the rainy season until harvest time in temporary dwellings.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Mangone natives cultivated the land and lived in informal settlements during the rainy season until the harvesting period.
  • Ruali, the first village of Uchungu, stands upon the lake shore. Its houses and inhabitants contrast very favourably with what is to be seen among the Atonga to the south.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      From all the other shelters the travelers had seen along their journey, Ruali was the only place with even fine houses.
  • Commander Young
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is the explorer who discovered the full measurements of Lake Nyassa.
maureennompumelelo1

Recent explorations in the territories of the African Lakes Company.pdf - 4 views

NM MABUZA

shared by maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • I know that this and other longitudes were determined chronometrically, and are depended upon Blantyre being in long. 34 ° 56' 30" E.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Longitudes are the imaginary lines dividing the earth and measuring the distance. These lines are measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds. The explorers dictated many longitudes in a chronometric way which is the art of measuring time accurately.
  • Mr. O'Neill's most careful observations at Blantyre have shifted that place 7' 24" to the east (to 35 ° 3' 54" E.), all Mr. Stewart's chronometric observa- tions have to be shifted to the same extent, and hence I have not hesitated in placing Karonga in long. 33 ° 57' 24" E.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The explorers had the abilities of modifying all the longitudes of places since they were the ones who came up with their measurements.
  • 2. A sketch of the road from Tanganyika to Nyassa, June 17 to July 12, 1884, by Mr. E. C. Here. Mr. Here spent 96½ hours on the march, and estimates the distance at 268 English miles. He gives no bearings. 3. MS. notes on the route from Lake Nyassa to the Tanganyika, by Mr. Fred. Moir. Total distance, 231 miles. 4. Lieut. Wissmann's map of his route from Lake Tanganyika to Lake Nyassa, May 12 to June 1, 1887. Scale, 1:927,554. Distance, as measured on the map, 260 English miles.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows that the distance measured by the three different explorers between Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyassa is not equal because each explorer measured the distance as per the hours they spent on the journey and on the routes they took.
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • Not a single observation for latitude appears to have been made between Kirenji and the Tanganyika, although this country has been traversed very many times by European travellers.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Although many travelers from Europe crossed Africa, but neither of them has determined the latitude between Kirenji and Tanganyika.
  • latitude
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is the angular distance of a place, north or south of the earth's equator and its usually measured in degrees and minutes. Unlike the longitudes, latitudes do not include the seconds in their measurements.
  • Mr. Moir, in a note written on the face of his map in 1883, states that Mom- bera's is laid down from actual observations made at that place in let. 11 ° 37' S., and 30 ° 50' 30" E. ; that Mr. Stewart and himself subse- quently took lunars at the place, the result agreeing within a few miles.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The longitude and latitude measures of Loangwa valley was determined by Mr. Moir and Mr. Steward by the moon's revolution in the year 1879. Lunars-of relating to, or resembling the moon.
  • with a small head, who wore anklets and Bracelets of brass-wire and beads. His people are Wasingwa, but Mangamba and other villages belonging to him are inhabited by fugitives from Unyika, who fled from the dreaded Merere.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Still travelling, the two travelers came across a chief headed village which included villagers who had fled from their own villages.
  • On the 15th the road led through a level country and past severn} villages, the inhabitants of which were armed with bows and poisoned arrows.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This landmark explained above, led the two travelers in a village of hunters who used bows and poisoned arrows as their hunting tools.
  • "pelele,"
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is a labret dummy worn in the upper lip by some native tribes in Afruica.
  • at night, on the 19th, they camped close to Kambomba's town, which lies at the foot of the hills, immediately to the west of Mount Parasinga. There are between four and five hundred huts, and many sheep, but n~> cattle, as the tsetse abounds in the Loangwa valley.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      As the travelers were camping nearby Kambomba's town they discovered that in this area there were many people who resided there, but they all kept sheep and no cattle since there were tsetse insects in the area. This might have been that the cattle had all died from the tsetse insect bites because they are the most prone animals to these parasites. tsetse-this is a large bittng fly found mostly in the tropical Africa. They feed on the vertebrates blood and their role is to transmit diseases.
