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mzamombewana

Central Africa - Development of the slave trade | Britannica - 3 views

www.britannica.com/...Development-of-the-slave-trade

Mzamo Mbewana History 2A Slavery

shared by mzamombewana on 04 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The Atlantic opening had an earlier and more direct impact on Central Africa than the Mediterranean opening. In the 1470s a colony of Portuguese was settled on the offshore island of São Tomé. The Portuguese had been experimenting with colonial plantations for more than a century and already had settlements on Cape Verde and the Canary and Madeira islands
    • mzamombewana
      mzamombewana on 04 Apr 23
       
      This paragraph indicate the arrival of Portuguese and establishment of slave in Central Africa.
  • Central African slaves taken to the island slave market were sold to three destinations. The strongest were sold to the Akan miners of the Gold Coast in West Africa, where royal Portuguese agents were able to buy up to half a ton of gold a year in exchange for imported commodities and slave workers from other parts of the continent.
    • mzamombewana
      mzamombewana on 04 Apr 23
       
      This paragraph or annotated text indicate the locations and trade routes of slaves from Central Africa to Portuguese markets.
  • The second attempt to build a European colony in Central Africa occurred in the kingdom of Kongo surrounding the mouth of the Congo River. Portuguese traders exploited a division in the ruling class to gain a foothold at the court and the support of a royal claimant, who adopted Christianity and assumed the title of Afonso I
    • mzamombewana
      mzamombewana on 04 Apr 23
       
      This section indicates the Portuguese effort to capture Congo a region in Central Africa and colonize it for the trading slaves purposes.
  • mzamombewana on 04 Apr 23
     
    The blog/newspaper indicates the arrival of Portuguese in Central Africa with their trading purpose. It then highlights how Portuguese conquered and traded African slaves in some regions of Free State Congo (Modern: DRC).
bulelwa

Trade and Transformation: Participation in the Ivory Trade in Late 19th-Century East an... - 1 views

Anathi Johnson

shared by bulelwa on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ISSN: 0225-5189 (Print) 2158-9100 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rcjd20
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      This serves as proof that this document was donwloaded from UJ database.
  • Trade and Transformation: Participation in the Ivory Trade in Late 19th-Century East and central Africa
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      Based on this title, this journal article will explore how the ivory trade contributed to the 19th century.
  • central
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      I am not interested in this region because Digo research allows me to explore East Africa.
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • central Africa Ruth
  • The issue of policital leaders is covered extensively in the literature, so I will simply highlight a few key issues. First, ivory had important and widespread political meanings as a sign of authority and an item of tr
  • The value of these armlets grew as a result of the increasing scope and intensity of the ivory trade during the 19th century.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows that during the 19th century in East Africa ,ivory was powerful it had an influence on how much other things valued.
  • By the late 19th century, guns had been widely adopted as the elephant in Late hunter's tool of choice, though older methods were still used as well.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      This marks a change in how elephants were poached, my Jstore article states that poachers used an axe to extract ivory from elephants, it was in the 19th century we see the use of guns, which id s a fast process to kill elephants.
  • My interest in the literature on the ivory trade and in 19th-century thinking about trade and its effects on Africa arose
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      In the introduction, there is an establishment of the places this journal will explore in terms of how the ivory trade affected them. But I am concerned with the East African region therefore my annotations will center more on things that involve ivory trade effects in East Africa
  • Ivory provided status and livelihood for porters engaged in transporting it. The ivory trade was crucial in the development of long-distance trade route
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      a new idea that builds from J store. In J store ivory was sold in markets, in this source we are introduced to ivory being traded in local markets.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows that ivory influenced politics.
  • bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
     
    This is a source from Taylor and Francis. It talks about the participation of East African societies during the late nineteenth century. Furthermore, it shows how ivory was an economic and political activity in East Africa during the nineteenth century. It also shows how the ivory trade led to a decline in the number of elephants in East Africa. This is the PDF version, I experienced technical difficulties when trying to annotate it from the original database. But inside this PDF I annotated evidence to show this document was downloaded from the UJ database.
bulelwa

