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thabokhanyile

Changes in German Travel Writing about East Africa, 1884-1891.pdf - 1 views

AOT KHANYILE

shared by thabokhanyile on 22 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The paper's editors wrote that Carl Peters's expedition to find the explorer Emin Pasha in the Egyptian province of Equatoria might be the world's last real journey of exploratio
  • The paper's editors wrote that Carl Peters's expedition to find the explorer Emin Pasha in the Egyptian province of Equatoria might be the world's last real journey of exploratio
  • ded, the paper concluded that further German exploration of Africa was too dang
  • ...29 more annotations...
  • The article's author declared that German colonialists would have to reorient themselves away from exploration toward new ways of exerting control over Africa.2
  • While travel, including exploratory travel, remained central to the German experience in East Africa after 1
  • arked the end of an era for how the German reading public experienced that travel. The style of travel writing about East Africa changed to fit the new needs of the colonial state and the reading demands of the metropolitan p
  • K), the founding organization of Germany's East African colony, repurposed the scientific travel narrative that had formed the entirety of their knowledge about East Africa before 1884 to further the organization's goals of building a colonial e
  • Travelogues were particularly important in German East Africa as compared to Germany's other colonies because the GfdK began its acquis
  • «That of the encounter between a European explorer, the intrepid leader of an expeditionary caravan and emissary of s
  • tion of territory without the support of existing networks in the region and contrary to the Bismarck regime's wishes (Smith 32
  • tion of territory without the support of existing networks in the region and contrary to the Bismarck regime's wishe
  • International African Association exploratory expedition, a hunting trip, a scientific expedition, or an English trading expedition (Wagner 28).8
  • Scientific accounts of East African travel by German explorers and missionaries were prominent in Germany in the early 1880s, despite Germany's lack of a form
  • nths of existence, they suggested possible places to find such wide stretches. Their lack of knowledge of Africa was apparent in their proposals: Joseph Freiherr Molitor von Mühlfeld called for greater emigration to Argentina, Major Friedrich Wilhelm Alexander von Mechow suggested colonizing on the Kwango River, and Alexander Merensky recommended what is today southern Angola
  • Like earlier travelers, Peters and Pfeil went on lecture tours and presented their travels to metropolitan audiences.1
  • The 1884 expedition's members followed the pre-colonial travelers' methods and published travelogues about their exploration and conquest.
  • They inspired him to dream up a plan to acquire land in East Africa. Great riches, he believed, were to be made on Lake Malawi. He suggested the region of Usagara, which according to Stanley held great hope for colonial development (Zur Erwerbung 5
  • Explorers frequently suggested that their travels served a higher calling that would advance the progress of humanity. A calling beyond the self explained the explorer's willingness to brave danger and made him a hero to those who believed in the same calling. To promote their own bravery and skill in the eyes of European audiences, explorers had to convince them that the dangers they faced were beyond anything one could experience in Europe. Explorers traversed unknown places posing a great deal of personal danger and had to depend on aid networks of which they had little knowle
  • avelers drew comparisons between African societies and ones more familiar to European audiences.
  • Peter s's and Pfeil's travelogues fit many of the topoi of earlier travelogues about East Africa, but they sought to fix their travels as permanent markers on the East African landscape, to make German colonialism real in East Africa through writing.
  • Like earlier travelers, Peters cited European history to make his argument, but he used a specifically German history in a way that inscribed German cultural achievements onto the
  • ition» 304). In all of his accounts of East African travel, Peters resorted frequently to quoting poetry to demonstrate his Germanness or a European spirit of exploration. His historical references were not meant merely to make landscapes more familiar to domestic audiences, but served to make them specif
  • Travel for Hellgrewe was a series of short vignettes as he moved between stations of German
  • isen
  • Kultur in the East African wilderness; travel was not the long journey away from civili
  • Hellgrewe's book makes clear that the change in form could not be attributed solely to the lack o
  • new areas to explore. Hellgrewe still searched for the fetishized African wilderness that had motivated pre-colonial German travelers to East Africa and provided the majority of the material for their ac
  • Such was the state of travel writing as planning began for the German expedition to rescue Emin Pasha in 1888. Inspiration for the expedition had come largely from a travel narrative in the pre-colonial style, Wilhelm Junker's Reisen
  • in Afrika. Junker had traveled in East Central Africa from 1875 throu
  • 1886. Near the end of his travels, he had become trapped in Equatoria when the Mahdi attacked Khartoum
  • Pre-colonial travelers had been able to establish their own myths through their expeditionary narrative, but Peters was not afforded the chance in the wake of his failed expedition.
  • ast Africa. Other forms of travel writing replaced the travelogue of African exploration prevalent earlier in the century. Expeditionary reports certainly remained central to German colonization in East Africa after 1891. As
sinekeu222094834

untitled.pdf - 1 views

Unalo Sineke

shared by sinekeu222094834 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • I think I would rather cross the African continent again than undertake to write another book. It is far easier to travel than to write about it’. So wrote David Livingstone in the preface to his best-selling work, Missionary Travels (1857). Yet writing was what Livingstone spent much of his time in Africa doing, and on any scrap of paper he could find. And it was not travelling but writing, or rather more precisely publishing, which made his fortune. The European exploration of Africa during the nineteenth century has so often been treated as a story of action and adventure, that it is easy to overlook the fact that it was also a literary event. Missionary Travels became one of the best known works of travel writing in the English language, and it was widely read, reproduced and translated. In order to appreciate the significance and impact of Missionary Travels within Britain and beyond, this paper sets the work in the context of contemporary cultures of exploration and empire. It also seeks to unravel the story of the making of the book and the different hands and voices at work in its composition, including those of illustrators, sponsors and publishers
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This paper pays close attention to the importance and impact made by Dr. David Livingstone in his exploration journey in Africa. It highlights that his journey was not just an adventure but a literary event. It also focuses on the hands and voices that were involved in making the book which is one of the reasons that made Dr. Livingstone successful.
  • Livingstone’s reputation as not just a heroic explorer, but as the standard bearer for a renewed crusade against African slavery, helped to swell sales beyond even the unprecedented levels hoped for by the publisher. For Missionary Travels was effectively a manifesto for action on an imperial scale.
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 26 Apr 23
       
      His reputation as an explorer helped to increase the sales of his book, Mission Travels. The book served as a pathway for the promotion to end slavery.
  • disavowal
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Denial of support and responsibility.
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • unvarnished
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Straight forward or simple.
  • miniature
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Very small of its kind.
  • contemporaries
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 26 Apr 23
       
      People or things existing at the same time.
  • This paper is about a singular book – Missionary Travels – and its wider significance in the history of exploration, geography and travel writing. It is organised, like a miniature Victorian triple-decker, into three parts. The first portrays the exploration of Africa as a literary event: in order to understand a work like Missionary Travels, we need to grasp something of the wider culture in which knowledge about distant places was produced and consumed (Driver 1996). The second considers the text of Missionary Travels itself, focussing on its somewhat paradoxical form: for what is perhaps the nineteenth century’s best-known travel narrative is in many respects not a narrative at all, and only partly about travel. There are multiple hands and voices at work in this book, as was typically the case with published works on exploration andtravel(MacLaren 2011;Withers & Keighren 2011;Henderson 2012).Moreover, for a text sometimes supposed to epitomise the certitudes of the pre-Darwinian moral world, the authorial voice is notably ambivalent about its own claims to knowledge. The final part of the paper considers the ways in which Livingstone’s book was put to work, by missionary, explorer and imperial adventurer alike. This, its afterlife, is as much part of the story of Missionary Travels as the author and the original text themselves
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The paper discusses the book and its importance in the history of exploration and writing.
  • charlatans
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Falsely claiming to have a special knowledge or skill.
  • Consider the ‘Map of African Literature’ published by novelist turned explorer, Reade, in 1873, the year of Livingstone’s death (Figure 1). It shows the white spaces of the continent colonised by the names of explorers, LIVINGSTONE particularly prominent amongst them.
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This map shows the colonized areas of Africa with the names of explorers.
  • Livingstone here offers a strikingly frank admission of his own limitations as a scientific observer, coupled with a rare glimpse of the improvised and often unreliable methods of field survey he had to rely on.
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This might suggest that field research is unpredictable and challenging. It requires researchers to adapt and it also highlights the significance of acknowledging one's limitations and being open about the obstacles and limitations of field research.
maureennompumelelo1

Recent explorations in the territories of the African Lakes Company.pdf - 5 views

