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mbalenhle2003

Slavery | Encyclopedia.com - 2 views

www.encyclopedia.com/...slavery

Mbalenhle Magagula History 2A

shared by mbalenhle2003 on 23 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Slavery is the unconditional servitude of one individual to another. A slave is usually acquired by purchase and legally described as chattel or a tangible form of movable property. For much of human history, slavery has constituted an important dimension of social and occupational organization. The word slavery originated with the sale of Slavs to the Black Sea region during the ninth century. Slavery existed in European society until the nineteenth century, and it was the principal source of labor during the process of European colonization.
  • Some forms of slavery existed among the indigenous societies in the Americas before the arrival of Christopher Columbus. However, the reconstruction of the Americas after 1492 led to a system of slavery quite unprecedented in human experience. Slavery in the Americas was a patently artificial social and political construct, not a natural condition. It was a specific organizational response to a specific labor scarcity. African slavery in the Americas, then, was a relatively recent development in the course of human history—and quite exceptional in the universal history of slave societies.
  • Nevertheless, the first Africans who accompanied the early Spanish explorers were not all slaves. Some were free (such as Pedro Alonso Niño, who accompanied Christopher Columbus on his third voyage); and others were servants.Nuflo de Olano, who accompanied Vasco Nuñez de Balboa across the Isthmus of Panama was, however, a slave. So were Juan Valiente and several others who traveled and fought with Hernán Cortés in Mexico, or the Pizarro brothers in Peru, or Pánfilo de Narváez in Florida. Those blacks who sailed with Columbus on his first voyage to the Americas in 1492 were free men, and their descendants presumably were as free as any other Spanish colonist in the Americas. Other blacks who accompanied the early Spanish conquistadores might have been servile, but they were not true slaves as the term was later understood. Estebanico—described as "Andrés Dorantes' black Moorish slave"—accompanied Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca in his amazing journey around the Gulf of Mexico and overland across the Southwest to Mexico City in the late 1520s and 1530s. Estebanico learned several local Indian languages with consummate ease, and he posed, along with his companions, as holy men gifted with healing powers (Weber, p. 44). The chronicler Bernal Díaz del Castillo describes several "blacks" who accompanied Hernán Cortés to Mexico—one of whom brought wheat to the New World, and another (a follower of Pánfilo de Narváez) who introduced smallpox among the Indians, with lethal results (Castillo, 1979). Of the 168 men who followed Francisco Pizarro to Peru in 1532 and captured the Inca at Cajamarca, at least two were black: Juan García, born in Old Castile, served the expedition as a piper and crier, and Miguel Ruiz, born in Seville, was a part of the cavalry and probably received a double portion of the spoils, as did all those who had horses.
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • Slavery was also a form of power relations, so slaves by and large did not have an equal voice in articulating a view of their condition. Their actions, however, spoke loudly of their innermost thoughts and represented their reflections on, and reactions to, the world in which they found themselves. Columbus thought the people he encountered in the Caribbean in 1492 might make good slaves, as he seemed to infer in his log of October 10, 1492, when he wrote: "They ought to make good and skilled servants, for they repeat very quickly whatever we say to them. I think that they can easily be made Christians, for they seem to have no religion. If it pleases Our Lord, I will take six of them to Your Highness when I depart, in order that they may learn our language" (Columbus, p. 77).
  • The transatlantic slave trade formally began in 1518, when King Charles I of Spain sanctioned the direct importation of Africans to his colonies in the Americas, finally acknowledging that the potential supply of indigenous slaves was inadequate to maintain the economic viability of his fledgling overseas colonies. Shortly thereafter, the Portuguese started to import Africans to Brazil to create a plantation society and establish an Atlantic bulwark against other Europeans intruding along the coast. As the demand for labor grew, the number of Africans imported as slaves increased, and manual labor throughout the Americas eventually became virtually synonymous with the enslavement of Africans. The transatlantic slave trade became a lucrative international enterprise, and by the time it ended, around 1870, more than ten million Africans had been forcibly transported and made slaves in the Americas. Many millions more died in Africa or at sea in transit to the Americas.
  • The slave trade responded to an interrelated series of factors operating across Africa, at the supply side, and also in the Americas, at the market level. The trade can be divided into four phases, strongly influenced by the development of colonialism throughout the hemisphere. In the first phase, lasting to about 1620, the Americas were the domain of the Spanish and the Portuguese. These Iberian powers introduced about 125,000 slaves to the Americas, with some 75,000 (or 27 percent of African slave exports of the period) to the Spanish colonies, and about 50,000 (18 percent of the trade) to Brazil. This was a relatively small flow of about 1,000 slaves per year, most of whom were supplied from Portuguese forts along the West African coast. But slavery in the towns, farms, and mines of the Americas then employed less African slaves (about 45 percent of the total Atlantic trade) than in the tropical African islands of Fernando Po and Sâo Tomé, Europe proper, or the islands of the Madeiras, Cape Verdes, and the Azores (about 55 percent of trade). Indeed, the small island of Sâo Tomé alone received more than 76,000 African slaves during the period, exceeding the entire American market.
  • The second phase of the transatlantic slave trade lasted from 1620 to about 1700 and saw the distribution of approximately 1,350,000 slaves throughout the Americas, with an additional 25,000 or so going to Europe. During this phase, the Americas became the main destination of enslaved Africans. The trade was marked by greater geographical distribution and the development of a more varied supply pattern. The European component of the trade eventually dwindled to less than 2 percent. Instead, Brazil assumed the premier position as a slave destination, receiving nearly 42 percent of all Africans sold on the western side of the Atlantic Ocean. Spanish America received about 22 percent, distributed principally in Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Mexico, Central America, and the Andean regions of South America. The English Caribbean colonies bought more than 263,000 slaves, or 20 percent of the volume sold in the Americas. The French Caribbean imported about 156,000 slaves, or 12 percent; and the small islands of the Dutch Caribbean bought another 40,000 slaves, or 3 percent of slaves sold throughout the Americas.
  • Even more important, slavery evolved into a complex system of labor, commerce, and society that was legally, socially, and ethnically distinct from other forms of servitude, and that was almost always applied to the condition of nonfree Africans. Two patterns of colonies developed throughout the western hemisphere: colonies designed as microcosms of European societies and colonies designed primarily for the efficient production of export commodities. The first group of colonies constituted the settler colonies. In these colonies, slaves constituted a minority of the population and did not necessarily represent the dominant labor sector. In the second group were exploitation plantation colonies, marked by their overwhelming proportion of nonfree members, and in which slavery formed the dominant labor system.
  • The period between 1701 and 1810 represented the maturation of the slave system in the Americas. This third phase witnessed the apogee of both the transatlantic slave trade and the system of American slavery. Altogether, nearly six million Africans—amounting to nearly 60 percent of the entire transatlantic slave trade—arrived in American ports. Brazil continued to be the dominant recipient country, accounting for nearly two million Africans, or 31 percent, of the trade during this period. The British Caribbean plantations (mainly on Barbados and Jamaica) received almost a million and a half slaves, accounting for 23 percent of the trade. The French Antilles (mainly Saint-Domingue on western Hispaniola, Martinique, and Guadeloupe) imported almost as many, accounting for 22 percent of the trade. The Spanish Caribbean (mainly Cuba) imported more than 500,000 slaves, or 9.6 percent of the trade. The Dutch Caribbean accounted for nearly 8 percent of the trade, but most of those slaves were re-exported to other areas of the New World. The British North American colonies imported slightly more than 300,000, or slightly less than 6 percent of the trade, while the small Danish colonies of the Caribbean bought about 25,000 slaves, a rather minuscule proportion of the slaves sold in the Americas during this period.
  • The system of slavery in the Americas was generally restrictive and harsh, but significant variations characterized the daily lives of slaves. The exhaustive demands of the plantation societies in parts of the Caribbean and Brazil, combined with skewed sexual balances among the slaves, resulted in excessively high mortality rates, unusually low fertility rates, and, consequently, a steady demand for imported Africans to maintain the required labor forces. The recovery of the indigenous populations in places such as Mexico and the Andean highlands led to the use of other systems of coerced labor, somewhat reducing the reliance on African slaves in these areas. Frontiers of grazing economies such as the llanos of Venezuela, the southern parts of Brazil, and the pampas of Argentina and Uruguay required only modest supplies of labor, so that African slaves constituted a small proportion of the local population. Only in the United States did the slave population reproduce itself dramatically over the years, supplying most of the internal demand for slave labor during the nineteenth century.In general, death rates were highest for slaves engaged in sugar production, especially on newly opened areas of the tropics, and lowest among domestic urban workers, except during periodical outbreaks of epidemic diseases.
  • The attack on the slave trade paralleled growing attacks on the system of slavery throughout the Americas. The selfdirected abolition from below that occurred in Saint-Domingue in 1793 was not repeated elsewhere, however. Instead, a combination of internal and external events eventually determined the course of abolition throughout the region. The issue of slavery became a part of the struggle for political independence for the mainland Spanish American colonies. Chile (1823), Mexico, and the new Central America States (1824), abolished slavery immediately after their wars of independence from Spain. The British government abolished slavery throughout its empire in 1834, effectively ending the institution in 1838. Uruguay legally emancipated its few remaining slaves in 1842. The French government ended slavery in the French Antilles in 1848. Colombia effectively abolished slavery in 1851, with Ecuador following in 1852, Argentina in 1853, and Peru and Venezuela in 1854. The United States of America abolished slavery after the U.S. Civil War in 1865. Spain abolished slavery in Puerto Rico in 1873 and in Cuba in 1886. Finally, Brazil abolished slavery in 1888.
  • Opposition to SlaveryThe eighteenth century formed the watershed in the system of American slavery. Although individuals, and even groups such as the Quakers, had always opposed slavery and the slave trade, general disapproval to the system gained strength during the later eighteenth century, primarily due to the growth of the Enlightenment, with its emphasis on rationality, and British Evangelical Protestantism. Opposition to slavery became increasingly more coordinated in England, and it eventually had a profound impact, with the abolition of the English slave trade in 1807. Before that, prodded by Granville Sharp and other abolitionists, Lord Chief Justice Mansfield declared slavery illegal in Great Britain in 1772, giving enormous impetus to the British antislavery movement. The British legal ruling, in time, freed about 15,000 slaves who were then in Britain with their colonial masters, who estimated their "property loss" at approximately £700,000.
  • In 1776 the British philosopher and economist Adam Smith declared in his classic study The Wealth of Nations that the system of slavery represented an uneconomical use of land and resources, since slaves cost more to maintain than free workers. By the 1780s the British Parliament was considering a series of bills dealing with the legality of the slave trade, and several of the recently independent former North American colonies—then part of the United States of America—began to abolish slavery within their local jurisdictions. After 1808—when Great Britain and the United States legally abolished their component of the transatlantic slave trade—the English initiated a campaign to end all slave trading across the Atlantic, and to replace slave trading within Africa with other forms of legal trade. Through a series of outright bribes, diplomatic pressure, and naval blockades, the trade gradually came to an end around 1870.
  • Slavery Scholarship and the Place of the Slave in the WorldThe topic of slavery has attracted the attention of a very large number of writers. Before the 1950s, writers tended to view slavery as a monolithic institution. Then, as now, there was much discussion of slavery, and less of the slaves themselves. Standard influential American studies, such as U. B. Phillips's American Negro Slavery (1918) and Life and Labor in the Old South (1929), Kenneth M. Stampp's The Peculiar Institution (1956), and Stanley Elkins' Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life (1959), misleadingly described slaves as passive participants to their own cruel denigration and outrageous exploitation. In Phillips's world, everyone was sublimely happy. In the world of Stampp and Elkins, they were not happy—but neither could they help themselves. Apparently neither Stampp nor Elkins read much outside their narrow field—or if they did, they discounted it. Certainly the then available scholarship of Eric Williams, C. L. R. James, or Elsa V. Goveia is not evident in their works. Herbert Aptheker in American Negro Slave Revolts (1943), Gunnar Myrdal in An American Dilemma (1944), and Frank Tannenbaum in Slave and Citizen (1946) had tried, in those three intellectually stimulating works, to modify the overall picture, but without much success.
  • Conditions of Slavery
  • Then, in 1956, Goveia published an outstanding book, Slave Society in the British Leeward Islands at the End of the Eighteenth Century. As Francisco Scarano notes of Goveia's work: "Goveia's sensitive and profound study of slave society in the British Leewards … is doubtless one of the great works of Caribbean history in any language. The Guyanese historian revealed the ways in which, in a racialized slave society, the imperative of slave subordination permeated all contexts of social interaction, from legal system to education and from religion to leisure. Everything was predicated on the violence necessary to maintain slavocratic order" (Scarano, p. 260). Goveia's approach inculcated the slaves with agency, a fundamental quality of which earlier writers seemed incredibly unaware. Slaves continuously acted in, as well as reacted to, the world in which they existed.
  • But slavery was not only attacked from above. At the same time that European governments contemplated administrative measures against slavery and the slave trade, the implacable opposition of the enslaved in the overseas colonies increased the overall costs of maintaining the system of slavery. Slave revolts, conspiracies, and rumors of revolts engendered widespread fear among owners and administrators. Small bands of runaway slaves formed stable black communities, legally recognized by their imperial powers in difficult geographical locations such as Esmeraldas in Ecuador, the Colombian coastal areas, Palmares in Brazil, and in the impenetrable mountains of Jamaica. Then, in 1791, the slaves of Saint-Domingue/Haiti, taking their cue somewhat from the French Revolution, staged a successful revolt under the leadership of Toussaint Louverture (1743–1803) and a number of other local leaders. The radical French commissioner in the colony, Léger Félicité Sonthonax (1763–1813) saw the futility of trying to defeat the local revolt and declared the emancipation of all slaves and their immediate admission to full citizenship (1793), a move ratified the following year by
  • French colonies. Napoleon Bonaparte revoked the decree of emancipation in 1802, but he failed to make it stick in Saint-Domingue, where the former slaves and their free colored allies declared the independence of Haiti—the second free state in the Americas—in 1804.The fourth and final phase of the transatlantic trade lasted from about 1810 to 1870. During that phase approximately two million Africans were sold as slaves in a greatly reduced area of the Americas. With its trade legal until 1850, Brazil imported some 1,145,400 Africans, or about 60 percent of all slaves sold in the Americas after 1810. The Spanish Antilles—mainly Cuba and Puerto Rico—imported more than 600,000 Africans (32 percent), the great majority of them illegally introduced to Cuba after an Anglo-Spanish treaty to abolish the Spanish
  • he revolutionary government in Paris, which extended the emancipation to all
makheda

