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dlangudlangu

The Relationship between Trade in Southern Mozambique and State Formation: Reassessing ... - 1 views

Anakho Dlangudlangu 221107980

shared by dlangudlangu on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • This theory centres on a cattle trade that came to replace the ivory trade from the late 18th century onwards, and was based on the demand for fresh meat by whaler
  • The Portuguese ivory trade at Delagoa Bay started in 1545, when a sporadic trade based on the monsoon seasons laid the foundation for the export of ivory that would boom in the latter half of the 18th century
  • although Hedges acknowledged the high value of copper and brass to Nguni society, he neglected the importance of brass jewellery as an indicator of political authority, while emphasising its importance in terms of its exchange value for cattle
  • ...30 more annotations...
  • sporadic
  • he traders from the north traded along the Nkomati river, bringing ivory in exchange for black cloth, and the abundance of brass offered along the Maputo river attracted the supply from the south, from the area beyond the Mkuze river, today known as northern KwaZulu-Natal.
  • Hedges modified Smith’s trade theory by suggesting that a cattle trade replaced a sharply dwindling ivory trade during the late 18th century, and argued that it was this change that influenced the development of state formatio
  • Hedges proposed that the boom in the ivory trade created a greater need for labour, which in turn led to chiefs drawing on regiment age sets, or amabutho, to facilitate hunting elephant in order to deliver a constant supply of ivory to the market
  • Hedges claimed that the ivory trade had rapidly declined by the end of the 18th century, and was replaced by a substantial cattle trade based on whalers’ need for fresh mea
  • The characteristic feature of trade during most of the 18th century was its sporadic nature, maintained ever since the establishment of the Portuguese ivory trade in the 16th century
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 26 Apr 23
       
      ivory has been traded for many centuries and at the beggining it was a popular or consistent trade
  • t was under these favourable circumstances that Edward Chandler and his experienced crew made their way to Delagoa Bay with an official licence to exploit the ivory market from 1756.
  • Besides the limited political interference displayed by Europeans at this time, the greater level of ivory supply to the coast can be attributed to the ample supply of brass
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 26 Apr 23
       
      there was a high demand of brass in the african societies and there was also a high demand for ivory in Europeans
  • he demand for ivory at Delagoa Bay was nothing new and was the reason for the Portuguese trade initiative in 154
  • During the Dutch era, ivory traders from the north-west interior in search of dark blue glass beads approached the coast to trade, but because these beads were always in short supply, the ivory trade faltered
  • And although they paid lower prices and were officially absent for three years after the French destroyed their fort in 1796, the ivory trade remained significant in terms of supplying imported goods to the northern Nguni
  • It was the abundant and constant supply of brass that determined the volume of ivory delivered to Europeans along the Maputo river, and I suggest that it was this factor, the ample supply of brass, that was the first in a sequence of events that led to state formation among the Nguni.
  • The average weight of Austrian exports alone, other than the continuing country trade, amounted to an average of 75,000 lb per annum. 36 This figure translates to 6,250 lb of ivory per month, representing the slaughter of over 160 elephants per month for the sake of the trade. This number assumes a conservative average of 39 lb of ivory per elephant, based on the ivory provided to the Dutch over the period 1 November 1731–8 January 1732. 37 The heaviest tusks that the Dutch traded weighed 80 lb, and if the Austrians traded exclusively in heavier tusks, hunters needed to kill at least one elephant a day to meet the demand. 38
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 26 Apr 23
       
      the Australian demand for ivory was higher than the Dutch demand for ivory and that meant that many elephants were killed each and every day to meet the demand. also the demand fro brass and cloth among the african societies was high which can also explain the high killings of elephants for their tusks
  • Hedges also stressed the external demand for ivory as the reason for the ivory boom, rather than, as I claim, the internal demand for brass as the reason for the ivory boom
  • Elephant hunting in Africa was almost always done in large groups and needed great skill and planning. 40 Methods commonly used in Africa to kill elephant included using spears, or bows and poisoned arrows; digging pitfalls and deadfalls, perching in trees over elephant paths in order to plunge spears into animals passing underneath, and severing the hamstring tendon with a light axe
  • The basis of this assumption is the reach of the intermediary kingdom of Mabudu, which stretched to this river – and it was here that brass, a trade item almost as popular as beads, was in high demand
  • the Dutch traded copper bangles for ivory during the early stages of their trading post
  • 1 Further south, in Terra Natal, copper and, later, brass played a significant role in designating rank within the small chiefdoms of the early Nguni-speaking people. 52 Early observers noted the importance of dress and ornaments to distinguish rank. In a hierarchical society such as that of the Nguni, objects such as beads and metal jewellery, along with dressed skins, created a visual reminder of the status and prestige of the elite
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 26 Apr 23
       
      brass was used for many things in the African societies and represented power. This explains why it was mostly the chiefs who were trading ivory in exchange for brass
  • Chiefs wore flat neck rings, while men and women of high rank wore neck rings made up out of one or more brass rings. Chiefs’ wives had solid brass balls threaded on to a string and worn around their necks, and small cast-brass buttons or studs decorated their skin garments
  • Traders like Chandler had easy access to brass because, by the late 17th century, British copper and brass dominated markets worldwide because of regulatory and technological developments
  • The significance of brass lay in its power to enhance chiefly prestige, signifying chiefs’ status as effective political leaders, with the
  • resources to attract and maintain a following. Brass, as copper, symbolised power, illustrated by Livingstone’s anecdote: ‘[w]hen [the chief] had finished his long oration he rose up, and in going off was obliged by such large bundles of copper rings on his ankles to adopt quite a straddling walk.
  • Elephant hunting was labour intensive: men needed to locate, track, pursue and bring down animals, cut out tusks and carry their spoils long distances to collection points along the upper reaches of the Maputo river. 3
  • Whalers created a significant trade in replenishing food supplies rather than dealing in ivory – which seems to point to the ‘sharp decline’ in the ivory trade, a factor that Hedges posits as the reason for the rise of a cattle trade to replace the ivory trade. 73 But, as we shall see later, he overestimated both the decline in the ivory trade and the volume of the cattle trade
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 26 Apr 23
       
      during the Whalers time ivory demand and trade declined as Whalers were mostly interested in food supply. trading brass and cloth for food, vegetables and meat. in this time cattle trading kept on increasing
  • Whalers supplied goods – brass, cloth and beads – generously in exchange for food. 7
  • He hypothesises that the whalers needed great quantities of meat, which, in turn, required large numbers of cattle on the hoof to be imported to Delagoa Bay. Y et the number of whalers was not as large as Hedges supposed, and the relatively small number of men was there for a limited time
  • But by the mid 18th century, the provision of meat and vegetables, particularly onions, increasingly became the domain of the Tembe chief. 90 The growing fresh-food sector of the market enabled the Tembe chief to increase his authority over his territory, evident in the appointment of the ‘King of the Water’ from at least 1784
  • Although it had fallen to lower levels, the ivory trade remained significant to the south-east African trade network.
  • the sharp decline of the ivory trade by 1814, compared to the period of 1802– 1803, was not concurrent with the presence of large numbers of whalers at Delagoa Bay. There was a reduction in whaling activity globally from the beginning of the 19th century
  • The comparative decline in the ivory trade from 1781, when the Portuguese re-established their authority over trade, diminished the flow of brass into the interior. As a sumptuous item, brass demanded stricter control over its redistribution, forming the pressing motive for the conflict among the northern Ngun
ntandoelinda