NM MABUZA 222121134

shared by maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • I know that this and other longitudes were determined chronometrically, and are depended upon Blantyre being in long. 34 ° 56' 30" E.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Longitudes which are imaginary lines dividing the earth and measuring the distance. These lines are measured in degrees, minutes and seconds. The explorers dictated many longitudes in a chronometric way which is the art of measuring time accurately.
  • O'Neill's most careful observations at Blantyre have shifted that place 7' 24" to the east (to 35 ° 3' 54" E.), all Mr. Stewart's chronometric observa- tions have to be shifted to the same extent, and hence I have not hesitated in placing Karonga in long. 33 ° 57' 24" E.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The explorers had the ability to modify all the longitudes of places since they were the ones who came up with them.
  • 2. A sketch of the road from Tanganyika to Nyassa, June 17 to July 12, 1884, by Mr. E. C. Here. Mr. Here spent 96½ hours on the march, and estimates the distance at 268 English miles. He gives no bearings. 3. MS. notes on the route from Lake Nyassa to the Tanganyika, by Mr. Fred. Moir. Total distance, 231 miles. 4. Lieut. Wissmann's map of his route from Lake Tanganyika to Lake Nyassa, May 12 to June 1, 1887. Scale, 1:927,554. Distance, as measured on the map, 260 English miles.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows that the distance measured by the three different explorers between Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyassa is not equal because each explorer measured the distance as per the hours they spent on the journey and on the route they took.
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • Not a single observation for latitude appears to have been made between Kirenji and the Tanganyika, although this country has been traversed very many times by European travellers.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Although many travelers from Europe had crossed Africa, but neither of them has determined the latitude between Kirenji and Tanganyika. Latitude-this is the angular distance of a place , north or south of the earth's equator and is usually measured in degrees and minutes. Unlike the longitudes, it does not include the seconds in its measurements.
  • , has been laid down from a rough Ms. map prepared by the traveller. Mr. Moir, in a note written on the face of his map in 1883, states that Mom- bera's is laid down from actual observations made at that place in let. 11 ° 37' S., and 30 ° 50' 30" E. ; that Mr. Stewart and himself subse- quently took lunars at the place, the result agreeing within a few miles.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The longitude and latitude measures of Loangwa valley were determined by Mr. Moir and Mr. Steward by t5he moon's revolution in the year 1879. Lunars-of relating to, or resembling the moon.
  • at night, on the 19th, they camped close to Kambomba's town, which lies at the foot of the hills, immediately to the west of Mount Parasinga. There are between four and five hundred huts, and many sheep, but n~> cattle, as the tsetse abounds in the Loangwa valley.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The travelers discovered that in this area there were many people residing but they all kept sheep and no cattle since there were tsetse insects in the area. This might have been that the cattle had died after being bitten by the tsetse tsetse insects because they are the most prone animals to this parasites. Tsetse-this is a large biting fly found normally in the tropical Africa. They feed on the vertebrates blood and their role is to transmit diseases.
  • On the 15th the road led through a level country and past severn} villages, the inhabitants of which were armed with bows and poisoned arrows.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This landmark explained above, led the travelers to a village of hunters who used bows and poisoned arrows as their hunting tools.
  • "pelele,"
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is a labret dummy worn in the upper lip by some native tribes in Africa.
  • Most of the villages are inhabited by Basenga. It then climbed the hills to the village of the chief Chifungwi, a little thin man,
  • wana Hill, where Arabs trading in slaves and ivory, have a station, lies within this district.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      People who lived in Bwana Hill traded slaves and ivory.
  • with a small head, who wore anklets and Bracelets of brass-wire and beads. His people are Wasingwa, but Mangamba and other villages belonging to him are inhabited by fugitives from Unyika, who fled from the dreaded Merere.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Still within the journey, the two travelers came across a chief headed village which included villagers who had fled from their origin villages fearing Merere.
  • Mombera to Kambomba, 27 h. 6 rain. 76"06 miles. Kambomba to Kirenji,. 41 ,, 22 ,, 112'59 ,, Kirenji to Karonga, 18 ,, 14 ,, 54"17 ,,
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      is is the time spent by the travelers on their journey from Mombera to Karonga.
  • The western shore of Lake Iqyassa is partly based upon information collected by Mr. Donald Munro during a land journey from Bandawe to Karonga (Aug. 18-30, 1884).
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Mr. Donald Munro discovered the Western shore of Lake Nyassa when he was travelling from Bandawe to Karonga.
  • The Luweya forms a small delta, enclosing two swampy islands, fringed along its lake shore by sand-banks about 600 feet wide, which are thickly covered with native huts, Ngombo's people occupying the southern, and Makambiro the northern island. The southern arm of the river (Lnweya-mufwa) leaves the main stream about 2 miles from the lake; it is 30 yards broad, 3 feet deep, and has a slow current. The dimensions of the main branch are similar, but its current is stronger. The northern arm (Chintechi) resembles a swamp rather than a river. The people who crowd the delta live in daily dread of the Mangone, against whom the swamps afford a certain measure of security. Their exhalations, on the other hand, are a source of much disease, and the many recently covered graves in the villages afford evidence of this.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      In this paragraph the measurements of the Luweya River in Malawi are stipulated and how people surrounding this area lived in fear of the Mongone disease.
  • The three rocky islands (" Chirwa," Chirupumbu, and another) in a broad bay to the north are crowded with huts, some of them upon piles. The adjoining mainland has a poor soil, notwithstanding which cassava i.~ cultivated, and food appears to be plentiful.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      These three specified islands mainly consists of rocks and their lands are mostly covered in huts and their soil does not have much nutrients to support plant growth but yet the cassava plant was grown there and many other food plants. Cassava-this is a nutty-flavored starchy, root vegetable used for tiredness, dehydration in people with diarrhea, sepsis, and to induce labor.
  • Leaving this bay, Mr. Munro climbed over steep hills, rising to a height of 1500 feet, and then returned to the lake, which he reached near a small bay dubiously called "Magwina" (" crocodile "). Wretched huts of fugitives cling to the hill- sides further to the north.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Munro also discovered the Magwina Lake where there were huts built closely together belonging to the people who had fled from their villages.
  • Patowtow is a beautiful little harbour, extending about half a mile inlaml, and bounded by steep hills. It affords excellent shelter.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Unlike the Magwina Lake huts, in this area Munro witnessed well-maintained houses.
  • Mr. M'Ewan left Bandawe on April 7, 1885, and, having been joined by Mr. Munro, started from Mombera's on April 14. The travellers eneamped on that day at the foot of the Kabo Rock---a mass of granite covering an area of 160 by 80 yards, and rising to a height of 80 feet. Mount Parasinga, a prominent peak, was clearly visible, bearing 269", and during the progress of the journey proved a valuable landmark.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      As these two specified travelers were travelling, they came across an important object marking the land boundary.
  • Five miles to
  • e north of it a river of similar dimensions, the Chiwetwi, enters the lake. The country hereabouts is well cultivated by people from the interior, who spend the rainy season until harvest time in temporary dwellings.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Mangone natives cultivated the land and lived in informal settlements during the rainy season until the harvesting period.
  • Ruali, the first village of Uchungu, stands upon the lake shore. Its houses and inhabitants contrast very favourably with what is to be seen among the Atonga to the south.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      From all the other shelters the travelers had seen along their journey, Ruali was the only place with even fine houses.
  • Commander Young
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is the explorer who discovered the full measurements of Lake Nyassa.
maureennompumelelo1

Recent explorations in the territories of the African Lakes Company.pdf - 4 views

NM MABUZA

shared by maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • I know that this and other longitudes were determined chronometrically, and are depended upon Blantyre being in long. 34 ° 56' 30" E.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Longitudes are the imaginary lines dividing the earth and measuring the distance. These lines are measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds. The explorers dictated many longitudes in a chronometric way which is the art of measuring time accurately.
  • Mr. O'Neill's most careful observations at Blantyre have shifted that place 7' 24" to the east (to 35 ° 3' 54" E.), all Mr. Stewart's chronometric observa- tions have to be shifted to the same extent, and hence I have not hesitated in placing Karonga in long. 33 ° 57' 24" E.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The explorers had the abilities of modifying all the longitudes of places since they were the ones who came up with their measurements.
  • 2. A sketch of the road from Tanganyika to Nyassa, June 17 to July 12, 1884, by Mr. E. C. Here. Mr. Here spent 96½ hours on the march, and estimates the distance at 268 English miles. He gives no bearings. 3. MS. notes on the route from Lake Nyassa to the Tanganyika, by Mr. Fred. Moir. Total distance, 231 miles. 4. Lieut. Wissmann's map of his route from Lake Tanganyika to Lake Nyassa, May 12 to June 1, 1887. Scale, 1:927,554. Distance, as measured on the map, 260 English miles.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows that the distance measured by the three different explorers between Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyassa is not equal because each explorer measured the distance as per the hours they spent on the journey and on the routes they took.
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • Not a single observation for latitude appears to have been made between Kirenji and the Tanganyika, although this country has been traversed very many times by European travellers.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Although many travelers from Europe crossed Africa, but neither of them has determined the latitude between Kirenji and Tanganyika.
  • latitude
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is the angular distance of a place, north or south of the earth's equator and its usually measured in degrees and minutes. Unlike the longitudes, latitudes do not include the seconds in their measurements.
  • Mr. Moir, in a note written on the face of his map in 1883, states that Mom- bera's is laid down from actual observations made at that place in let. 11 ° 37' S., and 30 ° 50' 30" E. ; that Mr. Stewart and himself subse- quently took lunars at the place, the result agreeing within a few miles.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The longitude and latitude measures of Loangwa valley was determined by Mr. Moir and Mr. Steward by the moon's revolution in the year 1879. Lunars-of relating to, or resembling the moon.
  • with a small head, who wore anklets and Bracelets of brass-wire and beads. His people are Wasingwa, but Mangamba and other villages belonging to him are inhabited by fugitives from Unyika, who fled from the dreaded Merere.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Still travelling, the two travelers came across a chief headed village which included villagers who had fled from their own villages.
  • On the 15th the road led through a level country and past severn} villages, the inhabitants of which were armed with bows and poisoned arrows.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This landmark explained above, led the two travelers in a village of hunters who used bows and poisoned arrows as their hunting tools.
  • "pelele,"
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is a labret dummy worn in the upper lip by some native tribes in Afruica.
  • at night, on the 19th, they camped close to Kambomba's town, which lies at the foot of the hills, immediately to the west of Mount Parasinga. There are between four and five hundred huts, and many sheep, but n~> cattle, as the tsetse abounds in the Loangwa valley.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      As the travelers were camping nearby Kambomba's town they discovered that in this area there were many people who resided there, but they all kept sheep and no cattle since there were tsetse insects in the area. This might have been that the cattle had all died from the tsetse insect bites because they are the most prone animals to these parasites. tsetse-this is a large bittng fly found mostly in the tropical Africa. They feed on the vertebrates blood and their role is to transmit diseases.
  • It then climbed the hills to the village of the chief Chifungwi, a little thin man,
  • Mr. M'Ewan left Bandawe on April 7, 1885, and, having been joined by Mr. Munro, started from Mombera's on April 14. The travellers eneamped on that day at the foot of the Kabo Rock---a mass of granite covering an area of 160 by 80 yards, and rising to a height of 80 feet. Mount Parasinga, a prominent peak, was clearly visible, bearing 269", and during the progress of the journey proved a valuable landmark.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      As these two specified travelers were travelling, they came across an important object marking the land boundary.
  • Mombera to Kambomba, 27 h. 6 rain. 76"06 miles. Kambomba to Kirenji,. 41 ,, 22 ,, 112'59 ,, Kirenji to Karonga, 18 ,, 14 ,, 54"17 ,,
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is the time spent by the travelers on their journey from Mombera to Karonga.
  • The western shore of Lake Iqyassa is partly based upon information collected by Mr. Donald Munro during a land journey from Bandawe to Karonga (Aug. 18-30, 1884).
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Mr. Donald Munro discovered the western shore of Lake Nyassa when he was travelling from Bandawe to Karonga.
  • The Luweya forms a small delta, enclosing two swampy islands, fringed along its lake shore by sand-banks about 600 feet wide, which are thickly covered with native huts, Ngombo's people occupying the southern, and Makambiro the northern island. The southern arm of the river (Lnweya-mufwa) leaves the main stream about 2 miles from the lake; it is 30 yards broad, 3 feet deep, and has a slow current. The dimensions of the main branch are similar, but its current is stronger. The northern arm (Chintechi) resembles a swamp rather than a river. The people who crowd the delta live in daily dread of the Mangone, against whom the swamps afford a certain measure of security. Their exhalations, on the other hand, are a source of much disease, and the many recently covered graves in the villages afford evidence of this.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      In this paragraph the measurements of the Luweya River are stipulated and it also explains how the people surrounding this area lived in fear of the Mangone disease.
  • The three rocky islands (" Chirwa," Chirupumbu, and another) in a broad bay to the north are crowded with huts, some of them upon piles. The adjoining mainland has a poor soil, notwithstanding which cassava i.~ cultivated, and food appears to be plentiful.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      These three specified islands mainly consists of rocks and their land is mostly covered in huts and their soil does not have much nutrients to support plant growth, but yet the cassava plant is grown there and many other plants used as food. cassava plant-this is a nutty-flavored starchy , root vegetable used for tiredness, dehydration in people with diarrhea, sepsis, and to induce labor.
  • Leaving this bay, Mr. Munro climbed over steep hills, rising to a height of 1500 feet, and then returned to the lake, which he reached near a small bay dubiously called "Magwina" (" crocodile "). Wretched huts of fugitives cling to the hill- sides further to the north.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Munro also discovered the Magwina Lake where there were huts built closely together belonging to people who had fled from their places.
  • Patowtow is a beautiful little harbour, extending about half a mile inlaml, and bounded by steep hills. It affords excellent shelter.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Unlike the Magwina Lake huts, in this area Munro witnessed well-maintained houses.
  • Bwana Hill, where Arabs trading in slaves and ivory,
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Munro also discovered that in the Bwana Hill they had a slave and ivory trade.
  • The country hereabouts is well cultivated by people from the interior, who spend the rainy season until harvest time in temporary dwellings.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Mangone natives cultivated the land and lived in informal settlements during the rainy season until the harvesting period.
  • Ruali, the first village of Uchungu, stands upon the lake shore. Its houses and inhabitants contrast very favourably with what is to be seen among the Atonga to the south.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      From all the other shelters from the travelers journey, Ruali was the only place with even fine houses.
  • Commander Young
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is the explorer who discovered the full measurements of Lake Nyassa.
makheda