South African Exploration - 3 views

Makheda Bright Ndamulelo 222074228 History 2A

shared by makheda on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • II. Smith, Eider, and Co., London, 1838. This is t
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      This Article portrays the Theme of the Natural History in Africa. Dr. Smith who was a zoologist explorer explored the Central and Southern Africa to study the natural beauty and animals in Africa.
  • It i
  • s
  • ...93 more annotations...
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey.
  • t is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journe
  • election from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
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    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      * It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the expedition that ventured into Central Africa some years ago under the care and supervision of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are primarily indebted for the entire planning and execution of the journey.
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  • rought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey. Th
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  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, n
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Unive
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
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  • Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows the Dr. Smith`s exploration about the natural beauty In Africa was influenced by the lectures he was taught when he was still in University.
  • eautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of
  • he
  • he singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • imbibed
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Imbibed * It is to absorb something. * The process of swallowing something or to consume it
  • zeal
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Zeal * It is the great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective
  • Museum at Cape Town
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Cape Town is a city In South Afrca
  • Sparrman
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Sparrman published several works, the best known of which is his account of his travels in South Africa and with Cook, published in English as A voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, towards the Antarctic polar circle, and round the world: But chiefly into the country of the Hottentots and Caffres, from the year 1772 to 1776 (1789). He also published a Catalogue of the Museum Carlsonianum (1786-89), in which he described many of the specimens he had collected in South Africa and the South Pacific, some of which were new to science. He published an Ornithology of Sweden in 1806.
  • Le Vaillant,
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      He was a French author, explorer, naturalist, zoological collector, travel writer, and noted ornithologist. He reported numerous new bird species based on birds he gathered in Africa, and some birds bear his name. He was among the first to use colour plates to illustrate birds and was opposed to Carl Linnaeus's use of binomial nomenclature, preferring to use descriptive French names such as bateleur (meaning "tumbler or tight-rope walker") for the peculiar African eagle. He explored most of the Southern African`s country by his time.
  • ex.
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Excursions are trips that are/were taken by explorers around the world.
  • ex. cursions
  • ex. cursions
  • ex. cursions
  • cursion
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Question: Why did the Zoologist explorers explored Southern Africa?
cacaongcobo