Full article: The Relationship between Trade in Southern Mozambique and State Formation... - 4 views

www.tandfonline.com/...03057070.2016.1200869

Ntando Elizabeth Linda 221152738 History 2A

shared by ntandoelinda on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The characteristic feature of trade during most of the 18th century was its sporadic nature, maintained ever since the establishment of the Portuguese ivory trade in the 16th century. This situation changed during the English and Austrian periods of trade, when ivory was supplied on a far more regular basis because of the involvement of the country trade – a coastal trade in Asia, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea and, occasionally, the east coast of Africa, conducted by privately owned merchant vessels.Footnote1515 For discussion of the Bombay country trade, see A. Bulley, Bombay Country Ships 1790–1833 (Richmond, Curzon Press, 2000).View all notes The country trade was a special feature of the English East India Company (EEIC) that allowed either servants or ex-servants of the company to import quantities of certain goods on their own accounts.Footnote1616 Ibid., p. vii.View all notes This practice permitted legitimate private transactions, which generated an income in silver, a strength that the Company exploited. As country ships came to dominate English maritime trade, their business became invaluable to the Company that used the ready cash to pay for its annual tea order from China. And because the EEIC formally permitted their servants to conduct private trade, merchants became stakeholders in the company as a whole.Footnote1717 Ibid.View all notes Trade flourished in the Indian Ocean because traders were given the freedom to explore coasts and take advantage of trade within the terms of their licences.Footnote1818 Ibid., p. 3.View all notes It was under these favourable circumstances that Edward Chandler and his experienced crew made their way to Delagoa Bay with an official licence to exploit the ivory market from 1756. The importance of Chandler’s country trade was his access to capital with which to maintain a supply of a large quantity of trade goods, in particular the brass items that were in high demand in the southern hinterland of Delagoa Bay (see Table 1). Besides the limited political interference displayed by Europeans at this time, the greater level of ivory supply to the coast can be attributed to the ample supply of brass
    • ntandoelinda
      ntandoelinda on 25 Apr 23
       
      With the rise of ivory trade in the 18th century, came exploitation for Africa as the EEIC benefitted more and extracted everything in Africa causing the animals with ivory to become extinct. The limited interference by Europeans was not displayed enough yet the ivory supply attributed to the ample supply of brass.
  • The demand for ivory at Delagoa Bay was nothing new and was the reason for the Portuguese trade initiative in 1545. The Dutch, throughout their stay (1721–1730), did everything in their power to stimulate and expand the trade, and yet the supply stayed relatively low and dwindled to nothing when the desired trade goods ran out. The type of trade goods on offer decided the source and volume of the ivory supply. During the Dutch era, ivory traders from the north-west interior in search of dark blue glass beads approached the coast to trade, but because these beads were always in short supply, the ivory trade faltered. Judging by the Austrian inventories, the ivory supply came predominantly from the Nkomati and Maputo rivers.
    • ntandoelinda
      ntandoelinda on 25 Apr 23
       
      Before the 18th century, there was a significant decrease in the selling of the ivory, The Dutch attempted to change the situation but did not succeed. At that time, not a lot of people did not know the value of the ivory and did not know how it could be used hence there was a decline in the sales of ivory.
  • By the late 18th century, then, Delagoa Bay had become primarily a refreshment station. It remained so well into the 19th century.Footnote8383 BdJ.L.M.L. Zimba, ‘Overseas Trade, Regional Politics and Gender Roles: Southern Mozambique, c.1720 to c.1830’, PhD thesis, University of Michigan, 1999, Chapter 3, pp. 161–73.View all notes The Tembe had provisioned ships from the 16th century through to the 18th century, and were naturally the group to maintain and expand this dominance over the food trade when whalers started to frequent the Bay.Footnote8484 Chewins, ‘Trade at Delagoa Bay’, p. 127.View all notes The Mfumo, situated on the northern shore, were known for a lack of cultivation (owing to the sandy soil found there), and their reliance on meat, even the ‘gedroogte spiere van hun vijande’, for sustenance.Footnote8585 CA C406 f. 117, ‘the dried flesh of their enemies’, a cynical observation of a disillusioned employee of the VOC, visiting the trading post in 1721.View all notes Cultivation on the northern bank, apart from the Dutch effort to establish a Company garden, was an activity that the Mfumo consistently avoided throughout the 18th century.Footnote8686 The Dutch pointed out the lack of non-cultivation in 1720, see CA C406 f. 117; the observation is repeated in White, Journal of a Voyage, p. 52.View all notes The Tembe side of Delagoa Bay was well suited to agriculture, having dark fertile soil and a higher rainfall than the opposite bank
    • ntandoelinda
      ntandoelinda on 25 Apr 23
       
      The trade in ivory connects to the history of KwaZulu-Natal as it was one of the routes used to deliver the ivory from all the points. The refreshment station was made to accommodate the people who are shipping the ivory from point a to point b.
sivemhlobo

The Relationship between Trade in Southern Mozambique and State Formation Reassessing H... - 12 views

Sive Mhlobo 222057774

shared by sivemhlobo on 18 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • F or the past 37 years, David Hedges’ cattle trade theory has dominated the historical analysis of state formation in southern Africa during the 19th century.
    • sivemhlobo
      sivemhlobo on 18 Apr 23
       
      except for the ivory trade even cattle trade was dominant in 19th century,but the major focus of this article is the Ivory trade.
  • The Portuguese ivory trade at Delagoa Bay started in 1545, when a sporadic trade based on the monsoon seasons laid the foundation for the export of ivory that would boom in the latter half of the 18th century
  • his trade has been a key element in the dominant explanations offered for accelerated processes of political centralisation in northern Kwazulu-Natal, which culminated in the rise of the Zulu kingdom
  • ...46 more annotations...
  • This article reviews the evidence and arguments presented by Hedges and suggests that while his work haws provided an important contribution to the debate, elements of his argument need substantial revision
  • n 1799, the Portuguese established a permanent fort on Punta V ermelha, supplying ivory to the market through Mozambique Island.
    • sivemhlobo
      sivemhlobo on 18 Apr 23
       