The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century.pdf - 2 views

Anathi Johnson

shared by bulelwa on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • THE EAST AFRICAN IVORY TRADE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This suggests that East Africa may have killed many hypothalamus animals because their region had animals that had favorable traits when it comes to the ivory trade.
  • THE East African ivory trade i
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      The word "ancient" means a long time. This suggests that the ivory trade has been in practice in East Africa for a long time.
  • East African ivory is soft ivory and is ideal for carving. It was in keen demand in the Orient because of its superior quality and because it was less expensive than that from south-e
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This suggests that East Africa may have killed many hypothalamus animals because their region had animals that had favorable traits such as having quality when it comes to ivory. Carving means: fashioning an object.
  • ...26 more annotations...
  • But
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This shows that in nineteen century marked a good sharp increase in the ivory trade in East Africa. It may suggest that people started to be involved in the ivory trade if they were not involved.
  • But it was in the nineteenth century that the great development of the East African ivory trade took place. An
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This information shows that the involvement of Americans and Europeans resulted in the ivory trade increasing more. With an increase in the ivory trade meant that animals such as elephants, and rhinos were being killed in huge figures. This is what the author suggests when he/she says, "This led to extensive exploitation of ivory resources" America's involvement does not shock One that the ivory trade was increased to a point where resources got exploited. It is because America is advanced and it had more money or things that East Africans needed.
  • ncreased demand for ivory in America and Europe coincided with the opening up of East Africa by Arab traders and European explorers, and
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This information shows that the involvement of Americans and Europeans resulted in the ivory trade increasing more. With an increase in the ivory trade meant that animals such as elephants, and rhinos were being killed in huge figures. This is what the author suggests when he/she says, "This led to extensive exploitation of ivory resources" America's involvement does not shock one that the ivory trade was increased to a point where resources got exploited. It is because America is advanced and it had more money or things that East Africans needed.
  • this led to the intensive exploitation of the ivory resources of the interior. Thro
  • neteenth century, East Africa ranked as the foremost source of ivory in the world; ivory over-topped all rivals, ev
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This shows that East Africa was the best than other places in Africa that were competing with them when it came to the ivory trade.
  • ntil the early nineteenth century, ivory was obtained in suf
  • Until the early nineteenth century, ivory was obtained in sufficient quantity from the coast to meet demand,
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      key event. This event marked an increase in the amount of ivory being obtained to meet people who demanded it.
  • rade was lucrative,
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Defination producing a great deal of profit
  • The onslaught on the ivory reserves of the East African interior in the nineteenth century took the form of a two-way thrust, that from the north by the Egyptians under Muhammad Ali, which penetrated southwards into the Sudan and Equatoria, and that from the east coast by the Arabs under Sultan Said of Zanzibar, following the transference of the seat of his authority from Muscat to Zanzibar in I832. Within a decade of Said's move to Zanzibar and the Egyptian advance southwards, the ivory traders were out en masse.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Paraphrased to understand it The nineteenth-century onslaught on the interior of East Africa's ivory valuables took the form of a two-way
  • den may do it in four months.' The two great inland markets for ivory were Unyanyembe (Tabora) in what is now central Tanzania, and Ujiji on the east coast of Lake Tanganyika.1
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      These are the places where most of the time ivory trade took place.
  • Cameron, arriving here in i874, speaks of the 'special ornaments' here of 'beautifully white and wonderfully polished hippopotamus ivory'. These ivory carvings at Ujiji were exceptional
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This means that ivory was used to make nice products that are aesthetic.
  • The popular measurement of cloth in East Africa was the 'piece' or shukkah which, although varying in breadth, was always four cubits in lengt
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      I am confused why is the article talking about the popular measurement of cloth instead of dealing with the ivory trade? .
  • The ivory trader had to know his ivory, which varies from hard to soft. On the whole, the ivory of East Africa is of the soft variety. The d
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This idea is repeated, it allude that it was important to have soft ivory rather than hard because white ivory made more profit in sale.
  • vory is white, opaque, and smooth, it is gently curved, and easily worked, and has what might be called 'spring'. Har
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      The reader gets the image of how hard ivory looks.
  • ivory is white, opaque, and smooth, it is gently curved, and easily worked, and has what might be called 'spring'. Hard ivory, on the other hand, is translucent, glossy and of a heavier specific gravity than soft ivory; it is more subject to extremes of temperature and more difficult to carve.
  • is
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      I get an image of how white ivory looks like
  • Ivory tusks ranged in weight from the small tusks destined for the Indian market and weighing no more than a few pounds, to the huge tusks of 200 lb. and more which were regularly carried to the coast.13 Small
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This shows that there were different types of sizes tusks that were used for ivory. The small tusks allude that these rhinos or elephants were killed at a young age.
  • d. The task of removal was much facilitated by using a steel axe, which the Arabs usually possessed, but the natives rarely. Bargaining for ivory required infinite pati
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is animal abuse how can they use such This is animal abuse how can they use such dangerous objects on animals? A tool as an axe is dangerous it kills animals which may resulted in hypothalamus animals extinct. How can they use dangerous objects on animals? A tool as an axe is dangerous it kills animals which may resulted in hypothalamus animals extinct.
  • The value of ivory was calculated in different ways. The African estimated its value by its size and qua
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      These where two ways to calculate the worth of ivory.
  • ding. The price on the world market was remarkably free from fluctuations; no commodity retained such a stable price as did ivory in the nineteenth ce
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Nothing had a stable price like ivory in nineteenth, which means other products had increase and decrease over the price these times.
  • enya to trade for ivory. The original plans for an East African railway were based on the assumption that the haulage of ivory would be a valuable source of revenue.3
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This shows that East Africa first planned that Ivory will be their source of income.
  • '. The shooting of cow elephants was prohibited, and all ivory below io lb. weight (raised to 30 lb. in I905) was liable to confiscation. Demarcation of reserves also followed.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is good because if they give elephants a chance to grow they will be able to reproduce and maintain the population. Order to prevent elephants from being extinct.
  • a.40 Instances of infringement of the game laws and trading in illicit ivory continued to come before the courts throughout the earlier twentieth cen
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This means that in the late 19th century not much illegal ivory trade were reported.
  • Figures of ivory exports from East Africa during the early nineteenth century are not easy to obt
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Why is that so? was it because no one cared to calculate or there a many numbers of exports?
  • Various figures have been put forth to show the number of elephants killed to supply the above ivory exports. Baker's estimate that 3,000 elephants were killed annually, to supply the ivory transported down the Nile during the i86os, may not be far off the m
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is is sad ,many animals killed for their horns.
  • SUMMARY The East African ivory trade is an ancient one: East African ivory is soft ivory and is ideal for carving, and was always in great demand. It figures prominently in the earliest reference to trading activities on the East African Coast. But the great development came in the nineteenth century when an increased demand for ivory in America and Europe coincided with the opening up of East Africa by Arab traders and European explorers. The onslaught on the ivory resources of the interior took the form of a two-way thrust-from the north by the Egyptians who penetrated into the Sudan and E
  • bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
     
    This is a source from the J store it talks about ivory in the nineteenth century. There is a link below that proves I was able to get it on the UJ database. I could not annotate my PDF straight from the J store due to technical difficulties not because I do not know how to annotate from the J store. My tutor said I should add a link to my source. This is my link below https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/179483.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Afb9e9b59532f72e2bb9a12ae108a610a&ab_segments=&origin=&initiator=
shinez

Blantyre | Malawi | Britannica - 1 views

www.britannica.com/...Blantyre-Malawi

Shinez Mjelele History 2A

shared by shinez on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Blantyre, city in Malawi and seat of the country’s judiciary. It lies in the Shire Highlands, in the southern part of the country. Blantyre lies at an elevation (3,409 feet [1,039 metres]) that moderates the tropical climate. It has a rainy season (December to March), a cool season (April to August), and a hot season (September to November).
    • shinez
      shinez on 25 Apr 23
       
      information regarding the setting of the Blantyre mission
  • Blantyre was founded in 1876 as a Church of Scotland mission station and was named after explorer David Livingstone’s Scottish birthplace.
    • shinez
      shinez on 25 Apr 23
       
      Background of the Blantyre mission with its origin and founders
  • In 1878 it became the base of the African Lakes Company, a Scottish firm, which laid the foundation for its later importance as a major commercial and distribution centre
    • shinez
      shinez on 25 Apr 23
       
      The rise of the Blantyre mission
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • By World War I, Blantyre’s population included significant numbers of Africans from neighbouring districts and South Asian traders, adding to the town’s vibrancy.
    • shinez
      shinez on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Blantyre mission brought about the spread of Christianity in Africa as a whole all the way to some Asian countries
  • n 1956 Blantyre was united with Limbe, a town 7 miles (11 km) to the east that had been founded in 1909 and had grown around the headquarters of the Malawi (then Nyasaland) Railways. The amalgamated city is sometimes called Blantyre/Limbe. It has two cathedrals and the polytechnic and medical campuses of the University of Malawi.Blantyre is Malawi’s chief commercial and industrial centre. Light industries include shoe manufacturing, corn (maize) milling, brewing, soft-drink production, baking, printing, and tobacco manufacturing. While Blantyre acts as the regional shopping and administrative centre, Limbe is the centre for wholesale commerce, conducted mainly by the South Asian community, and the headquarters of Malawi’s tobacco auctions. Pop. (2008) city, 661,444.This article was most recently revised and updated by
    • shinez
      shinez on 25 Apr 23
       
      A web Article of the Blantyre mission
mpilosibisi

Missions and missionaries.Jstor.pdf - 1 views

Mpilo Sibisi

shared by mpilosibisi on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • mpilosibisi on 26 Apr 23
     
    This is a journal from JSTOR which talks about how big missionaries were in history, it also talks about how they came in big numbers. It talks of the different roles of the missions and missionaries in their various locations. This journal also shows that, although some of the Catholic missionaries were not successful, this did not stop them from developing further. This journal also shows that despite all the wars took place during the time, Catholic missionaries still served their purpose
mathapelo063