Ivory in World History Early Modern Trade in Context.pdf - 1 views

Cacao Ngcobo History 2A

shared by cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Ivory, however, was a global commodity in the broadest and most literal sense of the word. Ivory trade affected the ecology, economy, and material culture of most of the inhabited world. Ivory is an integral part of human history because the networks of trade that were fueled by ivory connected the most distant corners of the globe. Ivory had a symbolic and practical role in shaping the material culture even in countries where there were no elephants.
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ivory was a worldwide trade. It connected different countries and had an impact on the economy of most regions as it was connected to culture and history, especially in countries that had no elephants.
  • vory has a variety of meanings. The word ‘ivory’ can refer to tusks or dentine (tooth) material of elephants, mammoths, walruses, wild boar, hippopotamus or sperm whale or narwhal horn. It can even refer to a plant material produced by the palm ivory (phytelephas) of South America. The endosperm of this tree, called the tagua or corozo nut, is also known as vegetable ivory because it can be carved like and looks similar to elephant ivory. In the late 19th and early 20th century, this nut was widely used for buttons and other inexpensive objects, which have now largely been replaced by plastic. Elephant ivory is therefore sometimes called ‘true ivory’. Each kind of ivory has its story, but here we will focus on true ivory because it had the greatest consumption and the widest impact on the natural and built environment. True ivory is an incisor on the elephant that continues to grow throughout the elephant’s lifetime. 1 Tusk size therefore loosely equates with the age of the elephant.
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      The word ivory has different meanings, but from my understanding, it is tusks and tooth coming from mostly an elephant. There is soft and hard ivory. Soft ivory was the one more in demand as it played a big role in the trading world because it was more flexible.
  • Paleomastadon
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      is an extinct genus of Proboscidea.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • Elephas
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Elephas is also an elephant that is said to be one of the two surviving genera in the family of elephants..
  • Loxodonta
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      These are African elephants and they are called Loxodonta because they have lozenge-shaped enamel on their molar teeth.
  • For all of human history, demand for ivory was wide across the entire globe, from the Inuit who carved mammoth tusk to the Indonesian and Japanese archipelagos and most of the area in between. This was an effect of not just the usefulness of ivory, but also the fact that elephants inhabited areas in which they are now extinct. The Syrian elephant, for example, once roamed modern-day Syria and Iran. Scholars do not agree whether this was a subspecies which some have called Elephas maximus asurus, or an imported group of Asian elephants, an assumption based on an extremely limited bone sample remains that show a resemblance to Elephas maximus. A conclusive answer will not be possible until more fossil evidence is found to correlate to the evidence found in documents, coins, seals, and other man-made objects that suggest elephants were present in this region.
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      The elephant's ivory was wanted worldwide, ivory trade also became the most known trade surpassing the slave trade, as it was important because it was connected to history and culture.
  • The second half of the 19th century brought many changes that affected ivory trade besides new distribution routes. The spread of large caliber elephant guns around mid-century made it much easier to kill elephants.
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      As the ivory trade grew, it led to more elephants being killed which is why most elephants are extinct.
  • As with any object of value, ivory has always attracted a criminal element. In Song dynasty China, large tusks were cut down so they would weigh less than 30 catties (a bit over 40 lbs) to avoid having to sell them at lower prices on the official market. It is still common practice to hide lead weights in the hollow portion of the tusk (Fig. 7), since they are sold by weight.
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      The large tusk that was cut down had an impact on slavery as more people were needed to become slaves hence the increase in demand for ivory, and they were even named " black ivory."
  • Ivory has sometimes been called the plastic of the 19th century. In a sense, ‘plastic’ is an accurate description of ivory because it can be worked in so many ways and so demonstrates plasticity.
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ivory was sometimes called plastic as it was soft and can be turned into any object.
mawandemvulana

THE ZULU WAR IN ZULU PERSPECTIVE.pdf - 1 views

'MawandeMvulana'

shared by mawandemvulana on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • al impact. It looms large in the European mind, but it was an event of far less significance to the Zulu mind, because, I suggest, it was an event of far less significance to Zulu history. In itself it cannot compare with the Ndwandwe war which determined that Shaka should be the master of the country and not Zwide, or with the great battle of Ndondakusuka which determined that Cetshwayo should be the Zulu king and not Mbuy
    • mawandemvulana
      mawandemvulana on 25 Apr 23
       
      This article speaks on and argues how the Zulu War was insignificant to the Zulu people and their history. The author states how there were other more significant battles that the Zulu people found important to their history. It is evident that it was battles fought against people of Africa and not white colonisers
  • Of these contemporary accounts, ther
  • Turning now to Zulu literature, we find a dearth of books relating to or even touching on the War. Surely the War was a major event in Zulu history and only a minor event in British history? The literature reflects the reverse. A Zulu psychological block? An unconscious wish to forget the unfortunate past? Certainly not! Isandlwana was a Zulu victory, but it is the British who commemorate it, not the
    • mawandemvulana
      mawandemvulana on 25 Apr 23
       
      In comparison to English literature the author mentions how there is a scarcity of Zulu literature about the Zulu War, showing how it was insignificant to their history and how the British found it to be significant.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • The first account by a professional historian appeared only in 1948: Sir Reginald Coupland's Zulu Battlepiece: Isandlwana.
  • Zulus. Ndondakusuka has given rise to a long play by Ndelu, a long poem by Vilakazi, and there are many references to it in Zulu literature. Isandlwana has inspired no work of literary art. It is clear that the War was more significant to the British than to the Zulus; to the British it was, in fact, something of a dis
  • From the Zulu point of view it seems that the War was not only somewhat insignificant, it was also somewhat irrational. Like a bolt of lightning, it was not altogether unexpected (there were ominous clouds), it was destructive to a certain extent (there was considerable loss of life and property), but it was a very brief irrational fla
    • mawandemvulana
      mawandemvulana on 25 Apr 23
       
      The author further reiterates how the war was insignificant to the Zulu people as he states that they had no objective as to why they fought certain battles, like the battle of Ulundi or the battle of Isandlwana
amahlemotumi

Basuto Gun War | Military Wiki | Fandom - 2 views

military-history.fandom.com/...Basuto_Gun_War

Amahle Motumi 220069900 History 2A

shared by amahlemotumi on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • he Gun War, also known as the Basuto War, was an 1880-1881 conflict in the British territory of Basutoland (present-day Lesotho) in Southern Africa, fought between Cape Colony forces and rebellious Basotho chiefs over the right of natives to bear arms
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 25 Apr 23
       
      Conflict or rather the war between the two parties was caused by the Cape Colonies refusal for blacks Africans to be in the possession of firearms.
  • 880 as the date for surrendering weapons.
  • territory remained essentially autonomous in the early years of colonial rule
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • demanded that all natives surrender their firearms to Cape authorities
  • 1879 Peace Protection Act
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 25 Apr 23
       
      act required all weapons to be turned in to the magistrate who decide whether or not the Basutos should own them.
  • British protectorate
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 25 Apr 23
       
      basically a country or state that was under the protection of the British empire for defence against aggression and other violations of law.
  • lonial Cape forces sent to put down the rebellion suffered heavy casualties, as the Basotho had obtained serviceable firearms from the Orange Free State and enjoyed a natural defensive advantage in their country's mountainous terrain.
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 25 Apr 23
       
      geographic location of the Basutos was an advantage to them because of the mountainous topography but also they had well functioning guns that they used as protection against the enemy.
  • guerrilla warfare
  • , ambushing
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 25 Apr 23
       
      irregular war fair where a group of combatants use military tactics like raids, ambushes and hit and run tactics to fight another group
  • d cavalry
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 25 Apr 23
       
      soldiers and warriors who fight on horse back.
  • he land remained in Basotho hands and the nation enjoyed unrestricted access to firearms in exchange for a national one-time indemnity of 5000 cattle.
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 25 Apr 23
       
      fine or compensation for them being able to keep the land.
Oreneile Maribatze

'Guns don't colonise people ...': the role and use of firearms in pre-colonial and colo... - 8 views

www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php

Maribatze Oreneile History 2A

shared by Oreneile Maribatze on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Firearms have a long and significant history in Africa. From their early introduction into the continent, largely as items of trade, firearms have been intricately bound in the various forms of European intrusion into Africa, from the slave trade to pacification and colonisation. Predictably, the history of firearms in Africa has attracted substantial scholarly attention over the past half a century
  • In the eighteenth century, flintlock rifles were the main trade weapon to Africa, along with older matchlock versions. For the first half of the century, many improvements and alterations were made in the design and function of flintlocks but the real breakthrough came in the 1860s with the breech-loading revolution.
  • Firearms have a long and significant history in Africa. From their early introduction into the continent, largely as items of trade, firearms have been intricately bound in the various forms of European intrusion into Africa, from the slave trade to pacification and colonisation. Predictably, the history of firearms in Africa has attracted substantial scholarly attention over the past half a century
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      GUNS HAVE HAD A GREAT IMPORTANCE IN THE HISTORY OF AFRICA AND A GREAT COMMODITY FOR TRADE
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • while imports of firearms closely tracked imports of slaves, a guns-for-slaves equation is too simple to describe the complexities of political transformations. Not only did guns play an ancillary rather than primary role in most African armies of this era, but for the most important states, guns [were merely an element in] a process of military transformation that was already underway.
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      BATTER TRADE THat had a bad impact on the African society population
  • most important of commodities traded into Africa were firearms, mainly due to the lack of local production,
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      guns were one of the most traded items on the market
  • In the eighteenth century, flintlock rifles were the main trade weapon to Africa, along with older matchlock versions. For the first half of the century, many improvements and alterations were made in the design and function of flintlocks but the real breakthrough came in the 1860s with the breech-loading revolution.
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      this part emphasises what kind of guns were being traded here in Africa
  • ujhistprof on 24 Apr 23
     
