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Contents contributed and discussions participated by zethembiso

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Newspaper Article, Slavery in East Africa.pdf - 1 views

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Zethembiso Xaba 222101794 History 2A

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  • zethembiso on 25 Apr 23
     
    The sixth column of the newspaper is talking about the slavery in the East Africa. It talks about the slave trade from German to the East Africa.
zethembiso

Blacks sold in Market. - 0 views

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Zethembiso Xaba 222101794 History 2A

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  • zethembiso on 25 Apr 23
     
    The picture was created by Earle Augustus, after 1793-1838. In the picture there are the blacks being sold at the market , prospective buyers examine the slaves , slaves dealer with a whip stands nearby. Maria Graham or the lady Maria Calcott (1785-1842) was born Maria Dundas in Scotland, the daughter traveled to India.
zethembiso

Captain Malcom Letter No.2.pdf - 0 views

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Zethembiso Xaba 222101794 History 2A

shared by zethembiso on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • zethembiso on 25 Apr 23
     
    This letter was written on 12 October 1881 by Captain Malcom to the Earl of Northbrook. There was a previous letter received from Sir Alexander Milne on the 10th which was stating that the king wanted Malcom's suggestions about how were they going to defeat the slave trade in the Red Sea. Malcom assumed that the East Indian squadron with the experience their officers had and with the help the Sultan of Zanzibar gave was quite able to cope with it. Malcom requested to refer Blue Book No.1,1879, slave Trade, Egypt,p.9, enclosure to letter No.17, touching on the trade at some ports in the Gulf of Aden and Red Sea, also to p.22, inclosure to letter 32. Malcom said that all those reports were written by him.
zethembiso

Strategic tangles Slavery colonial policy and religion in German East Africa 1885 1918.pdf - 1 views

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Zethembiso Xaba 222101794 History 2A

shared by zethembiso on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Tanganyika in 1889
  • coercive
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 25 Apr 23
       
      using force to persuade people to do things that they are unwilling to do.
  • endeavours.
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 25 Apr 23
       
      to make an effort into something, to work for particular goal or result.
  • ...23 more annotations...
  • invoked
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 25 Apr 23
       
      to petition for help or support.
  • The essay traces the German debate of slavery in East Africa with a special interest in how it was connected to perceptions of Christianity and Islam. It demonstrates that the vicissitudes of the debate about slavery were not so much governed by the issue of slavery itself as by entangled strategic interests in the colonial nexus of politics, economy, and religion.
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Department of Religion and Philosophies, School of Oriental and African Studies wrote this whole essay explaining the slavery in East part of German in a connection with the Christianity and Islam.
  • distinct
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 25 Apr 23
       
      something that is different from the other.
  • There were different classes of slaves and slave occupations, from plantation serfdom and concubinage to house servants, tax collectors, and skilled merchants, who managed to retain part of their profits and build up some property.
  • Slaves were also able to buy their freedom through their acquired trade profits
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 25 Apr 23
       
      This was at least something that was fair for slaves, although they were oppressed but then they were able to buy their freedom through their trade profits they obtained.
  • this led to considerable social mobility, for example, in the case of Sheikh Ramiya of Bagamoyo. Captured as a child in the eastern Congo, he was sold to a household in Bagamoyo, the most important trading hub of the Tanganyikan coast. Over time, he was not only able to ransom himself, but rose to become the town’s wealthiest and most respected political and religious authority, building a significant clientele through his leadership of the local Qādirīya brotherhood. 4
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 25 Apr 23
       
      An example of a person Sheikh Ramiya who was sold at his youngest age to become a slave in Bagamoyo but then he just became the wealthiest and respected person even though he was a slave, this proves that slaves in the East were also able to do other thing except focusing on the oppression they were facing that time.
  • acquisitions
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 25 Apr 23
       