On the Travels of Portuguese and Others in Inner Africa.pdf - 1 views

Makheda Bright Ndamulelo 222074228 History 2A

shared by makheda on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • On the Travels of Portuguese and others in Inner Africa. By W. D. Cooley.
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is the topic on how the Portuguese and others travelled and explored the Inner continent of Africa.
  • By W. D. Cooley. The object of the Paper was to propound the views of the author, formed on a careful examination and comparison of the reports of various travellers, on the position of the rivers, lakes, and pla
  • in Inner Southern Afr
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • not
  • The subject was argued with much learning, and a large map was exhibited to illustrate the views of the author. Some of the more striking points of difference between this map and the recent ones of Livingstone were the total separation of the rivers Liambeji and Zambesi (the upper and lower courses of the Zambesi) and the release of their affluents from the system of inosculation which, in recent maps, bind all those rivers together; and the northwest direction of Lake Nyassa, which was made continuous with Tanganyika, forming an elongated lake, called Nanja mucuro.
  • modern ma
  • f Livingst
  • t Dr. Livingstone's simple account of his last exploration along Lake Nyassa, which he had undertaken of his own accord, should come afterwards; and then, that gentlemen who were more or less acquainted with the country should discuss the papers afterwa
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Question: Why were the Portuguese and others were traveling to Africa?
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Important event: Dr Livingstone was the one who discovered Lake Nyassa in the 19th century.
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      The matter was debated thoroughly, and a big map was displayed to illustrate the author's points of view. Some of the more notable differences between this map and Livingstone's recent ones were the complete separation of the rivers Liambeji and Zambesi (the upper and lower courses of the Zambesi) and the release of their affluents from the system of inosculation that, in recent maps, binds all those rivers together; and the north-west direction of Lake Nyassa, which was made continuous with Tanganyika, forming an elongated lake
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      David Livingstone was a Scottish physician, Congregationalist, and pioneer Christian missionary with the London Missionary Society, an explorer in Africa, and one of the most popular British heroes of the late 19th-century Victorian era. David was the husband of Mary Moffat Livingstone, from the prominent 18th-century missionary family, Moffat. Livingstone had a mythic status that operated on a number of interconnected levels: Protestant missionary martyr, working-class "rags-to-riches" inspirational story, scientific investigator and explorer, imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader, and advocate of British commercial and colonial expansion.
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      This travelers also helped in designing and constructing modern maps of the world.
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Notwithstanding *This means in spite of or it means nevertheless.
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      The travelers or explorers were traveling to Southern Africa to report on the positions of natural things in Africa such as rivers lakes and others.
asandandulwini

Explorers travelling through the Lakes of Central Africa (JSTOR).pdf - 1 views

Asanda Ndulwini

shared by asandandulwini on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • THE travellers who have journeyeel anto (:entral Africa from the East coast and the neighbourhood of Zanzibar have been called to encounter difficulties as formidable as lrlay be met with in any part of the world. These difficulties have caused not only peril to health and severe trials of patience, but have occasioned theln unusual expense. One object which most of them have kept in vierv was to reach the line of the three great lakes, and pay a, visit to l:Jjiji.
    • asandandulwini
      asandandulwini on 26 Apr 23
       
      Zanzibar- Swahili Unguja, was an island in the Indian ocean lying 22 miles (35 km) off the coast of east-central Africa. During this age of exploration, the Portuguese Empire it's when they gained control of Zanzibar.
  • of brushwood, and of small forest with tropical plants and trees. A llundred miles in the intelior the ground has beun to rise, and toW exhibit lines of hills with parallel valle-s, nzore or?]ess regulare the traveller cro now mounting a high granite ridge, then descending; mounting lligher, and descending a little again. In this way he crosses the broad swampy valley of the Mukandoliwa or Makata Xiver, passes the little Lake Ugombo in which it rises, and winding among the noble hills of the Usagara RanDe, arrives at length at Mpwapwa, on the upper plateau, 3300 feet above the se
  • . A llundred miles in the intelior the ground has beun to rise, and toW exhibit lines of hills with parallel valle-s, nzore or?]ess regulare the traveller cro now mounting a high granite ridge, then descending; mounting lligher, and descending a little again. In this way he crosses the broad swampy valley of the Mukandoliwa or Makata Xiver, passes the little Lake Ugombo in which it rises, and winding among the noble hills of the Usagara RanDe, arrives at length at Mpwapwa, on the upper plateau, 3300 feet above the se
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • A llundred miles in the intelior the ground has beun to rise, and toW exhibit lines of hills with parallel valle-s, nzore or?]ess regulare having a general trend to the N.N.E. These the traveller crossesr now mounting a high granite ridge, then descending; mounting lligher, and descending a little again. In this way he crosses the broad swampy valley of the Mukandoliwa or Makata Xiver, passes the little Lake Ugombo in which it rises, and winding among the noble hills of the Usagara RanDe, arrives at length at Mpwapwa, on the upper plateau, 3300 feet above the se
    • asandandulwini
      asandandulwini on 26 Apr 23
       
      Explorers were crossing through the Makata river, a stream in Lindi region, Tanzania with the region front code of African/Middle east. Lake Ugombo one of the lakes of Tanzania expedited by Henry Morton Stanley, regarding Livingston's exploration in central Africa.
  • gulare the traveller
  • itherto all the English travellers in East Africa have been dependent upon these huluan bearers. Frotn Burton down to the Church Missionary Expedition, which left the coast a few nonths at,o, every one has been compelled to etnploy them. And the trouble they have caused by their fickleness, their dishonesty, their bodily weaknesses, their indolence, their diseases, and numerous deaths, has been indescriba
  • ganyika, thought it worth while specialla to inquire into two points: (1 ) Could a route be found to the north of the WAmi River, on higher ground, and free from the swampy levels found here and there on the road ftom Bagamoyo? and (2) Was it possible to employ on the entire line the waggen drawn by bllllocks, so common in the colonies of South Africa, and that without risk from the tsetse-fly? And as the Rev. Rot,er Price, who has had long experience of roads ancl waggons in South Afiica, was then in England, they requested Mr. Price to proceed to Zanzibar to make these inquiries on the spot. The following is a brief outline of Mr. Price's proceedings, and of their result.
  • 877,
  • B- 26, 1877,
  • Mr. Price arrived at Zanzibar on May 2nd, 1876, and, havillb gained much inforlnation bearing upon his purpose, he resolved to pay a preliminary visit to Sadani, on the African coast, and confer with Bwfina Heri, the chief of the tdistrict, respecting a j ourney into the interior.
  • Mr. Price that no f) was known on that road which killed bullocks, and that cattle wele frequently brought down to the coast from the interior. The arrival of an ivory caravan from near Unyanyembe proved that the route proposed was actually isl use, and the information derived from its people i
  • that it contained no speci
  • diffioulties.
nkosinathi3

F. O. 881/2000 - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 1 views

go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=NCCO&u=rau_itw&id=GALE|AOSUQW509166629&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-NCCO&sPage=2&asid=6d44448e

Excellent Nkosinathi Ndlovu 222147238

shared by nkosinathi3 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • nkosinathi3 on 26 Apr 23
     
    The primary source is a list of letters from Dr Livingstone, one of history's greatest explorers, to his associates. In these letters he describes in great detail his adventures and explorations all around central Africa. These letters and the contents in them prove he was a really great explorer. In my diigo assignment I will be using one of the letters, the first one, in this primary source as evidence of his great adventures, though there is much more adventures written down in the rest of the letters. The first letter describe Livingstone's journey from Ujiji, following the great rivers and lakes of the area. The most noticeable rivers was the Lualaba. The journey was to reach the residence of the Manyema, which had a reputation of cannibalism around the area. Before reaching Bamabarre, the residence of the manyema, they came across a company of slaves carrying ivory. The slaves had had a very bad encounter with the manyema and as such, they described them as very evil people to Dr. Livingstone and his company. The letter also describes Dr Livingstone's company's encounter with another tribe in the are which was maltreated by slave owners and who were very wary of Dr Livinstone and his company since he had the same skin colour as the people that mistreated them, but the worst they did to Livingstone was to escort him out of the settlement with their shields and spears. The second part of the letter describes Dr Livingstone's journey North of Bmbarre, along the Lualaba river to buy a canoe. The letter describes the treacherous and yet beautiful journey across the forest. The letter gives detailed descriptions of the landscape and the vegetation of the area they were traveling through. These are all important parts of the source because they highlight the conditions Dr Livingstone experienced but never stopped In his explorations. The letter also describes the rush for buying cheap ivory along his journey with his company. He describes the events explici
lmshengu