Arab in Central Africa. Ivory trade.pdf - 4 views

Mathapelo Mabote HISTORY 2A

shared by mathapelo063 on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • mathapelo063 on 24 Apr 23
     
    The document shows the Arab invasion of Central Africa. It also includes information provided by eyewitnesses( travelers, colonizers, residents, etc.) where we see the population in the region beginning to decline due to the slave trade and the conquering of stateless societies by chiefdoms. Page 7 of this document shows that in the late 19th century, chiefdoms were raiding societies that had no leaders of chiefs. This was done to expand this chiefdoms and for military services. We can see that Chief Zappu Zapp traded with the Arabs who invaded Central Africa for guns, in exchange of slaves and ivory. Chief Zappu Zapp had an advantage as his soldiers were armed with guns in addition to bows and arrows, while other chiefdoms only had bows and arrows for protection.
asanda

exchange of guns in southern Africa newspaper - 2 views

Asanda Minenhle KUZWAYO

shared by asanda on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
    • asanda
      asanda on 25 Apr 23
       
      it show the bound book, Africa in a nut shell, for stamp album of money that they made by trade with them.
    • asanda
      asanda on 25 Apr 23
       
      it show the bound book, Africa in a nut shell, for stamp album of money that they made by trade with them. it all about income they were earn by exchanging guns and other goods
  • asanda on 25 Apr 23
     
    this news paper showing the exchange of guns and pricing they were earn by exchanging guns. it is column of money and guns that they were tranding during 1800s
thutomatlhoko

Cetshwayo | Zulu king | Britannica - 1 views

www.britannica.com/...Cetshwayo

Thuto Matlhoko History 2A The Zulu Kingdom_ Zulu War

shared by thutomatlhoko on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • so spelled Cetewayo, (born c. 1826, near Eshowe, Zululand [now in South Africa]—died Feb. 8, 1884, Eshowe), last great king of the independent Zulus (reigned 1872–79), whose strong military leadership and political acumen restored the power and prestige of the Zulu nation, which had declined during the reign of his father, Mpande (Panda). As absolute ruler of a rigidly disciplined army of 40,000 men, Cetshwayo was considered a threat to British colonial interests; the Anglo-Zulu War (1879) and subsequent destruction of Zulu power
    • thutomatlhoko
      thutomatlhoko on 26 Apr 23
       
      This paragraph covers who Cetshwayo.
  • Cetshwayo, al
lmshengu

Europeans and East Africans in the Age of Exploration.pdf - 3 views

Lwandile Mshengu History 2A

shared by lmshengu on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • nted a
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      yeilded is to give forth or produce by natural process or in return for cultivation
  • y Johann Re
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      johannes Rebmann was agerman missinary, linguist and explorer credited with feats including being the first european ,along with his colleague johann Ludwig krapf to enter africa from the indian ocean coast. in addition he was the first european to find kilimanjaro.
  • on th
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      It is habitational name of british origin that means from the story
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • s too. It was not just that Europeans now began to arrive in larger numbers, demand more and
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      . It was not just that Europeans now began to arrive in larger numbers, demand more and wanted to stay more
  • ample,
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Mtyela Kasanda, better known as King Mirambo, was a Nyamwezi king, from 1860 to 1884. He created the largest state by area in 19th-century East Africa in present day Urambo district in Tabora Region of Tanzania. Urambo district is named after him. Mirambo started out as a trader and the son of a minor chief.
  • Europeans,
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      NYUNGU-YA-MAWE was the exact contemporary and, for a time at least, the ally, of Mirambo-ya-banhu, the famous Nyamwezi war-lord who rose. to power in west-central Tanzania early in the second half of the nine- teenth century.
  • omoted
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Fragmentation most generally means the process of fragmenting-breaking into pieces or being divided into parts. It can also refer to the state or result of being broken up or having been divided.
  • to switch from
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      In matrilineal kinship sysytems,lineage and inheritance are traced through a groups female members and children are parts of their mothers and children are parts of their mothers kinship group. in contrast in patrillineal systems group membership is determined through men and children are part of their fathers kinship.
  • In the period of exploration the most notable visitors for the majority of East Africans were not the European explorers so much as other Africans and, more particularly, the Swahili and Arab traders from the coast and Zanzibar. By the late 1870s again, it might be argued, some sort of accommodation showed signs of being reached between these traders and many African
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      For the bulk of East Africans, other Africans and especially the Swahili and Arab traders from the coast and Zanzibar were the most famous visitors throughout the age of exploration rather than European explorers. It may be argued that by the late 1870s, some type of accommodation had been made between these traders and many Africans.
  • 'Scientific geography' did, in fact, mean, more than anything, the recording of accurate observations for latitude, longitude and height on the basis of which satis? factory maps could be constructed. In this sense, the 'discovery' of a feature like the source of the Nile was indeed a discovery for it definitively established a scientific fact.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      In reality, the recording of precise observations for latitude, longitude, and height on which reliable maps could be created were what "scientific geography" really meant. In this sense, the 'finding' of a feature like the source of the Nile was legitimately a discovery because it established a scientific fact.
  • 'scientific geo
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      A geographer is a physical scientist, social scientist or humanist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society, including how society and nature interacts.
  • appear to have been in the Society mainly because it was part of the fashionable London scene. Many such individuals may have joined because they considered their continental tours made them explorers but it seems reasonable to distinguish as a separate group the wealthy amateur travellers and big-game hunters who constitute 4 per cent of the sample. But much larger than all these groups except the scholars, bulks the servicemen, no less than 47 (23 per cent) of the sample being
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      appear to have been in the Societymainly because it was part of the fashionable London scene. Many such individualsmay have joined because they considered their continental tours made themexplorers but it seems reasonable to distinguish as a separate group the wealthyamateur travellers and big-game hunters who constitute 4 per cent of the sample.But much larger than all these groups except the scholars, bulks the servicemen,no less than 47 (23 per cent) of the sammple being naval officcers.
  • out th
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      It is insistent and positive affirming, maintaining or defending as of a right or attribute an aasertion of ownership/ innocence .
  • Clements Markha
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Sir clements Robert Markham was an english geographer , explorer and writer.He was secretsry of the royal geographical society between 1863 and 1888 and later served as the society's president for a futher 12 years
  • r. There was in fact much more social and political cohesion in East African societies than most explorer
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      IN East African societies africans were more united in terms ofsocial and political than the most of the explores and the explores discovered that when they were there in east africa.
  • Although the British government moved to increase its control over East Africa for reasons that involve much wider considerations, the apparent need to improve law and order provided at least a very powerful justification. Indeed it was a necessary part of the process by which imperial objects could be achie
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Even if the British government expanded its influence over East Africa for far larger objectives, the seeming need to strengthen law and order served as at least a very strong pretext. In fact, it was a crucial step in the process of achieving imperial goals. Inasmuch as this was the case, the explorers were both the antecedents and forerunners of imperialism.
  • precursors. It is much more difficult to attempt an answer to the question of what Africans learned or thought they learned about Europeans during the period of exploration in East Africa. Obviously, first of all, the explorers' direct social and economic impact was slight. It is true that Captain Speke seems to have fathered a daughter in Buganda by one of the Kabaka's
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Inasmuch as this was the case, the explorers were both the antecedents and forerunners of imperialism.Answering the topic of what Africans discovered or believed they discovered about Europeans during the period of exploration in East Africa is far more challenging. Obviously, the direct social and economic impact of the explorers was little. It is true that according to the CMS Archives, Captain Speke appears to have fathered a daughter in Buganda by a Kabaka sister.
  • Krapf was in a weak position and could not be more than a pawn but Speke, for example, had too large a following of reasonably well-organized porters to be taken entirely for granted. It was therefore possible for him to be a desirable ally for one side or the other in the war between the Tabora Arabs and Mnwya Sera; in the event, he tried to mediate in the dispute with some effect (Bridges, 1971). Stanley, who had an even more formidable caravan on his expeditions, and who, unlike all the other explorers, showed a willingness to act in a ruthless way, did frequently intervene as, for instance, in the war between Mirambo and the Arabs in 1
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Krapf was in a weak position and could not be more than a pawn but Speke,for example, had too large a following of reasonably well-organized porters to betaken entirely for granted. It was therefore possible for him to be a desirable allyfor one side or the other in the war between the Tabora Arabs and Mnwya Sera;in the event, he tried to mediate in the dispute with some effect (Bridges, 1971).Stanley, who had an even more formidable caravan on his expeditions, and who,unlike all the other explorers, showed a willingness to act in a ruthless way, didfrequently intervene as, for instance, in the war between Mirambo and the Arabsin 1
  • European explorers could, then, have a noticeable political effect although generally only in the short term. In the longer term, their special characteristics probably operated in different and less easily described ways. Early European visits to Buganda were marked by great questionings of the explorers on the place of Man in Society and in t
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Therefore, European explorers could have an impact on politics, albeit usually in the short term. Their unique traits likely functioned in distinct and harder-to-describe ways over a longer period of time. Early European excursions to Buganda were distinguished by intense inquiries about the role of man in society and in the world.
makhoba