      The process of obtaining something or the thing that is obtained. Its to get, buy or learn.
  • Carl Peters,
  • the infamous pioneer of German acquisitions in East Africa
  • All of this drastically changed in 1888, when the Sultan of Zanzibar leased the coastal strip of Tanganyika to the German East Africa Company, whose assertive attempts to enforce their treaty with the Sultan led to an uprising that the Company was not able to control. Dubbed the “Arab Revolt” by the Germans, this uprising was not “Arab” at its core, but a simultaneous rejection of German and Omani authority by various elements along the coast, from Swahili patricians and merchants to porters and plebeians who were defending their respective interests in the changing caravan economy.
  • On the Catholic side, the Benedictines sought to form a German counter-weight to the earlier and ultimately more influential French societies (Spiritan Fathers and White Fathers), who were instrumentally engaged in anti-slavery causes. On the Protestant side, two of the Berlin societies were especially significant early on: the Evangelical Mission Society for German East Africa in Berlin (Berlin III), founded in 1886 as a nationalist missionary counterpart to Carl Peters’ colonial efforts, and the more established Berlin Missionary Society (Berlin I), which commenced its work in Tanganyika in 1891.
  • Already in February 1888,
  • 14 December 1888.
  • On 26 January 1889
  • Hermann von Wissmann
  • 29 January
  • 1889.
  • Wissmann immediately began his mission to suppress the uprising and occupy the coast, a process which culminated in 1890 with Germany taking over the German East Africa Company’s possession, negotiating borders with Britain, and establishing the German East African colony.
  • April 1889
  • Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg
  • In the years to come, slavery and Islam became major battlegrounds in the clash between missionaries and other colonial interest groups.
  • Münchener Allgemeine Zeitung
  • June 1890
  • zethembiso on 25 Apr 23
     
    This source is simply about the slavery in the East part of German in Africa, the reason why I chose to use it its because its related to what the assessment required me to do. The number of years required is corresponding also with the years that are here in this source.
zethembiso

Janet J.Ewald.pdf - 4 views

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Zethembiso Xaba 222101794 History 2A

shared by zethembiso on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • What sustained the Red Sea slave trade in the nineteenth century? In this paper, I explore how the trade continued through the participation of three groups of people: those drawn into the trade against their will, the slaves; those who trafficked in slaves, buying them in Africa and transporting them across the Red Sea; and those who profited in Arabia from either putting slaves to work or reselling them
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 24 Apr 23
       
      Janet J. Ewald mentioned these different reasons which made the Red Sea slave trade to continue for a long time
  • 1820 Egyptian invasion of the south, the Nile valley system expanded violently and rapidly to include most of the vast territory that is now the Republic of the Sudan.
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 24 Apr 23
       
      On 1890 that is when there was an intrusion of the Egyptians, which came out with more violent and Brutal.
  • From the sixteenth through to the eighteenth centuries, the rulers of Sudanese kingdoms supervised exports of slaves via both overland routes to Egypt and Red Sea crossings to the Arabian Peninsula or other Asian destinations.
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 24 Apr 23
       
      During the period of 1501-1600(16 century) and the period of 1701-1800(18 century) the Sudans territory directed the way of exporting the slaves both overland routs to Egypt and the Red Sea.
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • Seldom
  • After the late 1820s, slaves taken in ghazwas increasingly passed into the hands of traders rather than into military service
  • In the 1830s traders, many of them itinerant jallaba, brought into Egypt possibly as many as 10,000 to 12,000 Sudanese slaves who represented perhaps two-thirds of all captives. 12
  • In 1840, the French consul at Jidda reported that 500 slaves entered that city from Suakin. 13 And Suakin's slave trade appears to have declined with an overall decline in slave exports during the 1840s and 1850s. In 1856, Suakin was estimated to supply only 300 of the 8,550 slaves annually imported into the Hijaz and Yemen. 14
  • Estimates of the numbers of slaves arriving in the Arabian peninsula during the 1870s alone fluctuated even more drastically, from 1,500 to 30,000 people imported annually
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 24 Apr 23
       
      estimated, they were not so sure sbout the number of slaves imported.
  • Muhammad
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 24 Apr 23
       
      The founder of Islam and the proclaimer of the Qur 'an, Islam's sacred scripture.
  • At that port in March, 1878, authorities seized 15 enslaved children, most of them from the southern Sudan, at a house belonging to one Suakin trader. Another Suakin trader, discovered in the same house,
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 24 Apr 23
       
      Even children were sold as slaves also.
  • had brought over 12 of the children from the African port. The children belonged to a much larger group of slaves in Jidda whom authorities could not seize
  • Hajj Musa al-Baghdad
  • Slaves offered new kinds of profits as the economy of the western Arabian peninsula became more closely linked to wider commercia
  • networks
  • The Hijaz and Yemen also became centres of a steamship-borne transit slave trade, as African slaves disembarked from sailing boats and re-embarked on steamers for the Mediterranean or Indian Ocean.
  • Slavery thus did not exist simply as an isolated economic venture, a result of the profits to be made from slave labour. Nor did the Red Sea slave trade continue because of any supposed inherent and universal bias toward slavery in Islamic societies.
    • zethembiso
      zethembiso on 24 Apr 23
       
      Reasons for the slave trade in Red Sea.
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