exploration of Africa - Students | Britannica Kids | Homework Help - 1 views

kids.britannica.com/...543378

Lwandile Mshengu History 2A

shared by lmshengu on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Archaeological
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      it is the scientific study of material remains such as tools,pottery,jewelry,stone walls and monuments of past human life and activities.
  • The coasts of northern Africa were known to peoples of Europe and Asia since ancient times. Non-Africans later gained knowledge of the western, southern, and eastern coasts. However, the interior of Africa remained largely a mystery to foreigners until the mid-19th century. It was the last of the inhabited continents to be thoroughly explored by outsiders, along with Australia. Africa lies very close to southern Europe and even closer to the Middle East region of Asia. Nevertheless, Europeans explored the distant Americas first.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      The ancient inhabitants of Europe and Asia were aware of the northern African shores. Later, the western, southern, and eastern beaches were known to non-Africans. However, until the middle of the 19th century, the interior of Africa was mainly unknown to outsiders. Along with Australia, it was the last of the inhabited continents to be properly explored by outsiders. The Middle East region of Asia is even closer to Africa than it is to southern Europe. Nevertheless, the far-off Americas were first discovered by Europeans.
  • Africa posed several challenges to foreign explorers
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Many africans had faced several issues from the foreign explorers
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • Mediterranean Sea.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      The mediterranean sea is a sea connected to the atlantic ocean, surrounded by the mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land on the north by southern europe and anatolia on the south by north africa and on the east by the levant in western asia.
  • fierce storms
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Fierce storms is a violent storm with extremely strong winds and heavy rain
  • Portugal’s exploring aims were largely commercial. The Portuguese wanted to find a sea route around Africa to the riches of Asia. Like other European powers, they wanted to trade directly in valuable Asian spices. The older trade routes to Asia were becoming increasingly blocked to them.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Portuguese exploration mostly served commercial interests. The Portuguese sought a sea route from the riches of Asia around Africa. They desired to engage in direct trade in priceless Asian spices, much like other European powers. Older trade routes to Asia were getting more and more closed off to them.
  • The Portuguese wanted to end Muslim control over northern Africa. That desire was one of several reasons why Portugal explored the continent in the 15th century. Spreading Christianity in Africa was another motive for Portuguese exploration, along with scientific curiosity. They also sought great wealth.
  • The Portuguese also wanted to establish trade with western Africa. Gold, ivory, and African slaves had long been traded across the Sahara to Muslims in the north.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Additionally, the Portuguese desired to open markets in western Africa. African slaves, gold, and ivory had long been traded with Muslims in the north across the Sahara.
  • By the time Henry died in 1460, his navigators had explored the coast as far south as Sierra Leone. For a time the Portuguese were busy fighting the Moroccans, and few exploring expeditions were sent out. John II became king of Portugal in 1481. Under John, the Portuguese once again began exploring Africa regularly
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      By the time Henry passed away in 1460, his explorers had traveled as far south as Sierra Leone to investigate the coastline. Few exploration trips were sent out for a while since the Portuguese were preoccupied with fighting the Moroccans. Portugal's John II was crowned king in 1481. Under John, the Portuguese resumed frequent exploration of Africa.
  • stone pillar
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      A stone pillar having a rectangular cross section tapering towards a pyramidal top.it is a landform, eisther of rock or earth.
  • For the next 15 years, Livingstone was constantly on the move in the African interior. First, he ventured north of Cape Town into the Kalahari, a vast dry plain. By 1842 he had already traveled farther north in the Kalahari than any other European. In 1844 he traveled to Mabotsa to establish a mission station. Along the way he was mauled by a lion, and his left arm was injured. The following year Livingstone married Moffat’s daughter Mary. She accompanied him on many of his travels.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Livingstone moved about constantly throughout the interior of Africa for the following 15 years. He first traveled into the Kalahari, a large, dry desert, to the north of Cape Town. He had already traversed the Kalahari further north than any previous European by 1842. He went to Mabotsa in 1844 to start a mission station there. He was attacked by a lion along the route, which hurt his left arm. Livingstone wed Mary, Moffat's daughter, the following year. She traveled with him on many occasions.
  • Modern exploration of the Nile basin began when Egypt conquered Sudan starting in 1821. As a result, the Egyptians learned more about the courses of the Blue Nile and the White Nile. A Turkish officer, Selim Bimbashi, led three expeditions between 1839 and 1842. Two of them reached the point in what is now South Sudan where rapids make navigation of the Nile difficult.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      When Egypt seized control of Sudan beginning in 1821, modern exploration of the Nile basin began. The Egyptians gained deeper knowledge of the Blue Nile and White Nile's courses as a result. Between 1839 and 1842, Selim Bimbashi, a Turkish officer, was in charge of three expeditions. Two of them arrived at the spot where the Nile's navigation becomes challenging due to rapids in what is now South Sudan
karabo03

I Will Open a Path into the Interior of Africa or Perish David Livingstone and the Mapp... - 3 views

Karabo Klaas

shared by karabo03 on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • This article is an attempt to elucidate this rather unknown facet of his legacy by referring to the instruments, methods and techniques he used to collect his data and the high premium he put on the accuracy of his observations. Attention is also given to his lifelong friendship with HM Astronomer at the Cape, Sir Thomas Maclear to whom he regularly sent his observations to be checked and his occasionally tempestuous relationship with the official cartographer of the Royal Geographical Society, John Arrowsmith.
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      Article attempt. It also includes some of the primary sources pictures from early age of Livingstone discovery in Africa. Primary sources pictures like sketch maps of his travel route, Diaries and notes From Livingstone which will be highlighted
  • Livingstone’s sketch of the Victoria Falls
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      Livingstone's sketch of the Victoria Falls primary source picture illustrating Livingstone discovery of unknown places in Africa as a missionary
  • Extract from Livingstone’s sketch map of the drainage area of the Zambes
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • Figure 7. Sketch map of the route from Cassange towards St Paul de Luanda on the Atlantic Ocean sent to the LMS (Courtesy of the Council for World Mission Archive, SOAS. CWM LMS Africa Odds Livingstone Box 3, No.87(2)).
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      Livingstone Sketch map and travel routes he traveled
  • Sketch map of the route from the upper reaches of the River Leeba towards St Paul de Luanda on the Atlantic Ocean
  • A photograph taken in natural light of two pages of Livingstone’s 1871 Field Diary.
  • A processed spectral image of two pages of Livingstone’s 1871 Field Diary
  • An extract from a sketch map in Livingstones’s own hand, drawn at different scales of the course of the Zambesi from Sesheke in the south to the river’s confluence with the Kabompo in the north
  • Extract from the map in Livingstone’s book Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa indicating his journey between Zumbo and Tete
  • Map of Livingstone’s travels in south-central Africa, 1866–1873
  • Map showing all Livingstone’s travels in south-central Africa, 1851–1873
    • karabo03
      karabo03 on 24 Apr 23
       
      The article abstract the life and exploration of David Livingstone. He made multiple expeditions, documented his findings, and advocated for the end of the slave trade. Despite facing hardships, he continued to push forward in his quest to uncover the mysteries of Africa. His legacy includes his contributions to mapping and exploration, as well as his humanitarian efforts and impact on European perceptions of Africa in which this article discuss or focus on.
maureennompumelelo1

Henry Morton Stanley Circumnavigates Africa's Lake Victoria and Explores the Entire Len... - 5 views

NM MABUZA 222121134

shared by maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • the first person to travel and record the entire length of the Congo River. Stanley was also the first European to circumnavigate Lake Victoria (/places/africa/african-physicalgeography/lake-victoria) and the man responsible for opening parts of central Africa to transportation
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Stanley was the first explorer to measure the Congo River length, travel to Lake Victoria and responsible for making transportation paths in Central Africa.
  • In 1795 Scottish physician Mungo Park (/people/history/explorers-travelers-and-conquerorsbiographies/mungo-park) (1771-1806) explored the Niger River and first spoke of the immensity of the Congo, which he assumed originated from a large lake in the center of Africa.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      After exploring the Niger River, Mungo started praising the large size of the Congo River and even thought that it had derived from a big lake situated in Central Africa.
  • By 1836, when more than 10 million Africans had already been shipped out of their homeland as slaves, the major European powers declared slave trading illegal and thus removed a large commercial interest in African exploration. This shifted the focus of exploration to geographical science and Christian missionary work
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Superiors in Europe viewed slavery as an unlawful activity which led them into abandoning the mission of exploring Africa and focused on Christianity.
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • Henry Morton Stanley's first African expedition was in 1871, on assignment for The New York (/places/united-states-and-canada/us-political-geography/new-york) Herald to find Livingstone, who was assumed dead. Stanley's famous question upon finding him, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" made Stanley a household name in the explorer frenzy that followed Livingstone's journeys. Although not a scientist, Stanley was sent back out to answer the geographic questions left following Livingstone's death in 1873. Among these, Stanley set out in 1874 to circumnavigate the enormous Lake Victoria to see if it was a single body of water, and—more importantly—to see if it was the much-sought-after source of the Nile River. Stanley also planned to circumnavigate Lake Tanganyika (/places/africa/african-physical-geography/laketanganyika), to see if it was the source of the Nile, as Burton had suggested. Finally, Stanley planned to finish Livingstone's work of mapping the Lualaba River. Livingstone had theorized that the Lualaba, which flowed from Lake Bangweolo, was quite possibly the Nile itself. (Others thought that the Lualaba was the same as the Congo River, not the Nile.)
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Stanley went on a journey in search of Livingstone whom was thought to be dead. He also discovered that Lake Victoria had a single outlet that drained into the Nile River through the Rippon Falls and Lake Albert. Moreover, he also discovered the measurements Luaba River.
  • British missionary David Livingstone (/people/history/explorers-travelers-and-conquerorsbiographies/david-livingstone) (1813-1873), while partly on a quest to seek the elusive source of the Nile, discovered the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls (/places/africa/african-physicalgeography/victoria-falls). Livingstone's expedition went on to discover parts of the main network of Africa's largest rivers, including the Congo, but his work remained unfinished, leaving many questions that Stanley would soon answer.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Although Livingstone had discovered many rivers he left his mission of discovering the river that supplied the Nile unconcluded which was later finished by Stanley.
  • Richard Francis Burton (1821-1890) and John Hanning Speke (/people/history/explorers-travelers-and-conquerors-biographies/john-hanning-speke) (18271864) explored part of Lake Victoria and a section of the Nile, and theorized that either Victoria or Lake Tanganyika (/places/africa/african-physical-geography/lake-tanganyika), southwest of Victoria, was the river's source
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      These two explorers discovered a part of Lake Victoria and Nile River and from their theory made a conclusion that the rivers that supplied the Nile River was the Victoria Lake if not Tanganyika.
  • It took four months for Stanley to meet the banks of Tanganyika, but he circumnavigated it successfully in 51 days.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Although Stanley had spent 4 months before reaching the ground at the edge of Tanganyika, he was able sail around the lake within 51 days.
  • Verney Lovett
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This was an explorer from Britain whose quest was to discover the main source of the Congo River.
  • The Congo, as Stanley had now surmised that the Lualaba and the Congo were the same river, would have nearly 200 miles (320 km) of the most severe rapids he would encounter.
  • Stanley's journey also concluded what we know about the character of the Congo River: from its source, just south of Lake Tanganyika, the river begins as the Lualaba, heads southwestward to Lake Bangweolo, then turns north to the Zambia/Zaire border to Lake Mweru, where it becomes the Congo. The mighty river crosses the equator twice, placing it in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. After 3,000 miles (4,800 km) of a wild path through extreme landscapes, it reaches the Atlantic Ocean.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Because of Stanley's exploration we are now aware about the river that supplies the Congo River and its paths where it flows until its gets to the Atlantic Ocean.
fortunatem