Young Converts: Christian Missions, Gender and Youth in Onitsha, Nigeria 1880-1929.pdf - 3 views

Luyanda Makhoba

shared by makhoba on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Christian faith, to become the "helpmeets" for their Christian male contemporaries and proper mothers of the next Christian (hopefully Anglican) generation. Women, therefore, mattered to CMS missionaries both as the domestic purveyors of an Anglican culture and as exemplars for women's christianization throughout the Nigerian southeast. While Anglican Igbo women, too, were to be missionaries of a sort, their mission was to be bounded by the walls of their European-style homes or, at most, kept to specific Christian localities over which their husbands held priestly sw
  • C[raven]. R. Wilson)' In the late nineteenth century and early decades of the twentieth Church Missionary Society (Anglican) missionaries, both of African and European descent, became interested in gaining converts among Igbo-speaking women in southeastern Nigeria. Schooling was an integral part of the conversion process. This education was perceived by the missionaries as a concomitant training to that of young, Igbo-speaking men. Igbo men were seen as the deepest foundations of the Anglican church in southeastern Niger
  • In the late nineteenth century and early decades of the twentieth Church Missionary Society (Anglican) missionaries, both of African and European descent, became interested in gaining converts among Igbo-speaking women in southeastern Nigeria. Schooling was an integral part of the conversion process. This education was perceived by the missionaries as a concomitant training to that of young, Igbo-speaking men. Igbo men were seen as the deepest foundations of the Anglican church in southeastern Niger
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • Female missionaries, perhaps acting out of their own experiences of domestic isolation as well as Christian feminist principles, tried to mitigate this isolation somewhat by establishing women's groups at school. One such group was the Scripture Union, for those women who could read their Bibles and by encouraging Christian women who had graduated from their training to meet periodically as "Old Girls" or members of Christian women's associations. In the early 1900s regular Women's Conferences were established by joint committees of female missionaries and prominent Old Girls. The first of these conferences was held in Janu
  • CMS missionaries first appeared in Onitsha, on the eastern banks of the Niger River, in the 1860s-partially in response to Bishop Crowther's shrewd economic and political assessment of the future importance of the town for European colonialism. When the first missionary (the Rev. Taylor, a repatriated Igbo) arrived, however, he found that Christian evangelism in the town would be difficult and fraught with dangers. Ndi onicha (Onitsha people) eagerly accepted European merchandise and were already involved with the representatives of European trading firms. They were, however, highly skeptical of the offer of a new religion, particularly once they discovered that African CMS missionaries were accorded little respect by western traders. This meant that important Onitsha elders kept their distance from the missionar
  • h century. Missionaries of African descent were recruited in an evangelical campaign in that city by Anglican Bishop Samuel Crowther (a repatriated Yoruba speaker) duri
    • makhoba
      makhoba on 25 Apr 23
       
      They used evangelic way to recruit in 1860s.
  • Although the majority of Igbo-speaking girls during this period were unlikely to approach the missions, Dennis' account shows us that some were not only willing to take the risk of offending their parents and destroying their patrilineally arranged marital opportunities, they had determined upon it. For Dennis, of course, these were the "women who wanted to be good," but from the point of view of Idumuje Ugboko elders, they must have seemed young hellions, bent on destroying proper gender relations along with carefully constructed networks of alliance and affinity. The picture of girls dragged screaming into the night was constructed by Dennis to woo potential CMS donors for a girls' training institution in western Igbo. Nonetheless, there remains in the account something of the horror and embarrassment that must have been felt by every participant in these evening dr
  • Although the majority of Igbo-speaking girls during this period were unlikely to approach the missions, Dennis' account shows us that some were not only willing to take the risk of offending their parents and destroying their patrilineally arranged marital opportunities, they had determined upon it. For Dennis, of course, these were the "women who wanted to be good," but from the point of view of Idumuje Ugboko elders, they must have seemed young hellions, bent on destroying proper gender relations along with carefully constructed networks of alliance and a
  • The children of Christian women had already proved to be the foundation of the Anglican church in the forty years since its inception in Igboland, and CMS missionaries were eager to maintain a hold on the imaginations of children to come through their mothers' examples of f
  • The CMS missionaries therefore had to respond to their own ambivalences about both the centrality of marriage to Christian culture (most of the women missionaries were unmarried while in the Niger Mission) and the need to establish a proper, liminal period of "youth" or "girlhood" for christianized women to prepare them for their duties as wives and helpmeets to Christian husbands. Older women were welcome as converts, but the missionaries were constantly disappointed at how little influence such women seemed to hold over their "heathen" husbands, at least in terms of evangelis
  • Missionized men who showed some interest in evangelism were, by the 1910s, often sent off to villages at some distance from mission centers like Onitsha in order to prepare the way for more professional missionaries or to demonstrate their own fitness for more evangelical responsibility. Their young, recently trained wives would either accompany them directly or be sent for after completing their course.27 Wives' immediate duties included assisting their husbands in setting up Bible studies as well as developing a mod
  • ujhistprof on 16 May 23
     
    not relevant to your topic because its W.Africa
adonisi19

missionaryII.jpg (420×300) - 7 views

i0.wp.com/...missionaryII.jpg

Zanele Adonisi

shared by adonisi19 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • morajane on 25 Apr 23
     