      the Ivory reached other parts of the area through Mozambique Island.
  • The debate about the causes of state formation in northern Kwazulu-Natal has included a wide range of factors: individual genius, population growth, trade and drough
  • The debate about the causes of state formation in northern Kwazulu-Natal has included a wide range of factors: individual genius, population growth, trade and drought. Most historians would now avoid a single explanation for this phenomenon, and there is also an acknowledgement that the processes at work lie further back in time and developed over a wider geographical area than thought at first.
  • he argument that trade with Delagoa Bay played an important part remains unchallenged, but what exactly this role was is far from clear.
  • The argument that trade with Delagoa Bay played an important part remains unchallenged, but what exactly this role was is far from clear. The ‘Mfecane debate’, and in particular Cobbing’s suggestion that slave trading had played a decisive role, sparked interest in the issue, but it waned after Eldredge’s critique of the periodisation of his argument.
  • According to Newitt, this period of drought lasted between 1794 and 1802, and the Mahlatule is widely cited as a possible cause for political, social and economic changes leading to the emergence of the Zulu Kingdom. 5
  • The focus of this article is on trade, but its purpose is not to suggest that this is the only significant factor.
  • edges also stressed the external demand for ivory as the reason for the ivory boom, rather than, as I claim, the internal demand for brass as the reason for the ivory boom. 7
  • ater asserted that the origins of centralised political authority lay in the ivory trade, largely because
  • he chiefdoms of the northern Nguni were progressively incorporated into exchanging commodities with Europeans from 1750. 10
    • sivemhlobo
      sivemhlobo on 18 Apr 23
       
      Ivory trade in Northern Nguni was a major thing as it was it that drawn money.
  • Hedges modified Smith’s trade theory by suggesting that a cattle trade replaced a sharply dwindling ivory trade during the late 18th century, and argued that it was this change that influenced the development of state formation
  • According to him, the structures initially developed to maintain a large supply of ivory to the coast were significant to state formation. Hedges proposed that the boom in the ivory trade created a greater need for labour, which in turn led to chiefs drawing on regiment age sets, or amabutho, to facilitate hunting elephant in order to deliver a constant supply of ivory to the market
  • ccording to him, the structures initially developed to maintain a large supply of ivory to the coast were significant to state formation. Hedges proposed that the boom in the ivory trade created a greater need for labour, which in turn led to chiefs drawing on regiment age sets, or amabutho, to facilitate hunting elephant in order to deliver a constant supply of ivory to the marke
  • ccording to him, the structures initially developed to maintain a large supply of ivory to the coast were significant to state formation. Hedges proposed that the boom in the ivory trade created a greater need for labour, which in turn led to chiefs drawing on regiment age sets, or amabutho, to facilitate hunting elephant in order to deliver a constant supply of ivory to the market.
  • supply of ivory to the coast were significant to state formation.
  • he boom in the ivory trade created a greater need for labour, which in turn led to chiefs drawing on regiment age sets, or amabutho, to facilitate hunting elephant in order to deliver a constant supply of ivory to the market
    • sivemhlobo
      sivemhlobo on 18 Apr 23
       
      Ivory was taken from elephants,so when Hedges noticed that there was a drop in trade he considered the need of labour so that they can trade with other countries or continents.
  • edges claimed that the ivory trade had rapidly declined by the end of the 18th century, and was replaced by a substantial cattle trade based on whalers’ need for fresh meat.
  • The amabutho, previously employed to hunt, were subsequently used for cattle raiding.
    • sivemhlobo
      sivemhlobo on 18 Apr 23
       
      Amabutho were people who defended the Zulu Kingdom from raiders,provided protection for refugees and were involved to ivory and slave trade.
  • he country trade was a special feature of the English East India Company (EEIC) that allowed either servants or ex-servants of the company to import quantities of certain goods on their own accounts. 16
  • Trade flourished in the Indian Ocean because traders were given the freedom to explore coasts and take advantage of trade within the terms of their licences.
  • The importance of Chandler’s country trade was his access to capital with which to maintain a supply of a large quantity of trade goods, in particular the brass items that were in high demand in the southern hinterland of Delagoa Bay (see Table 1). Besides the limited political interference displayed by Europeans at this time, the greater level of ivory supply to the coast can be attributed to the ample supply of brass.
  • 9 These two clauses were part of an attempt to keep access to the trade routes from the north and north-west open, which suggests that Bolts expected ivory from these directions
  • ese two clauses were part of an attempt to keep access to the trade routes from the north and north-west open, which suggests that Bolts expected ivory from these directions. 30
  • his policy not only provided the trading post with an income from port duties payable by any ship, other those flying the Austrian flag, but also excited trade. The Austrians, however, lacked the leverage to enforce the stipulations of the contracts, and the supply of ivory depended on the chiefs’ satisfaction with the payments offered
  • The traders from the north traded along the Nkomati river, bringing ivory in exchange for black cloth, and the abundance of brass offered along the Maputo river attracted the supply from the south, from the area beyond the Mkuze river, today known as northern KwaZulu-Natal.
  • The traders from the north traded along the Nkomati river, bringing ivory in exchange for black cloth, and the abundance of brass offered along the Maputo river attracted the supply from the south, from the area beyond the Mkuze river, today known as northern KwaZulu-Natal.
  • ough the European trade base was situated on Inhaca Island, the trade hub along the Bay’s shores had come to include a section along the Maputo river stretching into the interior, and involved the northern Nguni in trade
  • he northern Nguni (including the Ndandwe, Ngwane and Mthethwa) formed political alliances with Tembe chiefs Mabudu and Mapanielle, who were the brothers of the Tembe paramount Mangova, to control trade further along the Maputo river and ‘secure communications’ between these groups. 3
  • During the four-year Austrian stint in south-eastern Africa, the export of ivory increased significantly in comparison to that during the Dutch period
    • sivemhlobo
      sivemhlobo on 18 Apr 23
       
      i think it was because they employed many people to hunt elephants.
  • is figure translates to 6,250 lb of ivory per month, representing the slaughter of over 160 elephants per month for the sake of the trade
  • ure translates to 6,250 lb of ivory per month, representing the slaughter of over 160 elephants per month for the sake of the trad
  • The scale of the slaughter of elephants implies two things: one is the high value that these societies placed on exotic goods, namely beads and cloth and, more specifically, brass, as we shall later see
  • he other is the pressure that elephant hunting placed on societies to supply labour in order to produce such great quantities of ivory and transport it to the coast. Elephant hunting was labour intensive: men needed to locate, track, pursue and bring down animals, cut out tusks and carry their spoils long distances to collection points along the upper reaches of the Maputo river. 39
  • lephant hunting was labour intensive: men needed to locate, track, pursue and bring down animals, cut out tusks and carry their spoils long distances to collection points along the upper reaches of the Maputo rive
  • Methods commonly used in Africa to kill elephant included using spears, or bows and poisoned arrows; digging pitfalls and deadfalls, perching in trees over elephant paths in order to plunge spears into animals passing underneath, and severing the hamstring tendon with a light axe. 41 This demand for labour explains why ageregiment systems developed at much the same time in the Ndwandwe, Ngwane and Mthethwa societies, as units of labour for the state.
    • sivemhlobo
      sivemhlobo on 18 Apr 23
       