Ivory.pdf - 2 views

Lesego Mlandu History 2A

shared by fortunatem on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • h e a p p r e h e n s i o n t h a t i v o r y w o u l d h e c o m e o n e o f t h e p I O ­ d u c t s o f t h e p a s t , a s w e h a v e o f t e n h e a r d o u r c u t l e r y a n d b i l l i a r d b a l l m a n u f a c t u r e r s m a i n t a i n , d o e s n o t s e e m t o h e j u s t i fi e d b y t h e f a c t s
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      British cutlery and billiard ball producers frequently claim that ivory will become a thing of the past but the facts do not seem to support their statements.
  • c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o l l o w i n g , f r o m t h e B T i t i 8 li M a i l , M e s s r s . L e w i s & P e a t , c o l o n i a l b r o k e r s , h a v e i s s u e d a v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g r e p o r t. o f t h e m o d e r n i v o r y t r a d e , w h i c h , t h o u g h s h o w i n g g r e a t i m p r o v e m e n t s i n c e 1 8 4 2 , i s a m e r e s h a d o w o f w h a t i t m u s t h a v e b e e n i n t h e a n c i e n t t i m e s .
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      According to a report by Peat and Lewis, the British mail Deliverers, the present ivory trade has greatly improved since 1875. 680nturns were imported into Great Britain in total in 1875 which was the most imports from that time until 1842.
  • T h e p r o b a b l e v a l u e o f t h e i v o r y i m p o r t e d l a s t y e a r c o u l d n o t b e l e s s t h a n $ 2 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 . A l a r g e r p o r t i o n c a m e t h r o u g h E g y p t t h a n i n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r , a n d l e s s f r o m Z a n z i b a r a n d B o m b a y , f r o m S o u t h A f r i c a a l i t t l e m o r e , a n d f r o m W e s t A f r i c a a l i t t l e l e s s
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      The imports for the previous year for the ivory trade were probably worth at least $2,500,000. More imports traveled through Egypt than the previous year, while fewer traveled through Zanzibar and Bombay. More traveled through South Africa and less traveled through East Africa
t222227229

26 Famous Explorers From History to Modern Times - 1 views

www.muchbetteradventures.com/...famous-explorers

Thabisile Mthimunye History 2A

shared by t222227229 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Famous explorers exist through the centuries. Ever since humans got the urge to travel, people have been exploring. As technology progressed, the quicker people could travel and the deeper people could explore into the corners of the world. These explorers’ expeditions comes in all shapes and sizes – from those who ventured into solo travel to those who took whole crews with them.
    • t222227229
      t222227229 on 26 Apr 23
       
      this portion talks about how explorers exist through the centuries and they have been exploring.
  • Here is a list of 11 explorers who are all long gone, but pioneered some form of adventurous exploration.
    • t222227229
      t222227229 on 26 Apr 23
       
      on this part they are going to list explorers.
pregannkosi

East Africa :Ivory trade : travelers and explorers - 2 views

''Pregan'' ''222019780'' ''History2A ''

shared by pregannkosi on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • first accounts of geographers and travellers, and they give it more promi
  • slave
  • trade
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • nence than the slave-trade. It may have been the search for ivory which
  • brought the first ships around Cape Guardafui, and then southwards
    • pregannkosi
      pregannkosi on 26 Apr 23
       
      The reason travellers and geographers came to Africa was in search for Ivory.
  • East African ivory is soft ivory and is ideal for carving. It was in keen
  • demand in the Orient because of its superior quality and because it was
    • pregannkosi
      pregannkosi on 26 Apr 23
       
      African Ivory was in great demand because of its costs, it was more affordable to traders, therefore high in demand. Africa is a more resourceful continent in the world in terms of minerals and materails.
  • demand
  • East
    • pregannkosi
      pregannkosi on 26 Apr 23
       
      The quest for the search of Ivory invited explorers and travelers into east Africa, if it had not been of the demand of Ivory African would not have been exploited in terms of its resources.
  • East African ivory trade took place. An increased demand for ivory in
  • Europe
  • America and Europe coincided with the opening up of East Africa by
    • pregannkosi
      pregannkosi on 26 Apr 23
       
      Due to the increase demand of Ivory in America and Europe more and more explorers came to Africa so that the can attain Ivory for trading purposes.
  • traders
  • Arab traders and European explorers, and this led to the intensive ex
  • Zanzibar as the ivory market for East Africa, supplying 75 % of the
  • increased
  • the
Francis Jr Mabasa

A Few Remarks on Zanzibar and the East Coast of Africa.pdf - 2 views

Francis Jr Mabasa History 2A

shared by Francis Jr Mabasa on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • 345 taken by the Mission; we went as far south as Mozambique, touching, either on our way down or returning, at most places of importance on the mainland between Eas Hafun and Mozambique, and at the islands of Pemba, Zanzibar, and Monfia. From Mozambique we crossed to Madagascar, visiting Majunga in" Bembatooka Bay, Nossi Beh in Passandava Bay, Mayotta, Johanna; returning by Kilwa-Kavinja to Zanzibar, thence to Bagamoyo to assist in starting Cameron's expedition; Mombas, whence we visited the Missionary stations of Eibe and Kissoludini, Lamoo, and Eas Hafun. Thence across to Maculla
  • taken by the Mission; we went as far south as Mozambique, touching, either on our way down or returning, at most places of importance on the mainland between Eas Hafun and Mozambique, and at the islands of Pemba, Zanzibar, and Monfia. From Mozambique we crossed to Madagascar, visiting Majunga in" Bembatooka Bay, Nossi Beh in Passandava Bay, Mayotta, Johanna; returning by Kilwa-Kavinja to Zanzibar, thence to Bagamoyo to assist in starting Cameron's expedition; Mombas, whence we visited the Missionary stations of Eibe and Kissoludini, Lamoo, and Eas Hafun. Thence across to Maculla, Shehur, Muscat, Kurachee, and Bombay, and so back to Europe.
    • Francis Jr Mabasa
      Francis Jr Mabasa on 24 Apr 23
       
      This sentence provides a detailed account of the author's travels, including the various places he visited in Africa and Asia. The author indicates that he and his party traveled as far south as Mozambique, and visited many places of importance on the mainland between Eas Hafun and Mozambique, as well as the islands of Pemba, Zanzibar, and Monfia. After leaving Mozambique, the author and his party crossed over to Madagascar, where they visited several places, including Majunga, Nossi Beh, Mayotta, and Johanna. They then returned to the African mainland, passing through Kilwa-Kavinja on their way back to Zanzibar, where they helped to start Cameron's expedition. From Zanzibar, they went on to Mombasa, where they visited several Missionary stations, including Eibe and Kissoludini, as well as the towns of Lamoo and Eas Hafun. The author and his party then traveled across the Indian Ocean to Maculla, Shehur, Muscat, Kurachee, and Bombay, before returning to Europe. The level of detail in this sentence suggests that the author is attempting to provide a comprehensive account of his travels, possibly for the purpose of documenting his experiences or sharing them with others.
  • The principal caravan routes have been fully described by General Eigby, Captain Burton, and others; but I may mention that I am assured by Dr. Hildebrand that he met at Zeila and Berbera, traders who had come from the Lake Eegion, and who told him that the route thither was annually traversed by small caravans from the slaves with cotton manufactures, brass wire, and b
    • Francis Jr Mabasa
      Francis Jr Mabasa on 24 Apr 23
       
      This sentence describes the knowledge of caravan routes in the region as described by General Eigby, Captain Burton, and others. The author also adds that traders who had come from the Lake Eegion informed Dr. Hildebrand that small caravans annually traverse the route to the Lake Eegion, carrying cotton manufactures, brass wire, and beads. The mention of General Eigby and Captain Burton implies that there have been previous accounts of caravan routes in the region. Dr. Hildebrand's encounter with traders who had come from the Lake Eegion suggests that the information presented is current and reliable. The use of the word "assured" implies that the author is confident in the veracity of Dr. Hildebrand's account. The description of goods carried by the small caravans provides insight into the trade practices of the region.
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  • He hoped that his countrymen in India would profit hy what had heen done, and that even those who were connected slave by Sir Bartle Frere.
    • Francis Jr Mabasa
      Francis Jr Mabasa on 24 Apr 23
       
      This sentence expresses the hope of an unknown person that his countrymen in India would benefit from what had been done, even those who were connected to slavery by Sir Bartle Frere. The use of the word "hoped" indicates a desire for a positive outcome. The phrase "what had been done" is vague, but may refer to previous actions or initiatives. The mention of "countrymen in India" implies that the author is referring to people of Indian origin or descent. The reference to "even those who were connected to slavery by Sir Bartle Frere" suggests that there may have been individuals who were involved in or benefited from the slave trade. Sir Bartle Frere was a British colonial administrator who served in India and Africa during the 19th century. The use of the word "even" suggests that the author is aware that this connection to slavery might make it harder for these individuals to benefit from the actions being taken.
mbalenhle2003