    Hi Thato. Which of the items you need to add to Diigo is this one? Is it number 5, which you can choose from anywhere on the internet? Don't forget to annotate.
na-gogana

Church History, History of Christianity, Religious History: Some Reflections on Mission... - 6 views

NA Gogana

shared by na-gogana on 13 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • In the Introduction to his lectures on the modern British missionary movement published in 1965, Max Warren suggested that "any serious student of modern history must find some explanation of the missionary expansion of the Christian Church.
    • na-gogana
      na-gogana on 13 Apr 23
       
      Andrew Porter on the history of the church, Christianity, and religious
  • he progress of an all-pervasive secularization meant that missions, if not the churches both that supported them and that they hoped to build, were to be listed amongst history's losers and were therefore unattractive subjects for study. 2 Even the work of so distinguished a scholar as Owen Chadwick contributed to this picture. His first book examined the life of a missionary bishop in East Africa, and subsequently h
    • na-gogana
      na-gogana on 13 Apr 23
       
      In this source, Andrew Porter argues for the compromise between the Islam and Christian views in the world.
  • ujhistprof on 14 Apr 23
     
    Needs to be an article on Africa.
nrtmakgeta

v36a13.pdf - 4 views

NTSHEDI MAKGETA 222150147

shared by nrtmakgeta on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • This review essay examines a number of recent works that contribute to the history of firearms in colonial and pre-colonial Africa; two based upon new and original research (Story and Guy) and the others on reproductions of earlier seminal contributions to the historiography of firearms in Africa (Lamphear and Smaldone).
  • Firearms have a long and significant history in Africa. From their early introduction into the continent, largely as items of trade, firearms have been intricately bound in the various forms of European intrusion into Africa, from the slave trade to pacification and colonisation.
  • Predictably, the history of firearms in Africa has attracted substantial scholarly attention over the past half a century.
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • ‘that firearms have had an impact on African history cannot be denied, but the nature of that impact is more questionable’. 2
  • In 2002, David Northrup reiterated this sentiment, acknowledging that ‘firearms were arguably the most significant technical innovation to arrive
  • from the Atlantic, and their impact on the continent has been hotly disputed
  • At the turn of the nineteenth century Africa’s interaction with Europe was dominated by the slave trade. This was the principal means of exchange whereby European imports and technologies entered Africa and firearms constituted a large proportion of these imports. The older historiography has been dominated by a guns-for-slaves stereotype of Euro-African trade, whereby African demand for firearms increased their capacity to produce the slaves required to supply the Atlantic demand, leading in turn to the general destabilisation of the continent. 9 Such assessments claimed that firearms were a menace to African societies and caused mayhem and anarchy among pre-colonial states. The argument followed that ‘the importation of guns was the principal reason for warfare within Africa and that it was by means of such wars that gun-toting Africans supplied the Atlantic economy with slaves’. 10
  • Not only did guns play an ancillary rather than primary role in most African armies of this era, but for the most important states, guns [were merely an element in] a process of military transformation that was already underway. 12
  • In addition, Richards notes that the firearm trade peaked in the 1830s (although he gives no figures for this peak), which again weakens the ‘slave–gun cycle’ theory. 13 Firearms were being imported well before the heyday of the slave trade and their importation continued to rise in many key slaving areas after its abolition.
  • Richards and Northrup also show that large quantities of cheap industrial firearms were produced and traded into Africa; the Bonny gun and the Angola gun being two prime examples. This not only demonstrates the demand for cheap firearms, but also the ‘subtleties and interregional differences of African demand’. 15 As Northrup stated:
  • What this suggests is that the overwhelming demand for firearms in Africa came from Africans of limited means, for personal rather than military use. 19 Another reason why the cheaper arms would have been more sought after by African populations is that many of them could be repaired in situ by their owners.
  • Many of the more expensive and modern weapons were machine-made and so difficult for owners to mend or maintain. The cheap muskets made for Africans could be repaired by the owner or local African gunsmith. In many of the regions where firearms became an important feature of local life, blacksmiths and gunsmiths proved vital service industries. 20
  • Industrialisation in Europe not only created an increased demand for raw materials in Africa, but also led to advances in technology which had a direct impact on the performance and efficiency of firearms.
    • nrtmakgeta
      nrtmakgeta on 25 Apr 23
       
      FLINTLOCK RIFLE S-A general term for any firearm that uses a flint-striking ignition mechanism.
  • In the eighteenth century, flintlock rifles were the main trade weapon to Africa, along with older matchlock versions
  • For the first half of the century, many improvements and alterations were made in the design and function of flintlocks but the real breakthrough came in the 1860s with the breech-loading revolution. This revolution brought about significant changes in the functioning of arms that made them more suited to warfare and hunting. They were easier to load and fired faster and this, together with precision production techniques, meant that firearms were more reliable, handled better and were more durable. Equally as important, the first metal cartridge bullets were developed at the same time which provided the gunpowder with greater protection from rain and humidity, and made the process of firing much quicker.
  • Hunting, crop protection and the destruction of vermin were all key activities that firearms were put to by Africans
  • the development of skill in handling firearms that developed in southern Africa and how these had to adapt to the technological advancements made in the production of firearms over the same period. Firearms as a technology, and as a tool, were adaptable. They were manipulated for a range of activities and purpose
  • (hunting, crop protection, eradication of vermin).
  • The extensive debates about the limitations, control and confiscation of black-owned firearms that took place in the Cape Colony during the final decades of the nineteenth century were indicative not only of the white colonial fear of black uprising, but also of extending and entrenching a colonial project that was exclusionary and inflexible.
  • nrtmakgeta on 26 Apr 23
     
    SOURCE NUMBER 5 This source highlights the history of firearms in colonial and pre-colonial Africa and what significance did the firearms have since they were introduced in Africa and how they were used. It also tells us about the guns that African used to fight and protect themselves. It also explain how large quantities of guns were produced and traded in Africa and lastly that guns in Africa were used for hunting , crop protection and to destruct vermin(which are wild animals that are believed to be harmful to crops, farm animals, or game. or which carry disease, e.g rodents)
molapisanekagiso

v36a13.pdf - 2 views

Molapisane kagiso 222108177

shared by molapisanekagiso on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Firearms have a long and significant history in Africa. From their early introduction into the continent, largely as items of trade, firearms have been intricately bound in the various forms of European intrusion into Africa, from the slave trade to pacification and colonisation. Predictably, the history of firearms in Africa has attracted substantial scholarly attention over the past half a century. The result has been the development of a large body of literature on the topic and a proliferation of conflicting viewpoints and beliefs
  • That firearms have had important influences on the course of Africa’s history is beyond doubt, yet there has been very little consensus on the issue beyond this basic acknowledgment.
  • Other works that have undertaken some form of quantification of the firearms trade into West Africa have shown that the majority of firearms imported were of a kind unsuited for military use. White insists that the African trade musket, which constituted the bulk of firearms imported into Africa, was ‘not intended for rapid reloading, cheap to buy, simple to repair, light in weight, and with no delicate parts, would be more popular than either a military musket or later military weapon
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • While Guy reveals the continuity of military tactics and practices of the Zulu, there are missing aspects to his overview. One of these is the role and use of firearms by the Zulu. From his account it is clear that firearms were not employed as military technology by the Zulu at this time. The obvious question is why? Did Zulu warriors deliberately avoid using firearms? If so, what reasons were behind the Zulu not adopting guns or firearms? Or was it more a question of control? Did the colonial authorities seek to ensure that the African populations were deprived of access and ownership of firearms? If so, what were the processes of control, deprivation and confiscation, and how effective were they? Surely, throughout their contact and conflict with colonial forces throughout the nineteenth century, the Zulu would have learnt from their experiences of engaging with an enemy armed with firearm
  • ependent on imported parts and cartridges’. 14 The trade musket was more suited to hunting or crop protection, rather than military uses such as slave raiding and capture. Richards and Northrup also show that large quantities of cheap industrial firearms were produced and traded into Africa; the Bonny gun and the Angola gun being two prime examples. This not only demonstrates the demand for cheap firearms, but also the ‘subtleties and interregional differences of African demand’. 15 As Northrup stated:
  • Another reason why the cheaper arms would have been more sought after by African populations is that many of them could be repaired in situ by their owners. Many of the more expensive and modern weapons were machine-made and so difficult for owners to mend or maintain. The cheap muskets made for Africans could be repaired by the owner or local African gunsmith. In many of the regions where firearms became an important feature of local life, blacksmiths and gunsmiths proved vital service industries. 20 Africa may not have had an armaments industry of its own, but there was definitely a lively small-scale firearm repair and service industry, the history of which has yet to be written.
  • Furthermore, there are a number of other aspects of the firearm trade that remain largely untold
  • All things considered, the history of firearms in Africa should still be seen as an exciting field of study
  • molapisanekagiso on 26 Apr 23
     