  • It then climbed the hills to the village of the chief Chifungwi, a little thin man,
  • Mr. M'Ewan left Bandawe on April 7, 1885, and, having been joined by Mr. Munro, started from Mombera's on April 14. The travellers eneamped on that day at the foot of the Kabo Rock---a mass of granite covering an area of 160 by 80 yards, and rising to a height of 80 feet. Mount Parasinga, a prominent peak, was clearly visible, bearing 269", and during the progress of the journey proved a valuable landmark.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      As these two specified travelers were travelling, they came across an important object marking the land boundary.
  • Mombera to Kambomba, 27 h. 6 rain. 76"06 miles. Kambomba to Kirenji,. 41 ,, 22 ,, 112'59 ,, Kirenji to Karonga, 18 ,, 14 ,, 54"17 ,,
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is the time spent by the travelers on their journey from Mombera to Karonga.
  • The western shore of Lake Iqyassa is partly based upon information collected by Mr. Donald Munro during a land journey from Bandawe to Karonga (Aug. 18-30, 1884).
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Mr. Donald Munro discovered the western shore of Lake Nyassa when he was travelling from Bandawe to Karonga.
  • The Luweya forms a small delta, enclosing two swampy islands, fringed along its lake shore by sand-banks about 600 feet wide, which are thickly covered with native huts, Ngombo's people occupying the southern, and Makambiro the northern island. The southern arm of the river (Lnweya-mufwa) leaves the main stream about 2 miles from the lake; it is 30 yards broad, 3 feet deep, and has a slow current. The dimensions of the main branch are similar, but its current is stronger. The northern arm (Chintechi) resembles a swamp rather than a river. The people who crowd the delta live in daily dread of the Mangone, against whom the swamps afford a certain measure of security. Their exhalations, on the other hand, are a source of much disease, and the many recently covered graves in the villages afford evidence of this.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      In this paragraph the measurements of the Luweya River are stipulated and it also explains how the people surrounding this area lived in fear of the Mangone disease.
  • The three rocky islands (" Chirwa," Chirupumbu, and another) in a broad bay to the north are crowded with huts, some of them upon piles. The adjoining mainland has a poor soil, notwithstanding which cassava i.~ cultivated, and food appears to be plentiful.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      These three specified islands mainly consists of rocks and their land is mostly covered in huts and their soil does not have much nutrients to support plant growth, but yet the cassava plant is grown there and many other plants used as food. cassava plant-this is a nutty-flavored starchy , root vegetable used for tiredness, dehydration in people with diarrhea, sepsis, and to induce labor.
  • Leaving this bay, Mr. Munro climbed over steep hills, rising to a height of 1500 feet, and then returned to the lake, which he reached near a small bay dubiously called "Magwina" (" crocodile "). Wretched huts of fugitives cling to the hill- sides further to the north.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Munro also discovered the Magwina Lake where there were huts built closely together belonging to people who had fled from their places.
  • Patowtow is a beautiful little harbour, extending about half a mile inlaml, and bounded by steep hills. It affords excellent shelter.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Unlike the Magwina Lake huts, in this area Munro witnessed well-maintained houses.
  • Bwana Hill, where Arabs trading in slaves and ivory,
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Munro also discovered that in the Bwana Hill they had a slave and ivory trade.
  • The country hereabouts is well cultivated by people from the interior, who spend the rainy season until harvest time in temporary dwellings.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Mangone natives cultivated the land and lived in informal settlements during the rainy season until the harvesting period.
  • Ruali, the first village of Uchungu, stands upon the lake shore. Its houses and inhabitants contrast very favourably with what is to be seen among the Atonga to the south.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      From all the other shelters from the travelers journey, Ruali was the only place with even fine houses.
  • Commander Young
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is the explorer who discovered the full measurements of Lake Nyassa.
terri-ann