Slavery | Encyclopedia.com - 2 views

www.encyclopedia.com/...slavery

Mbalenhle Magagula History 2A

shared by mbalenhle2003 on 23 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Slavery is the unconditional servitude of one individual to another. A slave is usually acquired by purchase and legally described as chattel or a tangible form of movable property. For much of human history, slavery has constituted an important dimension of social and occupational organization. The word slavery originated with the sale of Slavs to the Black Sea region during the ninth century. Slavery existed in European society until the nineteenth century, and it was the principal source of labor during the process of European colonization.
  • Some forms of slavery existed among the indigenous societies in the Americas before the arrival of Christopher Columbus. However, the reconstruction of the Americas after 1492 led to a system of slavery quite unprecedented in human experience. Slavery in the Americas was a patently artificial social and political construct, not a natural condition. It was a specific organizational response to a specific labor scarcity. African slavery in the Americas, then, was a relatively recent development in the course of human history—and quite exceptional in the universal history of slave societies.
  • Nevertheless, the first Africans who accompanied the early Spanish explorers were not all slaves. Some were free (such as Pedro Alonso Niño, who accompanied Christopher Columbus on his third voyage); and others were servants.Nuflo de Olano, who accompanied Vasco Nuñez de Balboa across the Isthmus of Panama was, however, a slave. So were Juan Valiente and several others who traveled and fought with Hernán Cortés in Mexico, or the Pizarro brothers in Peru, or Pánfilo de Narváez in Florida. Those blacks who sailed with Columbus on his first voyage to the Americas in 1492 were free men, and their descendants presumably were as free as any other Spanish colonist in the Americas. Other blacks who accompanied the early Spanish conquistadores might have been servile, but they were not true slaves as the term was later understood. Estebanico—described as "Andrés Dorantes' black Moorish slave"—accompanied Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca in his amazing journey around the Gulf of Mexico and overland across the Southwest to Mexico City in the late 1520s and 1530s. Estebanico learned several local Indian languages with consummate ease, and he posed, along with his companions, as holy men gifted with healing powers (Weber, p. 44). The chronicler Bernal Díaz del Castillo describes several "blacks" who accompanied Hernán Cortés to Mexico—one of whom brought wheat to the New World, and another (a follower of Pánfilo de Narváez) who introduced smallpox among the Indians, with lethal results (Castillo, 1979). Of the 168 men who followed Francisco Pizarro to Peru in 1532 and captured the Inca at Cajamarca, at least two were black: Juan García, born in Old Castile, served the expedition as a piper and crier, and Miguel Ruiz, born in Seville, was a part of the cavalry and probably received a double portion of the spoils, as did all those who had horses.
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  • Slavery was also a form of power relations, so slaves by and large did not have an equal voice in articulating a view of their condition. Their actions, however, spoke loudly of their innermost thoughts and represented their reflections on, and reactions to, the world in which they found themselves. Columbus thought the people he encountered in the Caribbean in 1492 might make good slaves, as he seemed to infer in his log of October 10, 1492, when he wrote: "They ought to make good and skilled servants, for they repeat very quickly whatever we say to them. I think that they can easily be made Christians, for they seem to have no religion. If it pleases Our Lord, I will take six of them to Your Highness when I depart, in order that they may learn our language" (Columbus, p. 77).
  • The transatlantic slave trade formally began in 1518, when King Charles I of Spain sanctioned the direct importation of Africans to his colonies in the Americas, finally acknowledging that the potential supply of indigenous slaves was inadequate to maintain the economic viability of his fledgling overseas colonies. Shortly thereafter, the Portuguese started to import Africans to Brazil to create a plantation society and establish an Atlantic bulwark against other Europeans intruding along the coast. As the demand for labor grew, the number of Africans imported as slaves increased, and manual labor throughout the Americas eventually became virtually synonymous with the enslavement of Africans. The transatlantic slave trade became a lucrative international enterprise, and by the time it ended, around 1870, more than ten million Africans had been forcibly transported and made slaves in the Americas. Many millions more died in Africa or at sea in transit to the Americas.
  • The slave trade responded to an interrelated series of factors operating across Africa, at the supply side, and also in the Americas, at the market level. The trade can be divided into four phases, strongly influenced by the development of colonialism throughout the hemisphere. In the first phase, lasting to about 1620, the Americas were the domain of the Spanish and the Portuguese. These Iberian powers introduced about 125,000 slaves to the Americas, with some 75,000 (or 27 percent of African slave exports of the period) to the Spanish colonies, and about 50,000 (18 percent of the trade) to Brazil. This was a relatively small flow of about 1,000 slaves per year, most of whom were supplied from Portuguese forts along the West African coast. But slavery in the towns, farms, and mines of the Americas then employed less African slaves (about 45 percent of the total Atlantic trade) than in the tropical African islands of Fernando Po and Sâo Tomé, Europe proper, or the islands of the Madeiras, Cape Verdes, and the Azores (about 55 percent of trade). Indeed, the small island of Sâo Tomé alone received more than 76,000 African slaves during the period, exceeding the entire American market.
  • The second phase of the transatlantic slave trade lasted from 1620 to about 1700 and saw the distribution of approximately 1,350,000 slaves throughout the Americas, with an additional 25,000 or so going to Europe. During this phase, the Americas became the main destination of enslaved Africans. The trade was marked by greater geographical distribution and the development of a more varied supply pattern. The European component of the trade eventually dwindled to less than 2 percent. Instead, Brazil assumed the premier position as a slave destination, receiving nearly 42 percent of all Africans sold on the western side of the Atlantic Ocean. Spanish America received about 22 percent, distributed principally in Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Mexico, Central America, and the Andean regions of South America. The English Caribbean colonies bought more than 263,000 slaves, or 20 percent of the volume sold in the Americas. The French Caribbean imported about 156,000 slaves, or 12 percent; and the small islands of the Dutch Caribbean bought another 40,000 slaves, or 3 percent of slaves sold throughout the Americas.
  • Even more important, slavery evolved into a complex system of labor, commerce, and society that was legally, socially, and ethnically distinct from other forms of servitude, and that was almost always applied to the condition of nonfree Africans. Two patterns of colonies developed throughout the western hemisphere: colonies designed as microcosms of European societies and colonies designed primarily for the efficient production of export commodities. The first group of colonies constituted the settler colonies. In these colonies, slaves constituted a minority of the population and did not necessarily represent the dominant labor sector. In the second group were exploitation plantation colonies, marked by their overwhelming proportion of nonfree members, and in which slavery formed the dominant labor system.
  • The period between 1701 and 1810 represented the maturation of the slave system in the Americas. This third phase witnessed the apogee of both the transatlantic slave trade and the system of American slavery. Altogether, nearly six million Africans—amounting to nearly 60 percent of the entire transatlantic slave trade—arrived in American ports. Brazil continued to be the dominant recipient country, accounting for nearly two million Africans, or 31 percent, of the trade during this period. The British Caribbean plantations (mainly on Barbados and Jamaica) received almost a million and a half slaves, accounting for 23 percent of the trade. The French Antilles (mainly Saint-Domingue on western Hispaniola, Martinique, and Guadeloupe) imported almost as many, accounting for 22 percent of the trade. The Spanish Caribbean (mainly Cuba) imported more than 500,000 slaves, or 9.6 percent of the trade. The Dutch Caribbean accounted for nearly 8 percent of the trade, but most of those slaves were re-exported to other areas of the New World. The British North American colonies imported slightly more than 300,000, or slightly less than 6 percent of the trade, while the small Danish colonies of the Caribbean bought about 25,000 slaves, a rather minuscule proportion of the slaves sold in the Americas during this period.
  • The system of slavery in the Americas was generally restrictive and harsh, but significant variations characterized the daily lives of slaves. The exhaustive demands of the plantation societies in parts of the Caribbean and Brazil, combined with skewed sexual balances among the slaves, resulted in excessively high mortality rates, unusually low fertility rates, and, consequently, a steady demand for imported Africans to maintain the required labor forces. The recovery of the indigenous populations in places such as Mexico and the Andean highlands led to the use of other systems of coerced labor, somewhat reducing the reliance on African slaves in these areas. Frontiers of grazing economies such as the llanos of Venezuela, the southern parts of Brazil, and the pampas of Argentina and Uruguay required only modest supplies of labor, so that African slaves constituted a small proportion of the local population. Only in the United States did the slave population reproduce itself dramatically over the years, supplying most of the internal demand for slave labor during the nineteenth century.In general, death rates were highest for slaves engaged in sugar production, especially on newly opened areas of the tropics, and lowest among domestic urban workers, except during periodical outbreaks of epidemic diseases.
  • The attack on the slave trade paralleled growing attacks on the system of slavery throughout the Americas. The selfdirected abolition from below that occurred in Saint-Domingue in 1793 was not repeated elsewhere, however. Instead, a combination of internal and external events eventually determined the course of abolition throughout the region. The issue of slavery became a part of the struggle for political independence for the mainland Spanish American colonies. Chile (1823), Mexico, and the new Central America States (1824), abolished slavery immediately after their wars of independence from Spain. The British government abolished slavery throughout its empire in 1834, effectively ending the institution in 1838. Uruguay legally emancipated its few remaining slaves in 1842. The French government ended slavery in the French Antilles in 1848. Colombia effectively abolished slavery in 1851, with Ecuador following in 1852, Argentina in 1853, and Peru and Venezuela in 1854. The United States of America abolished slavery after the U.S. Civil War in 1865. Spain abolished slavery in Puerto Rico in 1873 and in Cuba in 1886. Finally, Brazil abolished slavery in 1888.
  • Opposition to SlaveryThe eighteenth century formed the watershed in the system of American slavery. Although individuals, and even groups such as the Quakers, had always opposed slavery and the slave trade, general disapproval to the system gained strength during the later eighteenth century, primarily due to the growth of the Enlightenment, with its emphasis on rationality, and British Evangelical Protestantism. Opposition to slavery became increasingly more coordinated in England, and it eventually had a profound impact, with the abolition of the English slave trade in 1807. Before that, prodded by Granville Sharp and other abolitionists, Lord Chief Justice Mansfield declared slavery illegal in Great Britain in 1772, giving enormous impetus to the British antislavery movement. The British legal ruling, in time, freed about 15,000 slaves who were then in Britain with their colonial masters, who estimated their "property loss" at approximately £700,000.
  • In 1776 the British philosopher and economist Adam Smith declared in his classic study The Wealth of Nations that the system of slavery represented an uneconomical use of land and resources, since slaves cost more to maintain than free workers. By the 1780s the British Parliament was considering a series of bills dealing with the legality of the slave trade, and several of the recently independent former North American colonies—then part of the United States of America—began to abolish slavery within their local jurisdictions. After 1808—when Great Britain and the United States legally abolished their component of the transatlantic slave trade—the English initiated a campaign to end all slave trading across the Atlantic, and to replace slave trading within Africa with other forms of legal trade. Through a series of outright bribes, diplomatic pressure, and naval blockades, the trade gradually came to an end around 1870.
  • Slavery Scholarship and the Place of the Slave in the WorldThe topic of slavery has attracted the attention of a very large number of writers. Before the 1950s, writers tended to view slavery as a monolithic institution. Then, as now, there was much discussion of slavery, and less of the slaves themselves. Standard influential American studies, such as U. B. Phillips's American Negro Slavery (1918) and Life and Labor in the Old South (1929), Kenneth M. Stampp's The Peculiar Institution (1956), and Stanley Elkins' Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life (1959), misleadingly described slaves as passive participants to their own cruel denigration and outrageous exploitation. In Phillips's world, everyone was sublimely happy. In the world of Stampp and Elkins, they were not happy—but neither could they help themselves. Apparently neither Stampp nor Elkins read much outside their narrow field—or if they did, they discounted it. Certainly the then available scholarship of Eric Williams, C. L. R. James, or Elsa V. Goveia is not evident in their works. Herbert Aptheker in American Negro Slave Revolts (1943), Gunnar Myrdal in An American Dilemma (1944), and Frank Tannenbaum in Slave and Citizen (1946) had tried, in those three intellectually stimulating works, to modify the overall picture, but without much success.
  • Conditions of Slavery
  • Then, in 1956, Goveia published an outstanding book, Slave Society in the British Leeward Islands at the End of the Eighteenth Century. As Francisco Scarano notes of Goveia's work: "Goveia's sensitive and profound study of slave society in the British Leewards … is doubtless one of the great works of Caribbean history in any language. The Guyanese historian revealed the ways in which, in a racialized slave society, the imperative of slave subordination permeated all contexts of social interaction, from legal system to education and from religion to leisure. Everything was predicated on the violence necessary to maintain slavocratic order" (Scarano, p. 260). Goveia's approach inculcated the slaves with agency, a fundamental quality of which earlier writers seemed incredibly unaware. Slaves continuously acted in, as well as reacted to, the world in which they existed.
  • But slavery was not only attacked from above. At the same time that European governments contemplated administrative measures against slavery and the slave trade, the implacable opposition of the enslaved in the overseas colonies increased the overall costs of maintaining the system of slavery. Slave revolts, conspiracies, and rumors of revolts engendered widespread fear among owners and administrators. Small bands of runaway slaves formed stable black communities, legally recognized by their imperial powers in difficult geographical locations such as Esmeraldas in Ecuador, the Colombian coastal areas, Palmares in Brazil, and in the impenetrable mountains of Jamaica. Then, in 1791, the slaves of Saint-Domingue/Haiti, taking their cue somewhat from the French Revolution, staged a successful revolt under the leadership of Toussaint Louverture (1743–1803) and a number of other local leaders. The radical French commissioner in the colony, Léger Félicité Sonthonax (1763–1813) saw the futility of trying to defeat the local revolt and declared the emancipation of all slaves and their immediate admission to full citizenship (1793), a move ratified the following year by
  • French colonies. Napoleon Bonaparte revoked the decree of emancipation in 1802, but he failed to make it stick in Saint-Domingue, where the former slaves and their free colored allies declared the independence of Haiti—the second free state in the Americas—in 1804.The fourth and final phase of the transatlantic trade lasted from about 1810 to 1870. During that phase approximately two million Africans were sold as slaves in a greatly reduced area of the Americas. With its trade legal until 1850, Brazil imported some 1,145,400 Africans, or about 60 percent of all slaves sold in the Americas after 1810. The Spanish Antilles—mainly Cuba and Puerto Rico—imported more than 600,000 Africans (32 percent), the great majority of them illegally introduced to Cuba after an Anglo-Spanish treaty to abolish the Spanish
  • he revolutionary government in Paris, which extended the emancipation to all
andiswamntungwa