    This article is about the role and use of firearms, as well as the scale of the trade into Africa and its variations across the vast continent.
sekhele

102313498_Vilhanov.pdf - 2 views

Keabetswe Sekhele Moganedi 221075889

shared by sekhele on 22 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The third phase of the misionary movement in Africa, which started from the end of the eighteenth and continued throughout the nineteenth century, in twentieth-century Africa led to the dramatic expansion of Christianity called “the fourth great age of Christian expansion”. In their attempt to spread the Christian faith, win converts and transform African societies, Christian missions of all denominations opened schools and disseminated education. Scientifically very important was their pioneer work in African languages. By producing grammars, dictionaries, textbooks and translations of religious texts missionaries laid the foundations for literature in African languages. Christian missionary enterprise was no doubt of prime importance in the Westernization of Africa. Africans were, however, not passive recipients of new influences and culture patterns. The adoption of Christianity and the process of cultural exchange were shaped by African choices, needs and efforts to Africanize Africa’s Christian experience by securing the roots of Christianity in the African context.
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      The third phase of the missionary movement in Africa from the late 18th to 19th century led to the fourth great age of Christian expansion in 20th-century Africa. Christian missions opened schools, disseminated education, and pioneered work in African languages. The adoption of Christianity in Africa was shaped by African choices and efforts to Africanize the Christian experience.
  • Before 1800 the chief contact of sub-Saharan Africa with Europe was through the traffic in slaves for the New World. Increasing Western commercial penetration from the end of the eighteenth century and ultimate political dominance in Africa coincided with a massive Christian missionary enterprise.
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      Before 1800, Europe's primary interaction with sub-Saharan Africa was through the slave trade, but later on, Western commercial expansion and political control in Africa coincided with a significant Christian missionary effort.
  • Catholic missions
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Catholic mission refers to the efforts of the Catholic Church to spread its teachings and convert people to the Catholic faith. This involves sending missionaries to areas where Catholicism is not yet established, building churches and other religious institutions, and providing education and other services to the local community. Catholic missions have been established all over the world, with a particular focus on regions where Christianity is not the dominant religion. The mission aims to spread the message of Jesus Christ and share the love and compassion of God with all people.
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • The Catholic mission movement in Africa which had started in the late fifteenth century and was given new direction by the foundation in 1622 in Rome of the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda Fide by Pope Gregory XV, nearly collapsed under the impact of the French revolution and Napoleonic wars in the late eighteenth century, when many religious houses and congregations in Europe were closed down. It recovered in the first decades of the nineteenth century and revived the work of evangelization in Africa.
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Catholic mission movement began in Africa during the late 15th century, but it faced significant challenges during the late 18th century due to the French revolution and Napoleonic wars, which led to the closure of religious institutions in Europe. However, the movement recovered and resumed its evangelization work in Africa during the early 19th century. Pope Gregory XV played a crucial role in revitalizing the movement by establishing the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda Fide in Rome in 1622.
  • The vast African continent was always present in Lavigerie’s thoughts. From 1867 until his death in November 1892 the immense African interior remained the principal object of Cardinal Lavigerie’s zeal and from the very beginning he planned an apostolate south of the Sahara. Cardinal Lavigerie, as Professor of Early Church History at the Sorbonne, knew well that Christianity had had a very long history in Africa due to the existence of the ancient Churches in Egypt, the Roman Africa, Nubia and Ethiopia.
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      The passage describes Cardinal Lavigerie's lifelong passion for Africa. He dedicated himself to missionary work in the African interior from 1867 until his death in 1892. He planned to bring Christianity south of the Sahara. As a Professor of Early Church History, he was aware of the long history of Christianity in Africa, specifically in ancient Egypt, Roman Africa, Nubia, and Ethiopia.
  • The missionary movement which was far from successful during this early period as far as Christian conversion was concerned, met with huge success in another field. In most regions of sub-Saharan Africa outside the reach of Islam, Africans were introduced to written literature through Christian propaganda, the very first books in their own African language were produced to advance the Christian cause. Missions of all denominations disseminated education in their attempt to win converts and to train African catechists. ‘Transforming Africa by the Africans”, was the formula advocated by Cardinal Lavigerie in his instructions to the White Fathers. “The missionaries must therefore be mainly initiators, but the lasting work must be accomplished by the Africans themselves, once they have become Christians and apostles. And it must be clearly noted here that we say: become Christians and not become French or Europeans.”1 1 Missionaries were therefore asked to adapt themselves to the Africans, to strip themselves, as much as possible, of the cultural elements peculiar to them, of their language in the first place. It was believed that without effective and active communication it was impossible to pursue the conversion of the Africans.
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      During the early period of the missionary movement, converting Africans to Christianity was largely unsuccessful, but they had success in introducing written literature in African languages through Christian propaganda. Missions of various denominations aimed to educate and train African catechists, promoting the idea of "Transforming Africa by the Africans." Missionaries were asked to adapt to the African culture and communicate effectively, believing that without active communication, conversion was impossible.
  • This concern for African languages developed by both Catholic and Protestant missionaries laid the foundations for literature in African languages reduced into written form. Christianization went with reading and writing, with the rise of African literatures.
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      Catholic and Protestant missionaries' efforts to promote African languages by reducing them to written form led to the development of African literature. The Christianization process encouraged reading and writing, contributing to the growth of African literatures.
  • The schools they established were often boarding schools because missionaries believed that in an atmosphere of the boarding school far removed from the traditional cultural influences of their homes, new converts would more easily give up all or most of their traditions. The school system promoted Western values and desires. Missionary schoolmasters provided a total culture pattern, including church attendance, Christian morality, table manners, etc. All this led to the segregation and alienation of converts from their families and their societies.
    • sekhele
      sekhele on 22 Apr 23
       
      The schools made it easy for the Christian missionaries to expand the idea of Christianity.
ntswaki

The Tensions of Internationalism: Transnational Anti-Slavery in the 1880s and 1890s - 1 views

''Ntswaki221077102'' History 2A

shared by ntswaki on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • In 1888 Cardinal Lavigerie, the Archbishop of Algiers and Carthage, launched his ‘anti-slavery crusade’. Drawing attention to slave raids in Africa and to the East African slave trade, this initiative resulted in the foundation of several new antislavery associations.
    • ntswaki
      ntswaki on 26 Apr 23
       
      this journal focuses on the final two decades of the nineteenth century and the period in which the transatlantic slave trade had all but ceased, with Cuba (1880/86) and Brazil (1888) being the last parts of the Americas where slavery was abolished
  • nti-slavery; empire; internationalism; humanitarianism; transnational history; civilising mission
    • ntswaki
      ntswaki on 26 Apr 23
       
      it also gives full understanding on the issue of anti-slavery and civilising mission on this on this journal we come to understand the full history of anti-slavery, my point of choosing this journal it was to make sure that i come to understnad more about the other sides of slaves and the full history of slavery not looking only on the zanzibar topic
donclassico

Mapping the History of Cotton Textile Production in Precolonial West Africa.pdf - 1 views

Ratau Sejeng History 2A

shared by donclassico on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • he antiquity of cotton cultivation and textile production in West Africa would not be apparent to someone traveling across its present-day landscape, since varieties of New World cotton plants are no
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      The past of cotton cultivation and textile production won't be visible in this modern day of age because many world cotton plants have been developed.
  • e era of
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      Atlantic trade and colonial rule led to the whole invention of world cotton plants.
  • Africa might go. Surveys published by early twentieth-century botanists attempted to systematically document, identify, and compare plant specimens that had been collected world-wide, including Old World cottons, and suggested among other things that cotton had been widely grown in Africa prior to direct Euro
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      20th Century Botanists proved that cotton had been always grown before European and Atlantic slave trade.
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • per Niger bend.3 A more extensive survey by Dalziel indicated that G. herbaceum was still being grown in northern Nigeria and in Kanuri-speaking areas around Lake Chad as w
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      It is proven that G.herbaceum has always been grown in parts like Northern Nigeria .This proves that Cotton and textile production was happening in Niger as well according to the 1841 Niger Expedition.
  • orld varieties.' The history of cotton in precolonial Africa is still poorl
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      I disagree because this can be fully understood according to 'Textile Production in the Lower Niger Basin: New Evidence from the 1841 Niger Expedition'
  • Artisanal groups such as spinners, weavers, dyers, tailors, and embroiderers developed and honed their skills, created workshops, and marketed their products. They generated and maintained the crucially important links between raw cotton fiber and the purchasers of cotton textiles and garments. Thus tracing the history of cotton and cotton textile production can reveal a great deal about precolonial social an
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is true because around 1841 in West Africa there we price differences between cotton and textile producers .One of the reasons was the quality of the products and the difference of materials used. For example; In Niger Eggan was selling quality textiles while Yoruba country was selling cheaper products because of the lack of materials available.
  • tern Hemisphere."6 These important consumer markets for textiles predated the direct trade with Europeans, and conditioned its op
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      Textile was the major contributor for West Africa to trade with Europeans
  • othesis. No evidence could be found in southern Africa for domestication of the plant there, that is, there was no evidence of its having been cultivated or explo
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      G.herbaceum has been proven that it is not naturally from Southern Africa.
ntswaki