      Africans are good in use of spears and axes,so they used them in order to easily catch elephants.
  • nlike the secretive blacksmiths, brass workers were summoned to the chief’s homestead to fashion items in plain view, and were hosted as guests of the ruler. What is more telling regarding the prestige of brass work is the fact that, unlike the blacksmiths who ‘might occasionally’ be presented with gifts of cattle, brass workers ‘used to be rewarded with cattle for their pains’
  • The English ivory trade was a source of copper and brass, and traders could supply copious amounts of these cuprous goods.
  • More than half of the Austrian trade occurred along the Maputo river, and the influx of brass into northern Nguni territory was in all likelihood a reason for the growth of the Ngwane, Ndwandwe and Mthethwa states during the late 18th century, with the Ndwandwe in closest proximity to the Mabudu–Mapanielle of Tembe stock, whose authority commanded the furthest exchange point south along the Maputo river.
  • With the greater influx of brass, the need to control the redistribution of this trade item increased, contributing to the centralisation of power and the emergence of Ndwandwe society along the Mkuze and Pongola rivers
  • The presence of whaling ships increased the provisions trade to the northern Tembe. Whalers who had arrived a little early for the whaling season did trade in some ivory on their own account. But in their eyes, cheap provisions, rather than an ivory trade, was the advantage of Delagoa Bay, and they chose to deal directly with chiefs. 74
  • his increase in production represents the innovative attitude of the successive Tembe chiefs, who adapted to the changing demand in order to gain prestigious goods.
  • The importance of the whalers’ food trade lay in the value of the items they liberally exchanged for food.
  • here are three problems with this view. The first is that until 1804 the ivory trade remained significant, although diminished. The second is the timing of a large number of whaling ships frequenting the Bay. 103 The third problem is connected to the capacity of whalers to consume so much meat. Although it had fallen to lower levels, the ivory trade remained significant to the south-east African trade network. In 1802–1803, the Bombay council’s statistics show that the trade from Mozambique Island had the value of 81,255 rupees, and 40 per cent of this amount (that is, 32,600 rupees) were supplied from Delagoa Bay. 104
  • welve years later, the imports to Surat were valued at 21,775 rupees from Mozambique Island, which could have included a portion from Delagoa Bay. 10
  • This amount represents 26 per cent of the income calculated in 1802–1803. Thus not only did the ivory trade continue throughout the whaling period of 1785–1799, it also did so throughout first 15 years of the 19th century, supplying brass and other goods at a reduced yet significant rate to chiefdoms of the Nguni
thabokhanyile

18th- and 19th-Century European Expeditions | Livingstone Online - 2 views

livingstoneonline.org/...h-century-european-expeditions

AOT KHANYILE

shared by thabokhanyile on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Background: Eighteenth-Century Expeditions    Top ⤴ View of Huaheine (from James Cook's Voyages). Copyright Wellcome Library, London. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
    • thabokhanyile
      thabokhanyile on 26 Apr 23
       
      European journey of Africa
aluswah

29779210.pdf - 3 views

shared by aluswah on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ry. The aim of the present paper is to suggest that during the 19th century Malawi was in fact more, not less, politically centralised than it was in the earlier centuries, and following Alpers to emphasise the crucial role of the ivory trade - elephant hunting - in the political history of Malawi. After
    • aluswah
      aluswah on 26 Apr 23
       
      Malawi was more centralised in the 19th century due to the ivory trade.
  • based on "plunder" and on "conquering" the neighbouring territories. But of course plunder could hardly be achieved without the use of firearms derived from the trade in ivory - for ivory trade and political domination went hand-in-hand, as Alpers implied. Elephant hunting, trade in ivory, access to firearms - if these coalesced even local petty chiefs were soon able to assert their political dominion over local communities -and with local support derived from the redistribution of trade goods, to establish a degree of autonomy from what were at one time centralised kingdoms.
    • aluswah
      aluswah on 26 Apr 23
       
      Elephant hunting, trade in ivory, access to firearms, and local support from redistribution of trade goods enabled local petty chiefs to assert political dominance over local communities.
  • i Journal were deeply implicated in the ivory trade. Both Newitt and Schoffeleers, unlike Alpers, tend to play down the importance of the ivory trade, and almost ignore entirely the crucial significance of firearms that were derived from this trade
    • aluswah
      aluswah on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ivory trade was essential for the development of firearms.
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • he ivory trade in East Central Africa probably goes back to antiquity, and certainly by around 1000AD a complex trading network of African hunters, local chiefs, African or Muslim traders and Asian merchant "capitalists" had been established.
    • aluswah
      aluswah on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ivory trade in East Central Africa dates back to 1000AD.
  • ut it was from the end of the 18th century that the great development of the ivory trade took place in East and Central Africa. There was a marked increase in the demand for ivory in both Europe and the United States - the ivory being used for a wide variety of ornaments and household goods - piano and organ keys, snuff boxes, umbrella handles, chess sets and carved figures - "not to mention the ivory inlaid butts of six-shooters for the
    • aluswah
      aluswah on 26 Apr 23
       
      The 18th century saw an increase in demand for ivory in Europe and the US, used for ornaments and household goods.
  • The Ivory Trade 9 American west" (op. cit.288).
  • Although the Chewa were deeply implicated in the ivory trade, Phiri suggests that it was such ethnic communities as the Bisa, Chikunda and Yao who largely functioned as the itinerant traders. Significantly, while the importation of muzzle-loading guns was important in the development of the ivory trade, there was also an increased demand for iron spears and axes which led to a resurgence of the local iron-industry
    • aluswah
      aluswah on 26 Apr 23
       
      The 18th century saw an increase in demand for ivory in Europe and the US, used for ornaments and household goods.
  • ns on the arms trade (Beachey 1962: 451-53). The impact of the ivory trade - most of the elephant hunting, but not all, being done by armed gangs of men using the imported muzzle-loading guns - was devastating on the elephant population of Central and East Africa. By the end of the 19th century, the ivory trade was all but defunct, even though it has continued to have significance in a limited way until the present decade, although much of the hunting of elephant in Malawi nowadays is illegal.
    • aluswah
      aluswah on 26 Apr 23
       
      The ivory trade had a devastating impact on the elephant population of Central and East Africa, but has since been defunct.
keanosmith

Bondsmen: Slave Collateral in the 19th-Century Cape Colony.pdf - 4 views

Ryan Smith

shared by keanosmith on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • During the 18th and 19th centuries, enslaved people in the Cape Colony were used as collateral on loans. In the near absence of formal lending institutions, private credit agreements predominated among slave-owners, as researchers have established in earlier studies. Based on a sample of 19th-century mortgage records, I use network analysis in this article to visualise the flow of credit among slave-owner debtors and creditors, showing the position of banks in a network dominated by private creditors and highlighting the role of widows in the male world of credit.
    • keanosmith
      keanosmith on 24 Apr 23
       