    This is an image showing Christian missionaries in the 19th century
  • adonisi19 on 25 Apr 23
     
    The image shows Chritian Missionaries in Africa in the 1800s, in front of a church that they built to educate natives about the word of God.
cicisebego

The ivory trade and elephant conservation.pdf - 3 views

Cici Sebego

shared by cicisebego on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • In response to significant elephant population declines in the 1970s and 1980s because of poaching for ivory, the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) banned the international trade in Asian and African elephant species by listing them on Appendix I in 1973 and 1989, respectiv
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      The slight decline of elephant in the 1970s to 1980s has led to the the CITES banning ivory trade.
  • in the 1970s and 1980s because of poaching f
  • In 1997, the CITES Conference of Parties voted to allow Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe to
  • ...30 more annotations...
  • uction
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Auction? Definition: an area where there is a public sale of goods or property, where people make higher and higher bids (offers of money) for each thing, until the thing is sold to the person who will pay most.
  • tonnes of government ivory stockpiles to Japanese traders on a one-off experimental basis, which took place in 199
  • government ivory stockpiles to Japanese
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe were the only three countries to do a once of trade with Japanese traders in 1999.
  • ry-
  • ant
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Anti ivory? Definition: the opposite or being against something.
  • resulting in a surge of elephant poaching
  • environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have ivory
  • ns. Elephant conservation and public welfare can be better served by legal ivory trade than by a trade
  • economic development and increased tourism, particularly in Asia. The ivory trade was widely recognized as the single most important cause of substantial elephant population d
  • 04. The Fifth African Elephant Range States Dialogue Communiqué at CITES 12 demonstrated that most African elephant range state governments supported limited re-listing of the African elephant to Appendix II, ivory me
  • I (1) assess the effectiveness of the ivory and elephant poaching, (2) review arguments both for and against reopening the international trade in elephant ivory, and (3) suggest new ways to reduce ivory dem
  • 1989 CITES ivory trade ban in reducing
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Interventions that were brought into power to prevent poaching.
  • (3) suggest new ways to reduce ivory demand
  • Ivory trade indicators for pre-ban 1989 and post-ban years in Asia and Africa.
  • vory trade indicators for pre-ban 1989 and post-ban years in Asia and Africa. ! Sources: Cobb (1989), Martin and Stiles (2000, 2003), Dublin and Jachmann (1992) and Dublin et al. (1995)
  • 1987, the Group estimated that the elephant population had declined to 760000 (African Elephant and Rhino Specialist Group 1987). In
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      The illegal poaching of Elephants and Rhinos is something very common in the African context.
  • Wild elephant population estimates (number of elephants) for South and South-east Asia in the late 1980s and 2000. Sources: Santiapillai and Jackson (1990), Kemf and Santiapillai (2000) and Martin and Stiles (2002). Country Late 1980s 2000 Nepal 90 70 Sri Lanka 2950 2500-3000 Myanmar 6500 4820 Thailand 1650 1650 Laos 2500 1125 Cambodia 2000 250 Viet Nam 1750 135 Total 17440 10550
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      A table showing the decline of elephants from 1980s to the year 2000
  • g of ivory. The Asian elephant carries a considerably smaller average tusk weight than the African because few females have tusks and the few that do have small tusks, and there has been hunting selection pressure that has lowered the proportion of bulls carrying tusk
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      There is a hunting selection when it comes to poaching elephant tusks. the Asian elephants have smaller tusks compared to African elephants. -so this shows that the more bigger the tusk, the more the poacher can make better profit.
  • ic modelling. The former term refers to the benefits that the public of ivory selling ivory represents a negative perception of goods, in this case ivory, by potential consumers when they think that the goods were obtained illegally or in
  • mic modelling. The former term refers to the benefits that the pu
  • mic modelling. The former term refers to the benefits that the public of ivory selling countries would receive from ivory sales, and the latter term represents a negative perception of good
  • Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Countries with high number of elephant poaching.
  • 3). Because enforcement intensity has not been constant over time in many ivory would not be valid to make across the board comparisons of pre- and post- 1999 ivory seizure da
  • ng and consuming countr
  • of the most activ
  • ching. Rather, evidence suggests that all wildlife poaching and illegal trade are correlated with lax law enforcement, corruption and lack of government investment in wildlife cons
  • ation involving legal national ivory markets in the context of an illegal international ivory trade appears to encourage elephant poaching. Most markets cannot meet demand by legal ivory, thus they resort to illegal ivory. An ideal scenario would involve a legal ivory trade that would benefit range state governments and citizens, supplied by ivory from naturally deceased and culled problem elephants, to supply markets. If range state countries could supply legal ivory to meet demand, poaching would be reduced or even eliminated. Why would a trader assume the risk to buy illegal ivory if legal ivory were available at comparable quality and prices?
  • nd actions must come into effect to deal with increased elephant and other wildlife numbers when conse
  • t conservati
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Conservation? Definition: prevention of wasteful use of a resource.
  • ng even after the 1973 and 1989 CITES Asian and African ivory trade bans. The 1990 ban did succeed in lowering the scale of ivory trading at national levels and reducing elephant poaching fro
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      The banning of the ivory trade was able to lower the number of people who killed elephants.
  • cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
     
    This is a very interesting reading by Daniel Stiles, it showed how the poaching of elephants became a problem when there was a slight decline in the 1970s to 1980s due to the high number of ivory trading that was taking place at the time. Non-governmental organizations and CITES came up with ways to ban the trade of ivory, of which is the reason why the generation of today is able to know about elephants without being told about them.
donclassico

Textile Production in the Lower Niger Basin: New Evidence from the 1841 Niger Expeditio... - 2 views