A Detailed Snapshot of Zanzibar Slavery History - UnitedRepublicofTanzania.com - 3 views

unitedrepublicoftanzania.com/...r-slavery-history-trade-slaves

''Ntswaki221077102'' History 2A

shared by ntswaki on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • It starts when one discovers events like when their own nation is battling with another: the prisoners are not killed, but rather tied with rope and taken to the town, where they are told, ‘You stay here as our slaves.”
    • ntswaki
      ntswaki on 25 Apr 23
       
      this article explains the beginning of the slave trade in zanzibar and also it highlights the struggle that they went through in the past, also it tries to show the important concept of slave trade in zanzibar.
  • Slaves on plantations or agricultural slaves generally worked between 6 to 11 a.m. and between 2 and 5 p.m. Sick slaves were not allowed to work, and the master oversaw their care until they recovered. In the event of the death of a slave, the master covered the costs of the funeral. However, the master did not attend all of the slaves’ funerals. He was only involved in the burials of concubines, home-born slaves, their offspring, and slaves who occupied key positions.
    • ntswaki
      ntswaki on 25 Apr 23
       
      This part of the article explains on how people that worked in the planation were being treated during the slave trade and also the fact that they didn't get any special treatment of working
  • cinderellaochu on 21 May 23
     
    Good.
mbalenhle2003

The Causes and Consequences of Africa's Slave Trade - 3 views

Mbalenhle Magagula History 2A

shared by mbalenhle2003 on 23 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • These were lists of slaves that were emancipated in 1884–1885 and in 1874–1908. The list recorded the slave’s name, age, ethnic identity, date freed, and former master’s name. 22 Together, the three samples include 9,774 slaves with 80 different ethnicities. Two additional samples of slaves shipped to Mauritius in the 19th century are also available. However, these samples only distinguish between slaves that were originally from the island of Madagascar and slaves from mainland Africa. 23 The data from the Mauritius samples are used to distinguish between slaves who were originally from mainland Africa and those from Madagascar. The number of slaves from mainland Africa are then disaggregated using the sample of slaves from the Zanzibar National Archive documents, as well as a small sample of nine slaves from Harris’ The African Presence in Asia. In total, the Indian Ocean ethnicity data include 21,048 slaves with 80 different ethnicities.
    • mbalenhle2003
      mbalenhle2003 on 23 Apr 23
       
      The Red Sea statistics come from two samples: 62 slaves from Jedda, Saudi Arabia, and five slaves from Bombay, India. The samples from India and Saudi Arabia are from two British studies that were submitted to the League of Nations and were later published in the League of Nations' Council Documents in 1936 and 1937, respectively, by Harris' The African Presence in Asia.24The samples contain data on 67 slaves overall, representing 32 different racial groups. There are two samples available for the trans-Saharan slave trade: one from Central Sudan and the other from Western Sudan. 5,385 slaves' origins are revealed through the samples, and 23 different nationalities are identified.25The Saharan ethnicity data's primary flaw is that they do not include samples from all locations.
  • These were lists of slaves that were emancipated in 1884–1885 and in 1874–1908. The list recorded the slave’s name, age, ethnic identity, date freed, and former master’s name. 22 Together, the three samples include 9,774 slaves with 80 different ethnicities. Two additional samples of slaves shipped to Mauritius in the 19th century are also available. However, these samples only distinguish between slaves that were originally from the island of Madagascar and slaves from mainland Africa. 23 The data from the Mauritius samples are used to distinguish between slaves who were originally from mainland Africa and those from Madagascar. The number of slaves from mainland Africa are then disaggregated using the sample of slaves from the Zanzibar National Archive documents, as well as a small sample of nine slaves from Harris’ The African Presence in Asia. In total, the Indian Ocean ethnicity data include 21,048 slaves with 80 different ethnicities.
    • mbalenhle2003
      mbalenhle2003 on 23 Apr 23
       
      These were lists of slaves who were freed between 1874 and 1908 and between 1884 and 1885. The list included the name, age, ethnicity, date of freedom, and former master's name for each slave.22There are 9,774 slaves total in the three datasets, representing 80 distinct ethnic groups. There are also two other examples of slaves who were sent to Mauritius in the 19th century. These samples, however, only make a distinction between slaves from the continent of Africa and those who were originally from the island of Madagascar.23The information from the Mauritius samples is utilized to distinguish between slaves who came from Madagascar and those who came from the continent of Africa. The number of slaves from continental Africa is then broken down using a small sample of nine captives from Harris' The African Presence in Asia as well as a sample of slaves from the Zanzibar National Archive papers.
  • The Red Sea data are from two samples: a sample of five slaves from Bombay, India and a sample of 62 slaves from Jedda, Saudi Arabia. The sample from India is from Harris’ The African Presence in Asia, and the sample from Saudi Arabia which is from two British reports submitted to the League of Nations, and published in the League of Nations’ Council Documents in 1936 and 1937. 24 In total, the samples provide information for 67 slaves, with 32 different ethnicities recorded. For the trans-Saharan slave trade, two samples are available: one from Central Sudan and the other from Western Sudan. The samples provide information on the origins of 5,385 slaves, with 23 different ethnicities recorded. 25 The main shortcoming of the Saharan ethnicity data is that they do not provide samples from all regions from which slaves were taken during the Saharan slave trade. However, the shipping data from Ralph Austen not only provide information on the volume of trade, but also information on which caravan slaves were shipped on, the city or town that the caravan originated in, the destination of the caravan, and in some cases, the ethnic identity of the slaves being shipped
    • mbalenhle2003
      mbalenhle2003 on 23 Apr 23
       
      The Red Sea statistics come from two samples: 62 slaves from Jedda, Saudi Arabia, and five slaves from Bombay, India. Both the sample from India and the sample from Saudi Arabia are taken from British reports that were submitted to the League of Nations and published in the League of Nations Council Documents in 1936 and 1937, respectively. The sample from India is taken from Harris' The African Presence in Asia.24The samples contain data on 67 slaves overall, representing 32 different racial groups. There are two samples available for the trans-Saharan slave trade, one from Central Sudan and the other from Western Sudan. 5,385 slaves' origins are revealed through the samples, and 23 different nationalities are identified. The Saharan ethnicity data's primary flaw is that they carried slaves on caravans when shipping them.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Admittedly, the final estimates for the Saharan slave trade are very poor. This is also true for the Red Sea slave trade. However, it will be shown that all of the statistical results are completely robust with or without the estimates of slaves shipped during these two slave trades. That is, the statistical findings remain even if the Red Sea and Saharan slave trades are completely ignored because of the poor quality of their data. Combining the ethnicity data with the shipping data, estimates of the number of slaves taken from each country in Africa are constructed. 26 The construction procedure follows the following logic. Using the shipping data, the number of slaves shipped from each coastal country in Africa is first calculated. As mentioned, the problem with these numbers is that slaves shipped from the ports of a coastal country may not have come from that country, but from inland countries that lie landlocked behind the coastal country. To estimate the number of slaves shipped from the coast that would have come from these inland countries, the sample of slaves from the ethnicity data is used. Each ethnicity is first mapped to modern country boundaries. This step relies on a great amount of past research by African historians. The authors of the secondary sources, from which the data were taken, generally also provide a detailed analysis of the meaning and locations of the ethnicities appearing in the historical records. In many of the publications, the authors created maps showing the locations of the ethnic groups recorded in the documents. For example, detailed maps are provided in Higman’s samples from the British Caribbean, Koelle’s linguistic inventory of free slaves in Sierra Leone, Mary Karasch’s samples from Rio de Janeiro, Aguirre Beltran’s sample from plantation and sales records from Mexico, Adam Jones’ sample of liberated child slaves from Sierra Leone, and David Pavy’s sample of slaves from Colombia. 27 Other sources also provide excellent summaries of the most common ethnic designations used during the slave trades. These include Philip Curtin’s The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census, ethnographer George Peter Murdock’s Africa: Its Peoples and Their Cultural History, and Gwendolyn Midlo Hall’s
    • mbalenhle2003
      mbalenhle2003 on 23 Apr 23
       