      Kate Ekama writes about slavery in the Cape Colony and how slave owners used their slaves as insurance on loans.
  • Craa offered the council collateral as security, in the form of the enslaved man Anthony of Malabar. Anthony of Malabar was the first enslaved person to be mortgaged at the Cape; the practice grew over the course of the 18th century and persisted into the 19th such that, by the 1830s, the enslaved were ‘the principal mortgageable assets of the colony’.
    • keanosmith
      keanosmith on 24 Apr 23
       
      Craa was the first slave owner to offer one of his slaves as collateral on loans, this salves name was Anthony of Malabar.
  • A close analysis of 19th-century mortgage records reveals a continuity: mortgages on slave collateral continued into the apprenticeship period, and new mortgages were agreed after 1 December 1834 on the value of the formerly enslaved.
    • keanosmith
      keanosmith on 24 Apr 23
       
      Slaves used as collateral persisted from the 18th century well into the 19th century and was thought to be abolished in the 1830s. However, later records state that this may not be the case and that some slave owners still used slaves as collateral even after emancipation during the apprenticeship period.
  • ...28 more annotations...
  • The property rights side – the enslaved as assets belonging to slave-owners – has received less attention
    • keanosmith
      keanosmith on 24 Apr 23
       
      Slave owners saw slaves as their property, hence they used the slaves as collateral.
  • slave-owners at the Cape received compensation when the enslaved were freed, albeit far below the appraised value of their human property. Yet, as Nigel Worden argues, compensation money that flowed into the Cape aided former slave-owners in the immediate aftermath of emancipation and, as Aaron Graham argues, secured over the longer term the dominance of former slave-owners over former slaves.
    • keanosmith
      keanosmith on 24 Apr 23
       
      After emancipation, the slave owners received compensation, probably in the form of money or other valuable goods, as compared to other parts of the world. Aaron Graham state that the former slave owners may still display dominance over the former slave. This means that the former slaves may still be ill-treated by their former owners and the former slave owners as a whole.
  • Martin shows that mortgages on human property enabled slaveowners to purchase more slaves on credit (equity loans), and those who did not yet own slaves to purchase slaves without raising the full purchase price (purchase-money loans).
    • keanosmith
      keanosmith on 24 Apr 23
       
      Slave owners used the slaves they had as collateral to buy more slaves and by doing so they would pay less in other forms of payment as the price would than drop.
  • One repercussion for the enslaved was probably increased risk of family separation, because enslaved people who were collateral would have to be sold or handed over to the creditor if the slave-owner defaulted.
    • keanosmith
      keanosmith on 24 Apr 23
       
      If the slave-owner that used their slaves as collateral did not pay the remainder of their loan payments to the creditor they would keep the slaves and this would then separate these slaves from their families.
  • Gonzalez, Marshall and Naidu write, it was the property rights in slaves that ‘yielded a source of collateral as well as a coerced labor force’ and it is that historical provision to mortgage human property that ‘magnifies [slavery’s] importance to historical American economic development’. 2 The same might be said of the enslaved at the Cape.
    • keanosmith
      keanosmith on 24 Apr 23
       
      Slaves were used to boost economic growth in the Cape of Good Hope.
  • Delays, they predicted, would mean the ruin of the slave-owners before the compensation money arrived in the colony. 21
    • keanosmith
      keanosmith on 24 Apr 23
       
      They predicted delays and said that if the compensation money did not come within a certain period the creditor may demand their payment and this would then make them bankrupt as they have nothing to offer but their farms.
  • At emancipation, according to contemporary opinion, some £400,000 – equivalent to over 5.3 million Rixdollars (Rds) – was mortgaged on slave collateral. 13 Such an amount was close to one-third of the total compensation earmarked for the Cape Colony, highlighting just how significant and valuable a practice it was.
  • Cape officials objected to this plan because of the fundamental part that slave property played in financial transactions.
    • keanosmith
      keanosmith on 24 Apr 23
       
      The Cape officials did not want the emancipation of slaves because they knew it would dismantle their economy as they so depended on the slaves. The slaves were a big part of the Cape economy at the time.
  • Cou nt er -cl ai mant s claimed payment not from slave-owners, but directly from the compensation commission. In this way, their claims were privileged. That mortgage holders were reasonably assured of recouping money lent on slave collateral even once slavery was abolished probably had a significant stabilising effect on the economy in a period of upheaval
  • In March 1834, a meeting of slaveowners and ‘others interested in Slave Property’ addressed their concerns and attendant recommendations to Governor Sir Benjamin D’Urban, which memorial was published in Cape Newspapers, including, unsurprisingly, in the pro-slave-owner publication De ZuidAfrikaan.
  • Generally, the memorialists’ view was that emancipation and compensation as it had been planned would be ruinous for Cape slave-owners.
    • keanosmith
      keanosmith on 24 Apr 23
       
      This point goes back to the point of how the Cape Colony was so dependent on slaves as collateral on loans.
  • The detail provided in these records offer rich insight into the way in which credit networks were organised in the colony in the period before commercial banking expanded. In addition, the records offer the opportunity to subvert their original purpose by naming the enslaved individuals who were pledged as collateral and acknowledging the role of these individuals beyond their labour in the functioning and growth of the Cape economy.
  • The sample of mortgages used here consists of 144 unique mortgages agreed by 50 unique debtors, all of whose surnames begin with ‘A’. 28 Because some debtors agreed more than one mortgage and did not always borrow from the same creditor, we see many more unique creditors than debtors in the sample.
  • Apprenticeship, perceived as a period of adjustment for both former owner and owned, was an integral part of the compensation granted by the British government not only for the continued access to labour for former slave-owners but also for the opportunities to raise credit that it offered.
  • From 30 January 1818 onwards, Cape Colony Governor Somerset made it compulsory to register mortgages secured on slave collateral in the Slave Office. The practice had, of course, existed before that date, from at least the 1730s, as mentioned above, and there was a colonial debt registry in use. But, from January 1818 onwards, both pre-existing and new slave mortgages had to be recorded in registry offices across the colony.
  • Legislation from 1816 and 1817 had established the legally binding nature of the Slave Registers for slave-ownership, apparently motivated by the need to limit the slippage
  • between freedom and slavery for the so-called Prize Slaves. 25
  • The 1818 proclamation added to this administration the register of slave mortgages and established the records as legally binding and useful in courts as evidence in disputes. 26
  • The recording process was more or less standardised and, as a result, each debtor’s folio looks similar, set up in a proto-spreadsheet style. Each entry contains details of the debtor, creditor and enslaved who were collateral, the notary and his location, the date the mortgage was registered and notarised (and sometimes cancelled), and the amount of credit raised.
    • keanosmith
      keanosmith on 24 Apr 23
       