Ratau Sejeng

shared by donclassico on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Although it has been already well established that textile manufacturing was a strong sector of the economies in the lower Niger basin, many specific questions have remained unanswered about what kind of textiles were produced and marketed, how, where, and by whom they were produced, and how textile production and trade changed over time.
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      It has been proven that textile production was the major holding economy in the whole of Nigeria and it dominated for many years.
  • originally chose to undertake the analyses of these textiles for two reasons. The first concerns the variation I found in the literature regarding prices of textiles. Not only has there been agreat variety ofcloth types produced inthe lower Niger region, but prices could vary considerably among cloths of the same general type.
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      The explorer explained that prices for cloths were not the same especially in the lower region of Niger
  • In their explorations, they were to learn as much as possible about native industries and agriculture, especially cotton and textile production. Most of the cloths they collected and brought back to England were turned over to the British Museum in 1843 (they are now in the Museum of Mankind); another smaller group of cloths acquired privately by Dr William Stanger was purchased by the Wisbech and Fenland Museum in Cambridgeshire in 1858.
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      The two explorers investigated too much on cotton and textile production and their collection proved that these cloths were firstly acquired by the British Museum then later collected by Dr WILLIAM STRANGER.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • This detailed documentation, together with myanalyses ofthe textiles, presents us with a clearer picture than we had before of textile production and trade in the lower Niger region in the mid-nineteenth century.
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Museum of Mankind proved everything about textile production in the Niger region .The reason being is because it had a formal documentation that stated the origin ,usage and the price ranges for textiles
  • The textiles are the earliest non-archaeological examples extant which are known to be from the lower Niger region, and they have been kept in excellent condition. Even more important are the circumstances of their collection, about which we know a great deal.
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      Textile are proven to be unsearchable and so hard to research because of certain consequences
  • She showed that general price levels for the cloths fell into a coherent geographical configuration -
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      The explorer proved that Mario Johnson said that according to the collections . prices and market values of cloths differed from place to place
  • For the town of Eggan, in which most of the cloths were purchased, Johnson was able to distinguish an economy in which materials were imported to produce textiles for export while at the same time cheaper cloth was imported from Yoruba country (south of Eggan) for local use. She went on to infer that the Yoruba cloths were cheaper because they were woven on the vertical loom, which she claimed produced 'lower quality' products. My analyses show that this inference is incorrect.
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      Johnson indicates that textiles and cloth from Egga were more expensive and the ones from Yoruba country were cheaper because they were woven on the vertical .This shows that Yoruba country produced lower quality products.
  • They revealed that prices could rise or fall according to the amount of silk used, the dimensions of yarns, and the density of the fabric weave.
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      It is proven that the quality ,dimensions ,size ,density and amount of silk determined the prices of the cloths and textiles.
  • An explanation for the relatively lower prices of Yoruba cloths cannot, therefore, be based on an assumed difference in textile technology used
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      Technology was discredited not to be used to differentiate Eggan and Yoruba textile production
nsndzimande

September 1874 - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 1 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

Noluthando Ndzimande

shared by nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Sir Bartle Frere having accomplished the grand work of abolishing slavery
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      Once again this proves that David Livingstone was a noble man and he despised slavery, probably because it went against everything he believed in as a religious man.
  • Dr. Livingstone
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      Dr Livingstone was a physician, a Christian missionary, and a well known explorer of Africa. He spent 3 decades exploring the African continent, and in the 1950s he became known as the first European to cross the African continent. He is also known for his discovery of the Victoria falls. Despite the history of Africans and Europeans, Dr Livingstone strongly believed that Africa had a good chance of being progressive.
  • Manyema,
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Manyema tribe originated from the place referred to in the modern day as eastern Congo and they were feared by many because of how powerful and warring they were. The way Livingstone describes this tribe shows how intimidated he was and this further demonstrates how his mission was not to destroy the Africans.
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • Lord Stanley
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      Henry Marton Stanley is well known for locating Dr Livingstone during his voyage in Africa.
  • Ujijian traders carrying 18,000 lbs. weight of ivory, bought in this new field for a mere trifle, in thick copper bracelets and beads
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      During this century guns were a form of currency and they were also a measure of economic standard. Africa has always been known for its richness in resources, therefore they would trade their resources, such as ivory as mentioned above, and in return they would receive guns.
  • Garden of Eden, in the Book of Genesis.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      A reference to the Bible is made which relates to Christianity, one of the mains reasons why he came to Africa.
  • Sultan of Zanzibar.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      A sultan is a Muslim supreme ruler/ monarch.
  • Ujiji
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is a historic town land it is the oldest town located in Western Tanzania. This is the town where David Livingstone and Henry Marton Stanley met and amemorial was constructed to honour that event.
  • r ictoria Falls
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      He is known as the first person to discover the Victoria falls.
  • My reasons for the opinion that it is the river of Egypt are the great length of the watershed, which certainly is that of South-Central Africa. It stretches from west to east, a vast elevated bar, across at least two-thirds of the entire continent, while I observed the sources of the Congo arising from a com¬ paratively short piece of it, which it shared with the Zambezi on its south. In the same journey that I travelled across the sources of the Congo and Zambezi,
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      This proves that he actually crossed the African continent as he seemed very knowledgeable about it. He was indeed the greatest African explorer.
  • cannibals
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      They attained this label beause of their brutality and because they were literal eaters of flesh.
  • Africans are not unreasonable, though smarting under wrongs, if you can fairly make them understand your claim to innocence and do not appear as having your " back up."
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows how David Livingstone saw Africans as normal people, he did not belittle them or view them in a dehumanising manner.
  • Two English guns in the box are surely not too much for his virtue.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows how valuable guns were during this age, they were a high currency. Explorers traded resources which were they had in abundance in their ethnic countries, these were traded to obtain resources they wanted. This was a barter trade of some sort.
  • Arabs
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      They resided along the coast of Tanzania.
  • Sir Bartle Freie
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      He was the imperial administrator of Zanzibar meaning he worked for the British colony. David Livingstone may have been "different" from other Europeans in terms of how they viewed Africa and her people, but that did not strip his European "benefits" away.
  • Nile valley,
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Nile is known as the longest river in Africa. It is called the father of African rivers.
  • I. too, have shed light of another kind, and am fain to believe that I have performed a small part in the grand revolution which our Maker has been for ages carrying on, by multitudes of conscious, and many unconscious, agents, all over the world.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      He believed that his objective for travellin/ exploring was in progress and he had achieved a good portion of it.
  • The women here were particularly outspoken in asserting our identity with the cruel strangers. On calling to one vociferous lady who gave me the head trader's name, just to look if he and I were of the same colour, she replied with a bitter little laugh, "Then you must be his father."
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      Europeans were known by the Africans mostly for all the wrong reasons, they were known as the oppressors. David Livingstone was rather different to the description of Europeans, but this must have been hard for Africans to believe because of the suffering they had endured at the hands of the Europeans. The comparison of Livingstone to the head trader is a demonstration of how the Africans saw all Europeans, as the presecutors.
  • and I had a sore longing to finish my work and retire.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      Livingstone came to Africa to as a missionary, he was teaching about Christianity. He faced a number of challenges during his time of work, but he pesevered.
  • Bambarre
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      In the modern time, this place is well known for the letter written by Dr Livingstone when he was there.
  • This 1 name after good Lord Palmerston. Near it rises the Lunga, which farther down is called Luenge, and still further off Kafue or Kafuje, I would name it Oswell's fountain.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      The fountains obtained names with religious meaning behind them which proves that he was a man of religion and he was there to teach about Christianity. Palmerston can be translated to pilgrim, which is defined as an individual who voyages to a place of sacredness for religious purpose. When directly translated Oswell means God's power. During his journey he witnessed might have witnessed God's power through the beauty of nature all around him.
  • an irritable eating ulcer fastened on each foot, and laid me up for five months.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      These are some of the challenges he faced as a missionary and explorer in Africa. The way he sympathises with the slaves represents how he felt about slavery, it was inhumane.
katlegomodiba