      The estimates for the trans-Saharan slave trade are, admittedly, rather weak. The Red Sea slave trade is an example of this. It will be demonstrated, nevertheless, that these statistical findings hold true whether or not the estimates of slaves shipped during these two slave exchanges are included. In other words, the statistical results hold true even if the Red Sea and Saharan slave markets are entirely disregarded due to the poor quality of their data. Estimates of the number of slaves taken from each African nation are created by fusing the shipping statistics with the ethnicity data.26The construction process follows the reasoning shown below. The number of slaves sent from each coastline nation in Africa is first determined using the shipping information. As previously stated, the issue with these figures is that slaves shipped from the ports are first estimated.
  • Admittedly, the final estimates for the Saharan slave trade are very poor. This is also true for the Red Sea slave trade. However, it will be shown that all of the statistical results are completely robust with or without the estimates of slaves shipped during these two slave trades. That is, the statistical findings remain even if the Red Sea and Saharan slave trades are completely ignored because of the poor quality of their data. Combining the ethnicity data with the shipping data, estimates of the number of slaves taken from each country in Africa are constructed.The construction procedure follows the following logic. Using the shipping data, the number of slaves shipped from each coastal country in Africa is first calculated. As mentioned, the problem with these numbers is that slaves shipped from the ports of a coastal country may not have come from that country, but from inland countries that lie landlocked behind the coastal country. To estimate the number of slaves shipped from the coast that would have come from these inland countries, the sample of slaves from the ethnicity data is used. Each ethnicity is first mapped to modern country boundaries. This step relies on a great amount of past research by African historians. The authors of the secondary sources, from which the data were taken, generally also provide a detailed analysis of the meaning and locations of the ethnicities appearing in the historical records. In many of the publications, the authors created maps showing the locations of the ethnic groups recorded in the documents. For example, detailed maps are provided in Higman’s samples from the British Caribbean, Koelle’s linguistic inventory of free slaves in Sierra Leone, Mary Karasch’s samples from Rio de Janeiro, Aguirre Beltran’s sample from plantation and sales records from Mexico, Adam Jones’ sample of liberated child slaves from Sierra Leone, and David Pavy’s sample of slaves from Colombia.Other sources also provide excellent summaries of the most common ethnic designations used during the slave trades. These include Philip Curtin’s The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census, ethnographer George Peter Murdock’s Africa: Its Peoples and Their Cultural History, and Gwendolyn Midlo Hall’s Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas: Restoring the Links. Many of the ethnic groups in the ethnicity sample do not map cleanly into one country. The quantitatively most important ethnic groups that fall into this category include: the Ana, Ewe, Fon, Kabre, and Popo, who occupied land in modern Benin and Togo; the Kongo, who resided in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola; the Makonde, localized within Mozambique and Tanzania; the Malinke, who occupied lived within Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Guinea, Ivory Coast, and Guinea Bissau; the Nalu, from Guinea Bissau and Guinea; the Teke, living in land within Gabon, Congo, and Democratic Republic of Congo; and the Yao from Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania. In cases such as these, the total number of slaves from each ethnic group was divided between the countries using information from George Peter Murdock’s Africa: Its Peoples and Their Cultural History. Ethnic groups were first mapped to his classification of over 800 ethnic groups for Africa. Using a digitized version of a map provided in his book and GIS software, the proportion of land area in each country occupied by the ethnic group was calculated. These proportions were then used as weights to disaggregate the total number of slaves of an ethnicity between the countries. Using the ethnicity sample, an estimate of the number of slaves shipped from each coastal country that would have come from each inland country is calculated. Using these figures, the number of slaves that came from all countries in Africa, both coastal and inland, is then calculated. Because over time, slaves were increasingly being taken from further inland, the estimation procedure is performed separately for each of the following four time periods: 14001599, 1600-1699, 1700-1799, 1800-1900. In other words, for each time period, the shipping data and ethnicity data from that time period only is used in the calculations. In the end, the procedure yields estimates of the number of slaves taken from each country in each of the four slave trades for each of the four time periods listed above.
  • mbalenhle2003 on 23 Apr 23
     
    Non-academic source
zenethian

The Battle of Isandlwana and the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 | Sky HISTORY TV Channel/NEWSPA... - 3 views

www.history.co.uk/...and-the-anglo-zulu-war-of-1879

Zenethian VanRoss

shared by zenethian on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • he battle that followed this remarkable discovery was a disaster. It hadn’t meant to be this way. When the High Commissioner for Southern Africa, Sir Henry Bartle Frere, came up with the flawed idea of annexing the British-friendly kingdom of Zululand into a greater South African Confederation by force of arms, he presumed Zulus armed with spears, clubs and shields would be no match for the mighty British Army.
    • mawandemvulana
      mawandemvulana on 26 Apr 23
       
      This article describes the Battle of Isandlwana. This battle was a victory for the Zulu army but very disastrous for the British. This was due to the fact the British had undermined the Zulu army's capabilities and only thought of them as people fighting with sticks. It was embarrassing for the British government as they had not even ordered the attack.
  • Lord Chelmsford massively underestimated how many men he would need to take into Cetshwayo’s territory. So confident was Chelmsford of an easy victory that he took with him a mere 7,800 troops.
    • mawandemvulana
      mawandemvulana on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is an example of the British undermining the Zulu army, as it is shown that they only brought as little as 7,800 troops.
  • In reality, the small numbers of Zulu warriors Chelmsford’s scouts had spotted and reported back to the general were a ruse devised by Cetshwayo’s commanders to draw out Chelmsford and then attack his forces from behind with the bulk of the main Zulu army. The ruse worked, and the overconfident aristocrat marched 2,800 soldiers away from the camp, splitting his forces in two.
    • mawandemvulana
      mawandemvulana on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows the intelligence of the Zulu army's military strategy.
  • ...37 more annotations...
  • Isandlwa
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      Isandlwana was where the Zulus won one famous battle.
  • The Battle of
  • Rorke’s Drift i
  • The scouts stopped dead in their tracks when they saw what the valley contained. Sitting on the ground in total silence were 20,000 Zulu warriors. It was an astonishing sight.
  • Frere issued the order to attack the lands ruled over by King Cetshwayo,
  • When Cetshwayo failed to agree to Frere’s ultimatum to disband his army, Frere grasped his chance to invade.
  • The ultimate goal was the capture of Ulundi - Cetshwayo’s capital.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The British wanted to capture Ulundi.
  • When Cetshwayo failed to agree to Frere’s ultimatum to disband his army, Frere grasped his chance to invade.
  • When Cetshwayo failed to agree to Frere’s ultimatum to disband his army, Frere grasped his chance to invade.
  • Chelmsford left just 1,300 troops guarding the camp as he took a sizable number of his men off to attack what he thought was the main Zulu army.
  • While Chelmsford was off chasing an imaginary Zulu army, the real one moved to the valley of Ngwebeni.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The unravelling of the Zulu attack.
  • Pulleine was an administrator, not a soldier, and it was his inexperience that contributed to the disaster that was about to unfold.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The British believed that this was one of the causes for their loss at Isandlwana.
  • He chose not to do so, leaving a much less experienced man in charge.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      This highlights the British remorse.
  • The plan was instantly changed from attacking Chelmsford’s rear to attacking the camp at Isandlwana.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      An important victory for the Zulus at the Isandlwana mountain.
  • As the warriors began to arrive over the horizon, they started to muster into an ‘impi’ – the traditional Zulu formation of three infantry columns that together represented the chest and horns of a buffalo.
  • two mountain guns of the Royal Artillery.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      Highlights just how unfair the situation was ,as the British possessed guns while the Zulu people made use of traditional weapons.
  • armed with spears and clubs,
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is what the Zulus made use of to fight the British army.
  • inflicting heavy casualties on the Zulu side, forcing many to retreat behind Isandlwana hill to shelter from the hail of shells and bullets.
  • Faced with certain death or escape, Durnford’s men began to leave the battlefield before they could be fully encircled and cut off by the impi.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows just how determined the Zulus were to protect themselves and fight the enemy: The British army.
  • the impi a
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      Impi-It is a Zulu word for war.
  • As Durnford’s men retreated back against
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The British could not defend against such determined and large Zulu attack.
  • the impi
  • which was quickly overrun and butchered by Zulu warriors.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Zulus exploited such faults by the British forces to their favor.
  • When the sun returned, not one tent was left standing in the camp and the area was now a killing round.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      Highlights the then present battle.
  • Screams rang out across the camp as soldiers were stabbed and clubbed to death where they stood.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Zulus attained a great victory against the British imperialists.
  • Durnford and a valiant band of native infantrymen and regulars of the 24th Foot had managed to keep the two horns of the impi from joining up by defending a wagon park on the edge of the camp.
  • however, and as their ammunition ran out, they resorted to hand-to-hand combat until they were overwhelmed.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      In this regard the Zulus were unmatched.
  • As the Zulus left the battlefield in triumph, 4,000 of them split from the main army and headed for the mission station at Rorke’s Drift. There, 150 British and colonial troops fought off wave after wave of attacks for ten grueling hours before the Zulus finally retreated. Eleven Victoria Crosses were awarded following the station’s remarkable survival.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      There was another battle at Rorkes Drift.
  • Durnford’s body was later found surrounded by his men, all stabbed and beaten to death.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The death of Durnford.
  • Those attempting to flee were cut down as they ran, while those lying wounded on the ground were stabbed and clubbed to death.
  • butchered B
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The word "butchered" implies the use of spears and dangerous Zulu weapons used to physically destroy British troops,
  • As the enemy melted away, taking rifles, ammunition, artillery and supplies with them, the extent of the massacre became clear
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      It was ultimately a massacre.
  • As the remnants of the camp began to flee, no quarter was given to the remaining British and native soldiers.
  • sandlwana was a humiliating defeat for a British government that hadn’t even ordered the attack on Zululand in the first place. When news reached home both of the massacre and the valiant defence of Rorke’s Drift, the British public was baying for blood. The
  • And what of Cetshwayo, the courageous king who stood up to the might of the British Empire and won the day? He was captured following the Battle of Ulundi on the 4th of July 1879. He was exiled first to Cape Town, and then to London
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The notorious king being exiled.
  • Cetshwayo returned to Zululand in 1883. He died on the 4th of February 1884 and is buried in a field near the Nkunzane River in what is today modern South Africa. He was the last king of an independent Zululand; a friend and unwilling foe of the empire on which the sun never set.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Zulu king remains an immortal historical figure because of his persistent ,yet commendable efforts to get rid of the British.
radingwanaphatane