secondary anglo-zulu war 1879.pdf - 2 views

Terri-Ann Naidoo 220151019

shared by terri-ann on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • War of 1879
  • Anglo-Zulu
  • On 22 Janua
  • ...34 more annotations...
  • nineteenth century when 1,500 men armed with the most modern weapons then available were wiped out at the battle of Isandlwana by a Zulu army—an impi—of 25,000 warriors armed
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      the Zulu people were able to fight because of the strategies that were learnt when they were under the leadership of King Shaka. they had been taught military defense as well as a means to protect themselves on the battlefield.
  • 120 men decided to st
  • inst 4,000 Zul
  • famous Redcoats were
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      The British fighting against the Zulu.
  • ularly
  • xed
  • fri
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      a formal act whereby a state proclaims its soverignity over territory hirherto outside its domian.
  • over production
  • 15 million
  • the
  • By 1876, Britain was without doubt the strongest power in the region, but both the Zulus and the Boers were unwilling to recognize that and were determined to resist British in
  • around the Cape.7 The idea that the conquest of Zululand would bring enough economic gain to justify the expense would have required a very large measure of op
  • In the absence of any identifiable economic motive for a British invasion of Zu
  • bsence of any identifiable economic motive for a British invasion of Zululand, the strategic control of the Cape route to India assumes greater signifi can
  • ulu
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      unfilled space
  • u
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      A body of Zulu warriors.
  • e
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      Sir Bartle Frere was British trying to implicate British territory in South Africa.
  • tional situation. For Frere, however, making Cape Town secure was only part of the answer to external threats, and he argued that there were a number of opportunities for European powers to intervene in Southern Africa if they so wished.31 Excluding European influenc
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      according to the British South Africa can be seen as a place full of benefits because it provide the perfect route location for transportation and it is secure .
  • While securing the defenses of the Cape was Frere's immediate goal, he could not afford to lose sight of the long-term aim of overcoming the skepticism of the colonists a
  • ars of the Zulus (and perhaps gain their support through the distribution o
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      The British then decides to join forces with the Boers and strike a bargain by saying that the Boers will get parts of the Zulu land if they worked together to move the Zulu people.
  • 296 The Historian By July 1878, Frere was preparing to take advantage of the hiatus granted by th
  • Congress
  • us. The Boundary Commission looked into the various claims to the Disputed Territories and, as expected, reported in Jun
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      The British were trying to finds reasons to remove the Zulu people of their land but it was expected that the land on which the Zulu people resided on was actually theirs in a legal way , that prevented the British to take the land.
  • ed the experienced administrator for a solution. Frere gave it. The Boers would give land in the Disputed Territories in return for the removal of the Zulu threat, while the Zulus would gain land in return for a general disarmament and recognition of Britain as the paramount power by the acceptance of a R
  • t
  • solved
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      uniting
  • portunity for dealing with Cetshwayo, and his determination to go to war was therefore made firm when he submitted his request for reinforcements on 10 Sep
  • i
  • 9. On 11 January 1879, when the time allowed by the ultimatum expired, Frere sent the British army into Zul
  • the Anglo-Zul
  • of a telegraph, who did not think that war with Russia could be avoided by negotiation (as indeed it was). Zululand was invaded, and, despite Isandlwana, the impis were shot down against the express wishes of the government in London because Frere feared something much worse: a Zulu invasion coinciding with a Boer rising and a Russian naval attack which would result in burning ports, razed farms, the route to India severed, and the destruction of British prestige. As a committed imperialist, Frere would never let this happen on his watch, whatever orders to the contrary the politicians gave. He paid with humiliation and disgrace at the end of an otherwise glittering career. Ironically, the victory at Isandlwana ultimately made things worse for the Zulus because it brought such a storm of political irritation down on Frere that he was unable to carry through his plans for a workable postwar settlement for Zululand. Removed from control of the war, he was unable to prevent the Zulu kingdom from being broken up into thirteen separate entities, which then promptly dissolved into the miseries of a civil war which would tear apart Zululand and leave most of its lands in the hands of Boer freebooters.97 It would take until 1887 for it to be formally annexed to the British Empire.
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      Frere did not care about the lives that would be lost , he had no sympathy. he was keen on breaking up the Zulu Kingdom back into 13 tribes so that there would be no unity. he did not want to be defeated in anyway because he was not prepared to be humiliated.
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      In the beginning the Zulu leader Cetshwayo had thought that he could use the British as a potential ally against the Boers however it turned out to more complicated and that the British were trying to take land from the Zulus and by crossing territories.
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      the need to invade the Zulu land was to enforce British demands. the Zulu individuals has a vast disadvantage because of their weapondry that was not advanced nor did they have technological devices to help during the war. An estimated amount of 3000 Zulu individuals died at the battlefield.
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      the British was not aware of the gold . it was during this time that the British was trying to seizure the land that belonged to the Zulu people.
pheeha21