An Ascent of Kilimanjaro.pdf - 1 views

Katlego Modiba History 2A

shared by katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Read at the Meeting of the Society, 27 November 1922. SINCE Africa's highest mountain was first seen and approached by Rebmann in 1848, and since Sir Harry Johnston's pioneer work on the upper slopes in 1884, eighteen men and at least one lady had reached the icy rim of the great crater on its summit. The first Englishman to climb to the top was Mr. W. C. West, of Capetown, whose ascent was accomplished in June 1914. Dr. Foerster, a German settler at Moshi,
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      this is a journal article by C. Gillman about some expedition in Mount Kilimanjaro. The writer describes the mount Kilimanjaro and how it was and the conditions there.
  • NCE Africa's highest mountain was first seen and approached by Rebmann in 1848,
  • on the upper slopes in 1884, e
  • ...50 more annotations...
  • t Englishman to climb to the top was Mr. W. C. West, of Capetown, whose ascent was accomplished in June 1914. D
  • anjaro, and t
  • anjaro, and th
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Mount Kilimanjaro is located in the country Tanzania which in the Eastern part of the continent Africa. Kilimanjaro is one of Africa's tallest mountains at about 5, 895 meters and 19,340 feet. Many explorers, explored this mountain because it is well known in Africa and this mount changed how many explorers viewed Africa, it is well known that most Europeans viewed Africa as a continent that is
  • AN ASCENT OF KILIMANJARO 3 line 5200 metres above the surrounding plains (800 metres) to the summit of Kibo (5930
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Of course, many of the tallest mountains in the world and a number of volcanoes on the central and South American plateaus are higher than Kilimanjaro at sea level, but their bases, whether mountain chains or plateaus, are already at a significant altitude, whereas here the slopes rise uninterruptedly for 5,200 meters above plains below(800 meters) to the summit of Kibo.
  • ly ste
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      a summit can be described as the highest point of a hill or a mountain.
  • y ste
  • aphical base to the top. Many peaks of the world's big fold mountains, several volcanoes on the Central and South American plateaus are of course actually higher above sea-level than Kilimanjaro, but their base, be it a chain or a plateau, lies already at a considerable altitude, whilst here t
  • AN ASCENT OF KILIMANJARO 3 line 5200 metres above the surrounding plains (800 metres) to the summit of Kibo (5930
  • bove. From a base about 80 kms. in diameter, the slopes rise very gently at first, and, gradually steepening towards the summit, produce that slightly concave outline so characteristic of Kilimanjaro and of strato-volcanoes generally, and indicating the fact that the earlier lavas have been poured out in a much more liquid state than the younger ones, which were m
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The slopes rise very gently at first, gradually steepening towards the summit to create that slightly concave outline so distinctive of Kilimanjaro and of strato-volcanoes generally, and indicating that older lavas have been poured out in a much more liquid state than the younger ones, which were more viscous. The slopes begin at a base that is about 80 km in diameter.
  • -volcano. The three cones whose centres of eruption lie on an almost straight line running west to east, are Shira in the west, Kibo in the centre, and Mavenzi in the east. Shira, the oldest, 4000 metres high, is to-day only a ruin with the remains of its former crater-wall forming a ragged more or less horizontal spur protruding from the western slope of its
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The three cones are namely Shira, Kibo and Mavenzi. Shira is the oldest and is only 4000 meters high, while Mvenzi is only 5270 meters high and Kibo is the highest with 5930 meters high.
  • Structurally Kilimanjaro consists of three single strato-volcanoes, each of which has had its own
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Here the writer simply tells us that mount Kilimanjaro is made up three separate starti-volcanoes and each have their own history and origin
  • eighbour. The second in age is Mavenzi, 5270 metres high, whose former crater, though much destroyed by erosion, is still well recognizable and opens by two deep barrancos towards the north-east. The centre is taken up by Kibo, 5930 metres, the youngest and highest of the three component volcanoes, and the only one which still shows an intact crater and a perpetu
  • rin
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Kibo summit is the highest point of climbing Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania located in the mountain's arctic zone.
  • called Sa
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      A plateau is a flat, elevated landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area on at least on side. Plateaus occur on every continent and take up a third of the Earth's land.
  • tless small parasitic cones the .middle and lower slopes of the main massif. One of these cones, right down at the foot of the mountain in its south-east corner, has a large crater fllled by the beautiful emerald-green waters of lake Chala.
  • limatic features of Kilimanjaro are determined by three main factors: (1) the mountain's position in the equatorial region of continuous trade winds; (2) the isolation of a huge mass of rock rising from a level plain; and (3) the great height above this plain which brings the upper regions of the mountain well within the zone of the anti-tr
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Anti-trades are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude. They are also called westerlies.
  • ins. The results are ascending winds during the day and descending winds at night, the mountain winds being stronger over the southern than over the n
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      This are the results of trades that bring vapour from the Indian Ocean that blows and that's what happens as soon as they approach the mountain.
  • slopes, because the former, being less steep than the latter, are more extended and therefore the air-column influenced by them much larger. It is these mountain winds which, by altering the horizontal direction of the trade as it strikes Kilimanjar
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The daily cycle is controlled by the mountain's winds, which change the trade's horizontal direction as it approaches Kilimanjaro.
  • slopes, because the former, being less steep than the latter, are more extended and therefore the air-column inf
  • alt
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      it is difficult to understand this word, so it makes the whole sentence not to be understandable.
  • opes, to arctic
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      the weather there is drier, with less snow in the winter and sunny summer days
  • o well dis
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      discernible means to be visible or noticeable.
  • KILIMANJARO FROM THE NORTH-EA
  • KILIMANJARO FROM THE NORTH-EAST
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      This picture shows how the mount Kilimanjaro looks like when one is viewing it from the north-east side. its a picture by C. Dundas
  • MAVENZI AND THE SADDLE PLATEAU FROM THE CAVE ON KIB
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      A picture of how Mavenzi summit and saddle plateau looks like
  • n the surrounding plains and on the lower slopes up to 1100 metres, xerophile grass- and bush-steppe. (2) From 1100 to 1800 metres, a broad belt of agricultural land from which the original vegetation?lower tropical rain-forest?has been largely exterminated by man. The rainfall averages 1 metre. (3) The forest belt between 1800 and 3000, with its two subdivisions of upper tropical rain-forest and temperate mountain rainforest, and an annual rainfall of from 2 to 3 metres. (4) The alpine grass and shrub vegetation from 3000 to 4400 metres, with a rainfall of less than 1 metre; and finally, (5) The alpine desert, where lichens are the only plant form that can subsist, on the whole extremely dry and with all precipitations falling in the shape of snow o
  • the surrounding plains and on the lower slopes up to 1100 metres, xerophile grass- and bush-steppe. (2) From 1100 to 1800 metres, a broad belt of agricultural land from which the original vegetation?lower tropical rain-forest?has been largely exterminated by man. The rainfall averages 1 metre. (3) The forest belt between 1800 and 3000, with its two subdivisions of upper tropical rain-forest and temperate mountain rainforest, and an annual rainfall of from 2 to 3 metres. (4) The alpine grass and shrub vegetation from 3000 to 4400 metres, with a rainfall of less than 1 metre; and finally, (5) The alpine desert, where lichens are the only plant form that can subsist, on the whole extremely dry and with all precipitations falling in the shape of snow or
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is something interesting about the explorers who were able to identify the five zones of Kilimanjaro and the meters they all have.
  • ent-da
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      A glacier is a slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on Mountains. glaciers were found in summit Kibo all present day.
  • n or meteorological con
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      meteorological conditions are determined by the wind velocity and direction, the air temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure and the stabilityy class.
  • a peculia
  • Kibo, however, shows a peculiarity, unique as far as our knowledge goes, in that its large central crater forms an island-like region of fusion, interrupting the region of feeding, t
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      peculiarity is a strange or unusual feature or habit
  • l
  • latter thus being of annular shape and enclosing a dischargeless glacier ar
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The summit Kibo exhibits a characteristic that is unique to our knot in that its massive center crater divides the feeding zone into an island-like region of fusion and an annular region that is surrounded by a discharge-free glacier area.
  • ior Commissioner of Moshi, Messrs. P. Nason and F. J. Miller, and myself. The first day's march of seven hours took us through cultivated Chaga Land in an easterly direction to the little kingdom of Marang'u, which had supplied the porters for most of the former expeditions, and whence a good path leads through the forest belt. This march across the lower slopes of the mountain entailed a good many ups and downs caused by the deeply eroded radial valleys, but it also afforded us a fair insight into the life of a most interesting people. Nowhere in East Africa have I seen anything approaching the high standard of culture that is exhibited by the sturdy inhabitants of the cultivated zone of Kilimanjaro
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      the mountain was fascinating
  • little chieftaincies
  • Grouped together in a number of little chieftaincies, the Wachaga are certainly a happy blend of the agricultural Bantu and the Hamitic herdsman. This is very probably due to the initiative of powerful and despotic rulers who, by imposing their will, led the masses to more intensive labour and thus to higher forms of civilization, and have understood how to make the best of the very favourable conditions which the well-watered mountain
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The explorers viewed the Wachagga as unquestionably a successful fusion of the agricultural Bantu and the Hamitic herdsman, grouped together in a number of small chieftaincies. This is very likely a result of the initiative of strong, despotic rulers who, by imposing their will, drove the populace toward more intense labour and, consequently, toward higher forms of civilization, and who also knew how to make the most of the favorable conditions that the well-watered mountain sloped offered. it is interesting that the slopes are watered
  • o abe
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      abeyance means a state of temporary disuse or suspension
  • rd but healthy work are well built, sturdy, and tough. To see their women balancing huge bundles of thatch descend along a steep and slippery path, slim and erect, is a fine sight. And as to the men, our porters gave a good exhibition of their staying powe
  • tropical forest, we rested on the lowest patch of grass at about 2000 metres. A further climb of a little more than an hour took us through the temperate rain-forest to the lowest of Dr. Foerster's huts (2730 metres), which we reached soon after noo
  • e advantages of the cool dark shade. It probably requires the trained eye of the botanist to distinguish between the lower and upper tropical rain-forest. As far as I could see they both agree in their main characteristics, i.e. tall trees growing out into the light from a dense undergrowth, and large smooth shiny leaves adapted to a highly increased transpira
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      It was difficult for explorers to distinguish the difference between the lower and upper tropical forest because they had similar features
  • The abundance of moisture with which the plants have to deal during most of the year up there in the mean altitude of the daily mists is aggravated by the comparative coolness of the climate. Mere enlarging of the transpiring leaf surface and the tropical devices for letting the water drip off no longer suffice. Other means had to be developed to deal with the altered environment. The leaves again become smaller and are often covered with thin hair, which, while allowing the surplus water to drip off easily, may also be regarded as pro
  • ht and heat there. The uppermost portion of the temperate forest consists almost entirely of tree-heather growing to a height of io to 15 metres. A most curious fact, and one which requires further investigation, is the absence of that bamboo belt which is found everywhere in East Africa above the rain-forest and, according to Uhlig, is particularly well developed on Mount Meru, only some 80 miles distant from
  • I wish to add a few words on the economic function of the forest be
  • he agriculture of the Wachaga, and with it their further progress towards civilization, but also the development of the European plantations in the lower regions of Kilimanjaro, depend in the first instance on that continuous and ample supply of water which the mountain guarantees them. It seems, therefore, of the utmost importance to understand clearly the agencies which influence this life-spending ele
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The mountain supplies the lower regions plantations of the Europeans with water. The question is why can't they just get water from rivers or even from the rainfall?
  • e perennial stre
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      perennial streams are streams that have continuous flow of surface water throughout the year in at least parts of its catchment during seasons of normal rainfall
  • usal n
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      a central or focal point
  • But the meteorological conditions of the mountain are such that a considerable portion of the vapour-laden atmosphere reaches the
  • regions above the forest before condensation has taken place, and the same is the ease with most of the moisture which the forest plants them? selves exhale again in the course
  • regions above the forest before condensation has taken place, and the same is the ease with most of the moisture which the forest plants them? selves exhale again in the cours
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Did the explorers actually watch everything that happened in the mountains
  • d awa
bulelwa