v36a13.pdf - 2 views

History 2A History2A PM RADINGWANA 220165865

shared by radingwanaphatane on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Firearms have a long and significant history in Africa. From their early introduction into the continent, largely as items of trade, firearms have been intricately bound in the various forms of European intrusion into Africa, from the slave trade to pacification and colonisation. Predictably, the history of firearms in Africa has attracted substantial scholarly attention over the past half a century. The result has been the development of a large body of literature on the topic and a proliferation of conflicting viewpoints and beliefs. The literature on the role and use of firearms in Africa has undergone significant changes over the last half-century and, given the dramatic transformations in political context within Africa over the same period, this is hardly surprising
  • while imports of firearms closely tracked imports of slaves, a guns-forslaves equation is too simple to describe the complexities of political transformations. Not only did guns play an ancillary rather than primary role in most African armies of this era, but for the most important states, guns [were merely an element in] a process of military transformation that was already underway. 1
  • In addition, Richards notes that the firearm trade peaked in the 1830s (although he gives no figures for this peak), which again weakens the ‘slave–gun cycle’ theory. 13 Firearms were being imported well before the heyday of the slave trade and their importation continued to rise in many key slaving areas after its abolition.
ncamisilenzuza9

The Making of a Colonial Elite: Property, Family and Landed Stability in the Cape Colon... - 3 views

Ncamisile Nzuza History 2A

shared by ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Cape Colony,
  • Cape Colony, c.
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Cape Colony is located in Southern Africa or rather South Africa, the colony was part of the slave trade under the Dutch and British rule in alliance with the VOC.
  • Wayne Dooling
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Wayne is very much familiar with the history of Africa because he lectures in African History at the University of London.
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • ed its settler population into four classes. Fir
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The division of people into classes is what contributed to slavery, because if people were all viewed as belonging to one class or as equals then each person would have been respected to be not seen as a slave or potential slave. The division of people into classes also shows that the distribution of power and wealth was racially structured by society.
  • gentry
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      What is a gentry? Refers to people of good social position, specifically the class of people next below the nobility in position and birth.
  • there were the poorer stock farmers of the far interior
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Cape Colony is known to be the producer of wine, so slavery played a huge role in developing the economy of the Cape commercially. For about two decades the colonial government, in alliance with the western Cape gentry of slave-owning farmers and officials promoted wine as the main export commodity. So, the poorer stock farmers were the ones who were mostly burdened with working in the wine farms.
  • Their wives and grown-up children or the female slaves put the plants into the soil. In
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      In the history of slavery, anthropologists noted the patterns between the type of agriculture and lineage systems. For example, the planting agriculture was mostly dominated by women.
  • was in the initial heartland of colonial settlement that dispossession of indigenous populations was most complete and where slavery formed the basis for the exploitation of land and lab
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Colonialism played a huge role in the slave trade. When colonizers arrived, they viewed Africans (South Africans) as barbaric and underdeveloped. Which is why colonizers took advantage of them and exploited them in terms of their land.
  • In March 1825
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      During 1825, the system of slavery faced a challenge, because in response to the anti-slavery movement that was happening at the time, the British government intervened directly in master-slave relations, placing constraints on the exploitation of slaves.
  • lived well off large farms or plantations worked by scores of slaves.'10
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      This is mostly likely how the issue of land began in South Africa. The Dutch or British colonizers took most of the arable land in large pieces, which is why Africans had to work on farms owned by colonizers, they did not have enough arable land.
  • the VOC (most
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      During its period as a slave-importing colony, the Cape was an integral part of the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie ( 'Dutch East India Company' ,known as the VOC) trading network in the Indian Ocean. It drew slaves from a wide range of Asian and southwestern Indian Ocean regions. However, when the Cape Colony fell under the control of the British around 1795, the increase in imported slaves came from Mozambique and other regions of southeastern Africa.
  • geographical boundaries
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Cape's geography also gave rise to slavery, because the geographic position of the Cape served as a midway point for ships sailing between Europe and the East Indies.
  • 1834 There is little doubt that Cape settler society grew increasingly complex as slave and settler numbers grew and agricultural output increased
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Slavery was a mainstay of the labor force of the Cape Colony which is part of the reason why there was an increase in the number of slaves, because slave owners realized that the more slaves they owned, the more wealth and status they would gain. Which is why throughout the 18th century slaves outnumbered settlers.
  • state inventories of arable farmers from the middle of the eighteenth century clearly point to the disparities of wealth that existed amongst the Colony's sett
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Cape Colony had favorable geography (arable land) and having favorable geography was a win for slave owners, because they were able to produce a good deal on their farms. This led to good wealth for slave owners.
  • an Blignault owned eighteen slaves and no fewer than seven properties (mostly located in the fertile Drakenstein distr
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Having fertile land meant more slaves to the slave owners, because they needed more labor on the farms for more wine or crop production.
  • children or the female slaves put the plants into the soil.
  • itain withdrew its protection of the wine indust
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The British government also abandoned its commitment to the tariffs used for the Cape wines, which led to the downfall of the main export market for the industry, wine.
  • cinderellaochu on 05 May 23
     
    This is a good source but you did not share it correctly. It says "log in through your library". It appears you did not access the site through the UJ database with your UJ details.
naicker222027679

A Brief History Of The Ivory Trade In Africa | HowAfrica Latest news, views, gossip, ph... - 0 views

howafrica.com/story-of-ivory-trade-in-africa

Xantia Naicker History 2A

shared by naicker222027679 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • vory has been desired since antiquity because its relative softness made it easy to carve into intricate decorative items for the very wealthy.
  • vory was taken across the Mediterranean to Europe or to Central and East Asia, though the latter regions could easily acquire ivory from southeast Asian elephants.
  • ivory moved inland,
    • naicker222027679
      naicker222027679 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Trade moved from West Africa to East Africa due to the high demand of ivory
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • The need for human porters meant that the growing slave and ivory trades went hand-in-hand, particularly in East and Central Africa
    • naicker222027679
      naicker222027679 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The demand for Ivory motivated Europeans to have slaves, particularly to carry the Ivory to its respective ships
  • Once they reached the coast, the traders sold both the slaves and the ivory for hefty profits.
Safiyya Shakeel

History of Christian Missions to Africa | Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History - 1 views

oxfordre.com/...78A49109AB2C1838DD79F22548B5E9

Safiyya Shakeel History2A 222112023

shared by Safiyya Shakeel on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Not only does this neglect the work of women as wives and teachers, but it diverts attention from the Africans who were everywhere the dominant force in the spread of modern Christianity. By the turn of the 20th century, evangelism had escaped the bounds of mission stations driven by African initiative and the appearance of so-called “faith missions” based on a model of itinerant preaching.
    • Safiyya Shakeel
      Safiyya Shakeel on 25 Apr 23
       
      This article discusses another perspective of Christian Missionaries and highlights the role that women played during the spread of Christianity.
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