The Landscapes of Slavery in Kenya.pdf - 1 views

Molele Pheeha History 2A

shared by pheeha21 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • This victory also opened the way for Oman merchants to begin engaging on a large scale in Indian Ocean trade and to invest their profits into date production based on slave labor.
  • By the 1830s, clove plantation agriculture had experienced a boom in Zanzibar and this saw the increase in local slave populations from 15,000 in 1819 to over 100,000 in the 1830s
  • Elite immigrants from Zanzibar moved to the Malindi-Mambrui area after 1861, where they established large plantations and by 1884 they were exporting almost 13,500 tons of grain per year
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • There were also places associated with the refuge of freed captives and runaway slaves; these included settlements associated with European missionaries such as Rabai and Freretown
  • There were four principal caravan routes; the first started from the port town Mombasa and traveled inland into Mariakani, Kibwezi, Nzaui, and Kitui before curving westwards into Machakos.
    • pheeha21
      pheeha21 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The first route that used to transport slaves and other resources that were in demand.
  • This happened because the overland route had not yet been banned at the time and also because the coast north of Lamu was not within the Sultanate of Zanzibar’s territory and thus slave merchants could transport slaves along the sea without any problem.
  • In another agreement, the Hammerton Treaty of 1845, the Sultan agreed to prohibit exportation and importation of slaves – though not their transportation – along the coast of East Africa.
  • cinderellaochu on 05 May 23
     
    Well done!
feziwesithole

The East African slave trade | The East Indies | The Places Involved | Slavery Routes |... - 4 views

www.discoveringbristol.org.uk/...east-african-slave-trade

Feziwe Sithole

shared by feziwesithole on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • In the transatlantic slave trade the demand was for labourers to work on plantations and in mines, and mostly men were captured to supply the demand
  • Slaves taken to the Middle East and North Africa were not just from Africa. Until about 1500, slaves were also bought from northern Europe, but as this supply route dried up the numbers bought from Africa increased.
  • In the eastern slave trade enslaved Africans were taken from the east coast of Africa (the modern countries of Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique and the island of Madagascar). They also came from the Savannah area (which includes countries such as Mali, Niger, Chad and Sudan) and the Horn of Africa (which covers Djibouti, Somalia and Ethiopia). Slaves were sold to merchants from North Africa and the Middle East. The women slaves in this trade often married their masters, or had children by them and the children were often freed by their fathers. Over time, the enslaved Africans tended to become part of the local population.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • There are no records for the number of enslaved Africans sold before the 17th century from the Savannah area of Africa (which includes countries such as Mali, Niger, Chad and Sudan) and the Horn of Africa (which covers Djibouti, Somalia and Ethiopia). It is estimated that in the 17th century, about 10,000 slaves per year were sold to North Africa and the Middle East. There was a large domestic slave population in this area and slavery was an accepted form of labour amongst the rulers of the different kingdoms.
  • The numbers of enslaved Africans sold to these areas increased in the late 18th century. This was because French merchants bought slaves from East Africa for the growing sugar plantations on the French owned islands in the Indian Ocean.
mokoena03