Gale 77 final pdf.pdf - 3 views

Anathi Johnson

shared by bulelwa on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      This section from "As ivory and copal were reserved by treaty until to the last word that says the revenue of both of these heads". They are the main idea. It tells the reader how bulk breaking is affecting them.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      The word memorundum from this source suggest that this is a primary source.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      Zanzibar is the area explored is my Digo assesment region it is found in East Africa.
  • ...2 more annotations...
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      Tis is the year that is under 19th century.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      Not only did i post this document, I posted original gale document to show that I took this document from UJ database. I was not able to annotate it successfully that is why I annotated the PDF version .
  • bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
     
    This memorandum found in Gale store shows that the ivory trade in Zanzibar which is part of East Africa used a system which is called break bulking to be shipped in small amounts rather than one big cargo which can limit spending the amount of money on shipping goods. Zanzibar was negatively impacted by break bulking and this memorandum sought to address that.
lidya-2

WO 327747 Overseas South Africa (Code 0(AU)) Zulu War Further Reports on Suing for Peac... - 5 views

lidya demssie babore 222217401 HISTORY 2A

shared by lidya-2 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • We see from the conversation above that Dunn mentioned about the king accepting term in order to have peace but also request for firearms, evidence shows that the request for firearms is not for peace and seems also the king and his people have guns in their possession
  • Guns were traded mainly through European traders who came to South Africa in the 1800s. The Zulu people were among those who acquired guns through trade with the Europeans. During the 1800s, South Africa was colonized by various European powers, and they brought with them guns and other weapons. European traders, who often worked for these colonial powers, facilitated the trade of guns with African communities. This trade was usually done through bartering, where guns were exchanged for goods such as ivory, animal skins, and other resources. The Zulu people were one of the communities that acquired guns through this trade, and they ultimately used them to great effect in the battles they fought.
  • The le t ter sent f rom the commanding chief shows the evidence of the Zulu people having fire arms to defe at they enemy. Evidence also shows that they were ge t ting the fire arms f rom Europe militar y group, with an e xchange of tre at y for commen goal. To defe ate the Transvaal and cre ate an all ia n c e .
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