      The proclamation helped in ensuring that the process of using slaves as collateral was legal and ensured that everyone involved was getting what they promised to offer.
  • That each debtor was the legal owner of the slave collateral that he pledged was an important part of maintaining the system. The top right-hand side of the page was used to link each debtor to the relevant Slave Register.
  • The conviction of C.P. Zinn for ‘Falsification and Plagium’ is evidence that the accuracy of the Slave Registers and mortgage records was protected and that enslavement by false registration of free persons was punishable by imprisonment.
  • Zinn’s offence was found out and he was convicted and sentenced to imprisonment on Robben Island. 27
    • keanosmith
      keanosmith on 24 Apr 23
       
      The prosecution of Zinn shows that everyone was protected and ensured that the process of properly stating everything during the process needed to be followed.
  • The complete alphabetical series of mortgages probably contains thousands of entries. I focus on a small sample of these mortgages: only those agreed by debtors with a surname beginning with ‘A’. From a survey of the series, it appears that the ‘A’ sample is of a middling size (not as large as ‘B’, where the branches of the Brink, Burger and van Breda families feature prominently, nor as small as, for instance, ‘I’, but similar in size to ‘F’).
    • keanosmith
      keanosmith on 24 Apr 23
       
      Kate Ekama state that there may be a thousand or more alphabetical entries in the register but she only focuses on a small portion of the register.
  • the debtor side, there seems little reason to suspect that families with an ‘A’ surname would display borrowing patterns markedly different from any other surname. While small, the sample benefits from a wide geographical and temporal scope. On the creditor side, one would expect a small sample to include some but perhaps not all of the large, repeat creditors, which is confirmed by surveying other volumes in the series and the Legacies database.
  • On the other end of the creditor scale, one would expect to find many unique creditors who lend to neighbours and kin, following from Dooling’s arguments, which is likely to mean they appear infrequently or not at all in other letter groups.
  • Through the submission of counter-claims, at least 130 individuals in the Cape Colony received compensation as mortgage holders, with some receiving payment for multiple mortgages, indicative of the clearing off that compensation facilitated. 23
  • Creditors and debtors are represented by grey nodes: widow creditors are dark grey, all other creditor nodes medium grey; the pale grey
  • nodes represent debtors
nkosithand

Southern Africa - European and African interaction from the 15th through the 18th centu... - 1 views

www.britannica.com/...-15th-through-the-18th-century

European and African Interaction from the 15th century through 18th

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  • ujhistprof on 21 Apr 23
     
    you have not tagged your posts, your tutor will not be able to find them to mark them
khumalo

The gun-slave hypothesis and the 18th century British slave trade - ScienceDirect - 1 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S0014498317301043

shared by khumalo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • European shipments of firearms to Africa accelerated in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.8 This is also when African slave exports began to increase. Before then, the older matchlock musket proved ineffective in tropical climates and the Catholic Church prohibited their sale to non-Christians. The sale of large numbers of guns and gunpowder to Africans began with Protestant slave traders not bound by Catholic prohibitions.
sekhele

102313498_Vilhanov.pdf - 2 views

Keabetswe Sekhele Moganedi 221075889

shared by sekhele on 22 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The third phase of the misionary movement in Africa, which started from the end of the eighteenth and continued throughout the nineteenth century, in twentieth-century Africa led to the dramatic expansion of Christianity called “the fourth great age of Christian expansion”. In their attempt to spread the Christian faith, win converts and transform African societies, Christian missions of all denominations opened schools and disseminated education. Scientifically very important was their pioneer work in African languages. By producing grammars, dictionaries, textbooks and translations of religious texts missionaries laid the foundations for literature in African languages. Christian missionary enterprise was no doubt of prime importance in the Westernization of Africa. Africans were, however, not passive recipients of new influences and culture patterns. The adoption of Christianity and the process of cultural exchange were shaped by African choices, needs and efforts to Africanize Africa’s Christian experience by securing the roots of Christianity in the African context.
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      The third phase of the missionary movement in Africa from the late 18th to 19th century led to the fourth great age of Christian expansion in 20th-century Africa. Christian missions opened schools, disseminated education, and pioneered work in African languages. The adoption of Christianity in Africa was shaped by African choices and efforts to Africanize the Christian experience.
  • Before 1800 the chief contact of sub-Saharan Africa with Europe was through the traffic in slaves for the New World. Increasing Western commercial penetration from the end of the eighteenth century and ultimate political dominance in Africa coincided with a massive Christian missionary enterprise.
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      Before 1800, Europe's primary interaction with sub-Saharan Africa was through the slave trade, but later on, Western commercial expansion and political control in Africa coincided with a significant Christian missionary effort.
  • Catholic missions
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Catholic mission refers to the efforts of the Catholic Church to spread its teachings and convert people to the Catholic faith. This involves sending missionaries to areas where Catholicism is not yet established, building churches and other religious institutions, and providing education and other services to the local community. Catholic missions have been established all over the world, with a particular focus on regions where Christianity is not the dominant religion. The mission aims to spread the message of Jesus Christ and share the love and compassion of God with all people.
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • The Catholic mission movement in Africa which had started in the late fifteenth century and was given new direction by the foundation in 1622 in Rome of the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda Fide by Pope Gregory XV, nearly collapsed under the impact of the French revolution and Napoleonic wars in the late eighteenth century, when many religious houses and congregations in Europe were closed down. It recovered in the first decades of the nineteenth century and revived the work of evangelization in Africa.
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Catholic mission movement began in Africa during the late 15th century, but it faced significant challenges during the late 18th century due to the French revolution and Napoleonic wars, which led to the closure of religious institutions in Europe. However, the movement recovered and resumed its evangelization work in Africa during the early 19th century. Pope Gregory XV played a crucial role in revitalizing the movement by establishing the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda Fide in Rome in 1622.
  • The vast African continent was always present in Lavigerie’s thoughts. From 1867 until his death in November 1892 the immense African interior remained the principal object of Cardinal Lavigerie’s zeal and from the very beginning he planned an apostolate south of the Sahara. Cardinal Lavigerie, as Professor of Early Church History at the Sorbonne, knew well that Christianity had had a very long history in Africa due to the existence of the ancient Churches in Egypt, the Roman Africa, Nubia and Ethiopia.
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      The passage describes Cardinal Lavigerie's lifelong passion for Africa. He dedicated himself to missionary work in the African interior from 1867 until his death in 1892. He planned to bring Christianity south of the Sahara. As a Professor of Early Church History, he was aware of the long history of Christianity in Africa, specifically in ancient Egypt, Roman Africa, Nubia, and Ethiopia.
  • The missionary movement which was far from successful during this early period as far as Christian conversion was concerned, met with huge success in another field. In most regions of sub-Saharan Africa outside the reach of Islam, Africans were introduced to written literature through Christian propaganda, the very first books in their own African language were produced to advance the Christian cause. Missions of all denominations disseminated education in their attempt to win converts and to train African catechists. ‘Transforming Africa by the Africans”, was the formula advocated by Cardinal Lavigerie in his instructions to the White Fathers. “The missionaries must therefore be mainly initiators, but the lasting work must be accomplished by the Africans themselves, once they have become Christians and apostles. And it must be clearly noted here that we say: become Christians and not become French or Europeans.”1 1 Missionaries were therefore asked to adapt themselves to the Africans, to strip themselves, as much as possible, of the cultural elements peculiar to them, of their language in the first place. It was believed that without effective and active communication it was impossible to pursue the conversion of the Africans.
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      During the early period of the missionary movement, converting Africans to Christianity was largely unsuccessful, but they had success in introducing written literature in African languages through Christian propaganda. Missions of various denominations aimed to educate and train African catechists, promoting the idea of "Transforming Africa by the Africans." Missionaries were asked to adapt to the African culture and communicate effectively, believing that without active communication, conversion was impossible.
  • This concern for African languages developed by both Catholic and Protestant missionaries laid the foundations for literature in African languages reduced into written form. Christianization went with reading and writing, with the rise of African literatures.
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      Catholic and Protestant missionaries' efforts to promote African languages by reducing them to written form led to the development of African literature. The Christianization process encouraged reading and writing, contributing to the growth of African literatures.
  • The schools they established were often boarding schools because missionaries believed that in an atmosphere of the boarding school far removed from the traditional cultural influences of their homes, new converts would more easily give up all or most of their traditions. The school system promoted Western values and desires. Missionary schoolmasters provided a total culture pattern, including church attendance, Christian morality, table manners, etc. All this led to the segregation and alienation of converts from their families and their societies.
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      The schools made it easy for the Christian missionaries to expand the idea of Christianity.
ayabonga