The Black Atlantic Missionary Movement and Africa, 1780s-1920s.pdf - 0 views

Andiswa Mntungwa History 2A

shared by andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • A recurring theme in Adrian Hastings's magisterial study of the church in Africa is the central role of Africans in the evangelisation of the Continent. His account also embraces Africans of the diaspora, that 'black, Protestant, English-speaking world which had grown up in the course of the eighteenth century on both sides of the Atlantic in the wake of the slave
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      The importance of Africans in the evangelization of the Continent is a constant issue in Adrian Hastings' magisterial study of the church in Africa. His narrative includes Africans of the diaspora as well, those people who grew up in the black, Protestant, and English-speaking communities on both sides of the Atlantic throughout the eighteenth century as a result of the slave trade.
  • African Americans constituted a small but visually significant element in the modern Protestant missionary movement. They are generally ignored in the standard literature and mission histories. This is not surprising as it is only relatively recently that black people, certainly outside the Americas, have begun to be noticed by histo
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      A small but visually significant portion of the modern Protestant missionary activity was made up of African Americans. In the mainstream literature and mission histories, they are typically neglected. This is not surprising given how lately historians have started to pay attention to black people, at least outside of the Americas.
  • The trans-Atlantic traffic was in both directions as African proteges of white and African American missionaries were sent to study in America, invariably travelling via Britain. John Chilembwe, who raised a revolt against the British in Nyasaland in 1915, is a notable example. Sponsored by Joseph Booth, a white missionary, in 1897 he went to study in the United States and probably spent a short time in Britain. When he returned home in 1900 to found the Industrial Providence
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      As African disciples of white and African American missionaries were sent to study in America, they frequently traveled via Britain, causing trans-Atlantic trade in both directions. A noteworthy example is John Chilembwe, who instigated an insurrection against the British in Nyasaland in 1915. He traveled to study in the United States in 1897 under the sponsorship of a white missionary named Joseph Booth, and it's likely that he briefly visited Britain.In 1900, upon his return home, he established the Industrial Providence
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  • . There was social and racial tension on the ships that carried West Indians and whites across the Atlantic; the long voyage with poor food and confined conditions raised tempers; whites accused blacks of being 'puffed up' while Jamaicans were highly sensitive to real and imagined slights.
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      . On the ships that transported West Indians and Europeans over the Atlantic, there was social and racial friction; the lengthy voyage, limited food, and cramped conditions roused tempers; whites accused blacks of being "puffed up," while Jamaicans were extremely sensitive to both real and imagined slights.
  • As early as the 1770s, Dr Samuel Hopkins, Congregational minister of Newport, Rhode Island, and an opponent of slavery, proposed sending African Americans to Africa as missionaries. A local African fund was created by the Missionary Society of Rhode Island, and two blacks, one a slave, the other free since birth, but both with a knowledge of a 'Guinea language', were sent to Princeton to study theolog
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      Dr. Samuel Hopkins, a Congregational minister in Newport, Rhode Island, who opposed slavery, suggested deploying African Americans to Africa as missionaries as early as the 1770s. The Missionary Society of Rhode Island established an African fund, and two black people-one a slave and the other free since birth-who both knew the "Guinea language"-were sent to Princeton to study theology.
  • eoples of African descent, but from the outset also to West Africa.20 Africa was the persistent geographical focus of African American missionary thought throughout the nineteenth century. The Second Great Awakening stirred black Christians to a strong belief in the vital purpose of evangelism, and in this Africa had a special significance. The belief in 'providential design' and 'race redemption' was a recurring theme and had a two-fold meaning. By engaging in mission activity, African Americans would not only fulfil the Christian command to preach the Gospel, but also prove their worth to the doubtful white constituency that largely paid to send them to Africa. The idea that God's providential hand had been at work in African slavery was also embraced by some whites
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      people with African ancestry, but also from the beginning to West Africa.Throughout the nineteenth century, African American missionaries' persistent geographic focus was Africa. African nations held a special place in black Christians' understanding of the importance of evangelism as a result of the Second Great Awakening. The idea of "providential design" and "race redemption" recurred frequently and had a dual significance. African Americans would be fulfilling the Christian mandate to proclaim the gospel by participating in mission work, and they would also be demonstrating their value to the skeptic white constituency that mostly funded their trip to Africa. Some whites also adopted the notion that God's benevolent hand had been at work in African slavery.
  • 53 The outcome was that Southern Black Baptists organised the Baptist Foreign Mission Convention, in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1880, although the body represented regional rather than denominational interests. Fifteen years later a degree of black denominational unity was achieved with the creation of the National Baptist Convention (NBC)
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      The Baptist Foreign Mission Convention was eventually established by Southern Black Baptists in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1880, even though the organization served to further regional as opposed to religious concerns. With the establishment of the National Baptist Convention (NBC) fifteen years later, a certain level of black denominational unity was attained.
  • Both the white-led and the African American churches placed considerable emphasis on training men and women for African mission. A later vision of the African American missions was to bring Africans to the United States for education in their new schools and
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      Training men and women for African missions was a priority for both African American and white-led congregations. A different goal of the African American missions was to invite Africans to the country to attend their new schools and receive an education.
  • Missionary Association sponsored The World's Congress on Africa in conjunction with the Chicago World's Fair in August 1893. A further Congress on Africa was held in Atlanta in late 1895 with 'discussions centred around the industrial, intellectual, moral and spiritual "progress" of Afric
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      The World's Congress on Africa was hosted by the Missionary Association in August 1893 in connection with the Chicago World's Fair. The industrial, intellectual, moral, and spiritual "progress" of Africa was the focus of talks at a subsequent Congress on Africa convened in Atlanta in late 1895.
  • n American responses to European colonial rule in Africa were divided. Most black missionaries, predictably, viewed Africa through Western eyes and saw the imposition of European rule as helpful in extending Christianity in the Continent. But there were also black missionary critics of colonialism and particularly of specific colonial rulers. The atrocities carried out by the Congo Free State were publicised by William Sheppard and Henry P. Hawkins, and their white colleague Samuel Lapsley, all of whom worked for the Southern Presbyterians. This led to Sheppard being prosecuted by the Free State authorities.78
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      There were many American responses to European colonial rule in Africa. Predictably, the majority of black missionaries regarded Africa through Western eyes and believed that imposing European control would assist spread Christianity throughout the Continent. However, there were also black mis-sionaries who opposed colonialism in general and particular colonial masters in particular.William Sheppard, Henry P. Hawkins, and their white colleague Samuel Lapsley, who all worked for the Southern Presbyterians, made the atrocities committed by the Congo Free State public.Sheppard was ultimately charged by the Free State authorities as a result.
  • difficulties in the way of, the sending of American Negroes to Africa'.85 A guarded and cautious recommendation by the conference offered to support African American missionaries that were sent to Africa provided they went under the auspices of 'responsible societies of recognized and well-established standing'.86 It was hardly the ringing endorsement that African American delegates had hoped for. However, it was the most that white international mission agencies were prepared to offer. They too had deep suspicions about certain African American activities in colonial Africa. The result was that in the interwar years the number of African American missionaries in Africa steadily decline
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      There are obstacles in the way of transferring American Negroes to Africa.African American missionaries were encouraged to go to Africa with the backing of "responsible societies of recognized and well-established standing," according to the conference's guarded and circumspect proposal.The ringing endorsement that African American delegates had hoped for was far from being received.It was, however, the maximum that white foreign mission organizations were willing to provide. They had the same strong skepticism over specific African-American actions in colonial Africa. As a result, there were increasingly fewer African American missionaries in Africa throughout the interwar period.
nkosinathi3