Imperial Strategy and the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879.pdf - 0 views

Palesa Mokoena

shared by mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • O’CONNOR On 22 January 1879, the British army suffered its worst colonial defeat of the nineteenth century when 1,500 men armed with the most modern weapons then available were wiped out at the battle of Isandlwana by a Zulu army––an impi––of 25,000 warriors armed only with spears.
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      The 22 January 1879 is a significant date because it was a massacre where men died. At the battle of Isandlwana.
  • t bayonet point, they fought a last-round defense against 4,000 Zulu warriors which earned them a victory and eleven Victoria Crosses––the highest number of the highest award for bravery ever bestowed on a single day in British military history.
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      The British army then fought against 4000 Zulu warriors. This was a remarkable British military history
  • It has often been posited that the British Empire provides an example of greedy capitalists dispossessing indigenous peoples in their search for new markets and raw materials, 1 yet whenever one looks into the particular circumstances of an episode of expansion, it is very difficult to isolate a viable economic motive.
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      The British Empire was a greedy empire that wanted to take away the resources, and belongings of the indigenous people and own everything. They did this during their search for new markets and raw material
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • expanded her control over wide areas of Southern Africa during the nineteenth century against the opposition of indigenous peoples and the original Dutch settlers, the Boers, while at the same time repudiating any desire for an increase in territory or responsibility
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      Britain expanded it's control on most areas in South Africa
  • This article will argue that the roots of this war lay in the strategic importance of the Cape route to India and the particular strategic situation of the British Empire in 1879.
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      The roots of the Anglo-Zulu War lay in the strategic importance of the Cape route to India
  • Cetshwayo, however, was not a passive victim in the process that led to war. Rather , he was a shrewd leader who unfortunately suffered from an overwhelming ignorance of the extent of British power
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      King Cetshwayo was a leader who was suffering from ignorance of the extent of the British empire
  • Frere, however, making Cape Town secure was only part of the answer to external threats, and he argued that there were a number of opportunities for European powers to intervene in Southern Africa if they so wished.
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      Frere believed that they were many possibilities for European powers to intervene in South Africa.
  • ly , Cetshwayo had looked to the British as a potential ally against Boer land claims in the Disputed Territory along the Transvaal-Zululand border. Now he was in direct dispute with them.
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      At first King Cetshwayo did not see the Europeans as enemies or rivalries. However, that changed because of everything that has been happening, and now that he was aware of the European's plans he was thus in direct dispute with them.
  • Frere’s context was, therefore, that of a leading strategic thinker sent out to prepare a vulnerable point in the empire for a widely expected war with Russia that would include as a feature the possibility of a cruiser attack or commando raid on the ports of South Africa.
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      The war had key role players or people who played important roles in the war, Like Frere, King Cetshwayo, and others. Frere was a British leading strategic thinker, who was sent out to prepare vulnerable points in the empire.
  • The king has changed his tone. He says that he is tired of talking and now intends to fight and that he can easily eat up the whole lot of whitemen [sic] like pieces of meat and then not have enough... that as soon as Secucuni heard that fighting had begun, he would attack us also.
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      The Zulu King Cetshwayo got tired of playing nice, he then decided to go to war.
  • the Anglo–Zulu War of 1879: an unauthorized aggression conducted for reasons of geopolitical strategy by a man who considered himself to have the interests of the empire at heart and who distrusted the good faith of politicians. It was emphatically not, as has often been claimed in historiography,
    • mokoena03
      mokoena03 on 28 Apr 23
       
      The Anglo Zulu War was Thus a
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