EISA Malawi: Invasions from all sides - the Swahili to the British (1800-1891) - 1 views

www.eisa.org/...maloverview3.htm

Valentine Ayabonga Gomdwe 222087850

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  • ayabonga on 25 Apr 23
     
    The political fragmentation of the Malawi chiefdoms in the course of the 18th century created a power vacuum that was exploited by new migrants who established new polities in the region. The first of these new comers were the Swahili who followed the trading routes across Lake Malawi pioneered by ivory hunter and traders such as the lowoka, whom they displaced as middle-men in the expanding ivory trade with the coast. New Swahili settlements emerged in the last quarter of the 19th century. A post was established in the Luangwa valley among the Senga in the late 1870s that engaged in trade in slaves and ivory with the expanding Bemba chiefdoms of north eastern Zambia. A Dutch Reformed Church Mission (DRCM) from the Cape Colony was founded in 1889 in central Malawi amongst the Ngoni and their Chewa subjects and over the next few years missions were planted by a plethora of Protestant denominations . Middlemen in the ivory trade between the Malawi and the Swahili settlements on the Indian Ocean coast in the 18th century, they settled in small groups in the highlands of southern Malawi from about the 1830s onwards amongst the Chewa, to whom they were culturally related, pushed by Lolo/Makua raids from the south
mikhangelo

The Story of Africa| BBC World Service - 2 views

www.bbc.co.uk/...9chapter3.shtml

Mikhangelo Phaswana

shared by mikhangelo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • In East Africa a slave trade was well established before the Europeans arrived on the scene. It was driven by the sultanates of the Middle East.
  • In East Africa a slave trade was well established before the Europeans arrived on the scene. It was driven by the sultanates of the Middle East.
    • mikhangelo
      mikhangelo on 26 Apr 23
       
      slaves trade dominated long time ago in East Africa before the arrival of European.
  • Many people were domestic slaves, working in rich households. Women were taken as sex slaves.
    • mikhangelo
      mikhangelo on 26 Apr 23
       
      enslaved people were taken to work in rich household and as of woman were seen as sex slave
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • In the second half of the 18th century, the slave trade expanded and became more organised
    • mikhangelo
      mikhangelo on 26 Apr 23
       
      During 18th century the slave trade expanded and everything was well taken into account
ingacutshwa

History of Christian Missions to Africa | Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History - 1 views

oxfordre.com/...5B75997C948CDA3465E3DD20B633FA

shared by ingacutshwa on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • SummaryChristianity came very early to Africa, as attested by the Gospels. The agencies by which it spread across North Africa and into the Kingdom of Aksum remain largely unknown. Even after the rise of Islam cut communications between sub-Saharan Africa and the churches of Rome and Constantinople, it survived in the eastern Sudan kingdom of Nubia until the 15th century and never died in Ethiopia. The documentary history of organized missions begins with the Roman Catholic monastic orders founded in the 13th century. Their evangelical work in Africa was closely bound up with Portuguese colonialism, which both helped and hindered their operations. Organized European Protestant missions date from the 18th-century evangelical awakening and were much less creatures of states.
    • ingacutshwa
      ingacutshwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      Aksum, which was 100 miles away from the Red Sea, was a symbolic place for the power of Christianity in the Ethiopian Kingdom. Aksum was the home of the Ark of the Covenant, Ethiopia's original New Jerusalem.
makheda

On the Travels of Portuguese and Others in Inner Africa.pdf - 1 views

Makheda Bright Ndamulelo 222074228 History 2A

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  • On the Travels of Portuguese and others in Inner Africa. By W. D. Cooley.
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is the topic on how the Portuguese and others travelled and explored the Inner continent of Africa.
  • By W. D. Cooley. The object of the Paper was to propound the views of the author, formed on a careful examination and comparison of the reports of various travellers, on the position of the rivers, lakes, and pla
  • in Inner Southern Afr
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • not
  • The subject was argued with much learning, and a large map was exhibited to illustrate the views of the author. Some of the more striking points of difference between this map and the recent ones of Livingstone were the total separation of the rivers Liambeji and Zambesi (the upper and lower courses of the Zambesi) and the release of their affluents from the system of inosculation which, in recent maps, bind all those rivers together; and the northwest direction of Lake Nyassa, which was made continuous with Tanganyika, forming an elongated lake, called Nanja mucuro.
  • modern ma
  • f Livingst
  • t Dr. Livingstone's simple account of his last exploration along Lake Nyassa, which he had undertaken of his own accord, should come afterwards; and then, that gentlemen who were more or less acquainted with the country should discuss the papers afterwa
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Question: Why were the Portuguese and others were traveling to Africa?
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Important event: Dr Livingstone was the one who discovered Lake Nyassa in the 19th century.
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      The matter was debated thoroughly, and a big map was displayed to illustrate the author's points of view. Some of the more notable differences between this map and Livingstone's recent ones were the complete separation of the rivers Liambeji and Zambesi (the upper and lower courses of the Zambesi) and the release of their affluents from the system of inosculation that, in recent maps, binds all those rivers together; and the north-west direction of Lake Nyassa, which was made continuous with Tanganyika, forming an elongated lake
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      David Livingstone was a Scottish physician, Congregationalist, and pioneer Christian missionary with the London Missionary Society, an explorer in Africa, and one of the most popular British heroes of the late 19th-century Victorian era. David was the husband of Mary Moffat Livingstone, from the prominent 18th-century missionary family, Moffat. Livingstone had a mythic status that operated on a number of interconnected levels: Protestant missionary martyr, working-class "rags-to-riches" inspirational story, scientific investigator and explorer, imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader, and advocate of British commercial and colonial expansion.
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      This travelers also helped in designing and constructing modern maps of the world.
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Notwithstanding *This means in spite of or it means nevertheless.
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      The travelers or explorers were traveling to Southern Africa to report on the positions of natural things in Africa such as rivers lakes and others.
ipeleng