David Livingstone - Prophet or Patron Saint of Imperialism in Africa: Myths and Misconc... - 1 views

Excellent Nkosinathi Ndlovu 222147238

shared by nkosinathi3 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • This 278 J.M. MacKenzie reveals the extent to which Livingstone’s fame seemed to be securely established without the help of the various alleged impresarios of legendary status.
  • Let us look at the paradox first and the overarching misconception about his life later. It is of course inevitable that all historical figures who are raised to such an almost transcendentally mythic status are going to be subjected to efforts to knock them off their metaphorical plinths. Livingstone has been no exception
  • Something of his extraordinary popularity can be gauged from the fact that in January 1857 a lecture on Livingstone by the Rev. William Garland Barrett (at which the explorer was not present) attracted an audience of 500 factory hands in Ashton-under-Lyne (Thorne 1999, p. 64). As Murchison put it in the following year, ‘the name of Livingstone was sufficient to attract an assembly larger than any room in London could hold’ (The Times, 15 February 1858, p. 3)
    • nkosinathi3
      nkosinathi3 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Another example of just how much Dr Livingstone was respected for his works in Africa
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • reveals the extent to which Livingstone’s fame seemed to be securely established without the help of the various alleged impresarios of legendary status
  • Indeed, it seems to be the case that when such a personality is endowed with a particularly powerful instrumentality, others are going to set about denying him individual agency all together
  • Thus, Livingstone was already celebrated when he arrived home in 1856 and that celebrity was more than confirmed by the publication of his Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa in 1857, for it is a truly remarkable book, excitingly written not least for its powerful descriptions of the African landscape, full of observations on the geology, meteorology, hydrology, philology, anthropology, and botany of Africa, sometimes amusing, often sentimental, strikingly free of racism, immensely valuable even without its inevitable overlay of natural theology and evangelical religious purpose. Not least it is impressive for its respect for indigenous knowledge, for the efforts of its author to learn from the peoples among whom he travelled.
  • Moreover, his contribution to medical science in Africa and his influence on the development of medical missions are also being recognised (Etherington 2005, pp. 275, 278; Harrison 2013). At any rate, Livingstone’s undoubted role in raising the profile of the Royal Geographical Society was eventually acknowledged by the fact that his statue is set into the wall of its premises (Lowther Lodge, opened in 1913) in Kensington Gore.
  • So far as the attack by Listowel is concerned, her contention that Livingstone was so jealous of his own reputation and fame that he consciously set about cutting others out of the geographical story is surely hard to sustain. Dealing only with the accusation concerning William Cotton Oswell, the fact is that Livingstone never ceased declaring his debt to him. There are at least 16 references to Oswell, all highly laudatory, in Missionary Travels and Researches. Livingstone maintained a regular correspondence with Oswell and frequently mentioned him in his letters to the London Missionary Society (LMS) and to his many other correspondents (Schapera 1959, 1961, passim)
    • nkosinathi3
      nkosinathi3 on 26 Apr 23
       
      more proof that attempts to taint Livingstone's reputation were unsuccessful and further prove that his fame is really a result of his hard work and efforts.
  • Livingstone had the vision, the local language, the institutional base, and above all his own devastating literacy to maintain his voluminous report and letter writing. It is not in the least surprising, and indeed entirely appropriate, that Livingstone secured the credit.
thabi_m

RESISTANT CULTURE AFRICAN TRAVEL - 2 views

link.gale.com/...AONE

shared by thabi_m on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • thabi_m on 26 Apr 23
     
    This article is about a young explorer from Germany who was one of the earliest pioneers of the German exploration of Africa .His untimely death turned him into a martyr of science and challenged posterity to lift the mystery surrounding his demise, the search for his remains and his murders and the main focus later on was on the penetration of the African interior and the generational knowledge or opinion on the continent. On the other hand, the circumstances of his death prompted follow-up expeditions that attempted to ascertain the whereabouts of his remains and to achieve his ultimate goal which was the verification of the Great Central Lakes region including the source of the Nile River. His fate contributed to the perceived knowledge about social, political, and ethnic conditions in African interior, including the role of Arab Slave traders as being responsible for his death and thus as a threat to EUROPEAN access. Roscher's example shows that whether the travel disrupted and arbored or "successful" generates further travel sets in motion processes of penetrating or collecting knowledge and securing the passage. 221026202
sekhele

312_1.tif.pdf - 1 views

Keabetswe Sekhele Moganedi 221075889

shared by sekhele on 22 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • THE EXTENSION OF ARAB INFLUENCE IN AFRICA. 1
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      The extension of Arab influence in Africa refers to the spread of Arab culture, religion, and trade in the African continent. Arab influence in Africa began in the 7th century with the spread of Islam and continued through the trans-Saharan trade. Arab influence had a significant impact on the development of African societies, including language, religion, and political organization. The Arab influence on Africa was not uniform and varied by region and time period. Today, Arab influence in Africa can be seen in the cultural practices, languages, and religion of many African countries.
  • ONE of the most striking phenomena in the march of events in Africa is, m~doubtedly, the extension of Arab influence from the north-east of the continent over nearly all the northern part, as far as the Gulf of Guinea, and from the east towards the Central Equatorial zone. Like sn inundation, it threatens some day to overflow the entire con- ti~lent. Men of all classes, whether explorers, missionaries, politicians, or philanthropists, alike recognise it--some to extol the effect of this iHflucnce on the natives and to depreciate that of European civilisation, others to absolutely deny the value of the civilisation imported by the adherents of Islam and the means by which it is promoted. Without attempting to interfere in the discussion on the question raised in the English, French, and German reviews, we desire, in summing up the data on which all these publications agree, and in adding information furnished by certain special works, to mark the stages of the develop- ment of Arab influence in Africa, to trace its actual limits, and to indicate its principal causes.
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      The spread of Arab influence across Africa from the northeast to almost the entire northern region and towards the Central Equatorial zone is a significant phenomenon in African history. It is compared to an inundation that threatens to overflow the entire continent. This influence is acknowledged by various groups, including explorers, missionaries, politicians, and philanthropists. Some believe it has a positive impact on the natives, while others disagree and criticize the value of Islamic civilization and its means of promotion. The aim of this discussion is to provide an overview of the development of Arab influence in Africa, identify its limits, and explore its principal causes.
  • The third period extends from the seventeenth century to our own day. The principal propagating agents of the Arab influence at the present time are the Foulbes. Hitherto they had been content with founding agricultural colonies in the Central Sudan, but at the beginning of this century they were seized with a proselytising zeal which promised to carry everything before it. A priest of the province of Gobir, Otman dan Fodio, began the religious war against the pagan populations of the Hausa tribes. The conquering Foulbes spread as far as the ocean in the west, and penetrated far into the south and south-west. They attacked Bornu, but without success. Otman then divided the conquered territory into parts :--Gandu, to the west, and Sokoto, to the east, and the sovereigns of these two kingdoms were expected to bring the natives
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      From the 17th century until now, the Foulbes have been spreading Arab influence through agricultural colonies in Central Sudan. They later began to conquer pagan tribes and spread Islam, establishing new kingdoms and transforming once-savage tribes into semi-civilized nations. Islam now reigns from the Nile to the Atlantic and from the Sahara to the north of the Equator.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Amru soon undertook the conquest of the north of Africa; after his death, in 664~ the Egyptian Governor, Okba~ seized Eezzan, founded Kairwan, and advanced as far as the frontiers of Marocco, which, since 618, had belonged to the Visigoths of Spain. After the battle of Maluya, all Marocco, as far as Ceuta, fell into the hands of the Arabs. The Berbers, who at first opposed, in a short time nearly all adopted, Islamism, and, for the most part, the Arab language as well. Sixty- six years sufficed for the Arabs and Islam to subdue all the north of Africa, fl'om Egypt to the Atlantic.
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      This passage describes the conquest of North Africa by the Arab armies led by Amru, followed by the Egyptian governor Okba who founded Kairwan and extended Arab rule up to the borders of Morocco. The Berber population initially resisted, but soon converted to Islam and adopted the Arabic language. Within 66 years, the Arabs had successfully conquered and subdued the entire North African region, from Egypt to the Atlantic.
  • within tile pale of Islam. The sovereigns of Sokoto extended their power over Adamawa, and the father of the present sultan, iY[allem Adama, founded a new Mohammedan kingdom on the ruins of several pagan States, of which the most important was Kokomi. When the work of destruction was accomplished, the conquerors began to colonise and reconstruct ; after having ravaged immense stretches of country they attempted to cultivate it afresh ; and in order to establish political unity, destroyed a great number of natives, so that the scattered States, once joined under their seeptre, became available for extensive commercial relations. Thus, the explorer Joseph Thomson writes in the Contem- porary .Review that in comparing the degraded populations of the Coast of Guinea and the banks of the Lower Niger with those of the Central Sudan, what he saw there gave him a very different impression from what he had expected to see. Although he was in the heart of Africa, in the midst of veritable Negroes, they were very different from those he had met in his travels. He found there large and well-built towns, well-clothed people, behaving with self-possessed dignity; and everywhere signs of an in- dustrious community, highly advanced in the path of civilisation, carry- ing on different trades; the various metals were worked, stuffs were spun and dyed, and the markets were thronged with people. Savage tribes had been transformed into semi-civilised nations l Fetichism, with its degrading superstitions, had disappeared before Islam, which had in- spired the Negroes with a new and vigorous life. Thomson adds that Islam reigns at the present day from the. Nile to the Atlantic, and from the Sahara as far as the sixth or even the fourth degree north of the Equator.
  • According to Paulitschke, Islam is making great progress amongst the Gallas. The great tribe of Day has embraced Islamism, while the Walashi and Garura have remained pagan. However this may be, the Arabs are found everywhere in Eastern Africa, either in colonies of a few families, or as travellers. They are to be met with in all the towns of any importance in Southern Africa as far as the colony of Natal and Cape Town. Nevertheless, they do not sensibly influence the population there.
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      The text suggests that Islam is spreading among the Gallas, a group of people in Eastern Africa. The author, Paulitschke, notes that the Day tribe has embraced Islam while the Walashi and Garura tribes have remained pagan. The text also mentions that Arabs can be found throughout Eastern Africa, either living in small communities or traveling through the region. They are present in many towns in Southern Africa, as far as the colony of Natal and Cape Town. However, despite their presence, the text suggests that the Arabs do not have a significant impact on the local population.
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