THE IVORY TRADE AND CHIEFDOMS IN PRE-COLONIAL MALAWI - 6 views

www.jstor.org/29779210

Ipeleng Sitwe 222054131

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  • ujhistprof on 09 Mar 23
     
    Ipeleng, you need to tag correctly. I have no idea who you are so no one is going to be able to mark your work. Read the guidelines/ watch the videos to know how to tag correctly. Thanks.
  • ayabonga on 25 Apr 23
     
    the distinction between trade-based and tribute-based, political power seemed inappropriate in the Malawian content. ( Maravi back in the 18th and 19th century, then later changed to Malawi) The chiefdoms in Malawi was and is identified as a key source of elephant poaching due to several reasons. in the pre-colonial, many of the elephants were located near the wildlife locations where elephants were found, the chiefs had significant power and influence in the communities and could control and organise poaching activities. additionally some chiefs are believed to benefit financially from ivory poaching, either through direct involvement or through bribes from the poachers. the demand for ivory coincided with the opening up of east Africa by Arab traders and European explorers during the 19th century. although ivory was undoubtedly the " dominant export" from the region, it would be misleading to suggest that " the first trade of any dimensions involving central Africa was the trade for ivory . most of the elephant hunting , but not all being done by armed gangs of men using the imported muzzle, loading guns was devastating on the elephant population of central and east Africa. by the end of 19th century, the ivory trade was all but defunct even though it continued to have significant in a limited way until the present decade, although much of the hunting of elephant in Malawi now is illegal.
nkosithand

Sir Samuel White Baker - Document - Gale eBooks - 2 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

European and African Interaction from the 15th century through 18th

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  • Traveling up the Nile to Berber, Baker spent a year wandering along the Atbara River and the Blue Nile, hunting and learning Arabic before returning to Khartoum, from which he and his wife launched an expedition up the White Nile in December 1862. Arriving at Gondokoro, the Bakers met the British explorers John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant, who had reached Lake Victoria and the Nile from the East African coast. In 1863-1864 Baker and his wife discovered and explored the eastern shore of Lake Albert, visited Kamrasi, the ruler of Bunyoro, and after many delays returned to London, where Baker wrote an extremely popular book about his explorations and the horrors of the Sudanese slave trade. In the spring of 1869 Baker was approached by Ismail, the khedive of Egypt, to lead an Egyptian expedition to the Upper Nile to extend Egyptian control to Lake Victoria, to claim the territory for Egypt, and to end the slave trade. Baker was consequently appointed governor general of Equatoria Province and sailed up the Nile with a large expedition of 1200 troops, the most expensive expedition to penetrate Africa.
    • nkosithand
      nkosithand on 02 May 23
       
      Baker traveled up the Nile to Berber for a year, hunting and learning Arabic between the Atbara River and the Blue Nile before returning to Khartoum, from which he and his wife undertook an excursion up the White Nile in December 1862. The Bakers encountered the British explorers John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant at Gondokoro, who had reached Lake Victoria and the Nile from the East African coast. Baker and his wife located and explored the eastern bank of Lake Albert in 1863-1864, paid a visit to Kamrasi, the monarch of Bunyoro, and returned to London after many delays, where Baker wrote an extraordinarily successful book about his discoveries and the horrors of the Sudanese slave trade
  • nkosithand on 24 Apr 23
     
    THE ENGLISH EXPLORER WHO EXPLORED UPPER NALE
nkosithand

Missions and Missionaries - Document - Gale eBooks - 2 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

European and African Interaction from the 15th century through 18th

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  • Beginning in the early 1400s, European explorers carried European culture, including Christianity, to the farthest points on the globe. The primary motives for these voyages of discovery were financial profit and the creation of large empires. The church saw the voyages as an opportunity to bring Christianity to new converts in distant lands. Thus, priests and monks often accompanied explorers and conquerors as they sailed to America, Africa, and Asia.
    • nkosithand
      nkosithand on 02 May 23
       
      The Europeans when they discovered Africa, they introduced religion of Christianity in countries like Egypt in Africa, the course of doing this was to get financial profit and create large empires.
  • Despite the acceptance of Christianity in Kongo and a few other African kingdoms, the popularity of the faith eventually declined in many of those states. Local peoples went back to their traditional beliefs and abandoned Christianity, which survived only among foreigners and their agents and slaves. By the 1800s, Christianity had vanished almost without a trace in many places.
    • nkosithand
      nkosithand on 02 May 23
       
      After people accepted the Christianity in Kongo, they changed their mind and go back to their traditional beliefs as they believed that the, Christianity came with the explorers as they wanted to their profit while they were busy with religion.
nkosithand

Travel and Exploration - Document - Gale eBooks - 0 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

European and African Interaction from the 15th century through 18th

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  • The rest of Africa, however, remained a mystery to the outside world until medieval* travelers began exploring the continent. Arabs crossed the northern and western parts of Africa. The Chinese learned much about eastern Africa's coast along the Indian Ocean. Europeans spent hundreds of years charting the shores of Africa and then probing all of the continent's interior. Driven by trade, conquest, religion, science, or curiosity, generations of explorers gradually revealed Africa to the rest of the world.
    • nkosithand
      nkosithand on 02 May 23
       
      The Medieval travellers were the one who begin to explore the continent of Africa. The Europeans spent many years trying to discover Africa and after many years of trying they were able to reveal the continent of Africa to the rest of the world.
  • The major European effort to explore Africa before 1500 took place at sea, not on land, and focused on Africa's western coast. In 1419 Prince Enrique of Portugal, known to later historians as Henry the Navigator, set up a research center on Portugal's south coast to gather information about Africa and to sponsor expeditions southward into waters unknown to European sailors. After the prince died in 1460, Portugal continued to send these explorers out to sea.
    • nkosithand
      nkosithand on 02 May 23
       
      When they were trying to explore Africa, they tried exploring Africa at a sea not in land. They tried to explore Africa in water as they were using Sailers, during the 14th century, Portugal continued with their explorations, as they sent explorers out to the sea.
  • nkosithand on 24 Apr 23
     
    IN THE EARLY 600O, PEOPLE FROM OUTSIDE AFRICA VISITED AFRICA
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