High fat diet decrease hypothalamic kisspeptin levels result in decreased GNRH release. The result is a decrease in LH/FSH and in this case decreased Testosterone. These were animal models.
Mouse model finds that Cordyceps increased the interval to exhaustive exercise induced oxidative stress. SOD, Cat, and GPx were increased in the low, intermediate, and high dose Cordyceps groups. Oxidative stress markers MDA and 8-OHdG were lower in all groups
Study finds that low Testosterone contributes to cardiomyocyte agine in mouse model. Low Testosterone was associated with a shorter telomere length. "Physiologic" Testosterone therapy slowed this aging effect of the cardiomyocyte via an AR independent pathway as the Tfm mice have nonfunctional AR. The authors propose that it may be via aromatase activity.
Estradiol stimulates hypothalamic progesterone synthesis in astrocytes in rat model. This occurs through activation of calcium channels and influx of calcium. ER alpha appears to be the prominent ER involved.
Testosterone modulates dopaminergic pathways in the the brain. This was a rat model. This points to some of the euphoria experienced by men on Testosterone likely occurs through dopamine.
Estriol found to be beneficial in experimental model of MS called EAE. The effect would be through E3's preferential binding to ERbeta. This study finds benefit in men and women.
rat model finds that progesterone effects internal cell enzyme activity. In this case, progesterone increased PP2A in the cerebellum and in the hyippocampus. Interesting, that E2 priming decreased the effects on the hippocampus, but not the cerebellum. This reveals a biochemical link between sex hormones, progesterone in this case, and the brain. Studies have shown progesterone to be neuroprotective in TBI. This may be one mechanism.
Stress response in a animal model is blunted at the level of pituitary through a decrease in ACTH release and through increase in peripheral metabolism
Mice model finds that estradiol reduces tumor growth in castrated mice. This mechanism occurred in an ER independent manner. This was in the presence of low androgen levels. This is in contrast to aromatase activity and ER.
Numerous deletorious effects are seen in high fructose diets: elevated Triglyceride production, fatty liver, insulin resistance, increased VLDL production and secretion, increased deposit of TG in muscle and increased muscle insulin resistance. Alpha lipoic Acid is shown to counter these effects in rat model.
Curcumin shown to inhibit oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial damage caused by Aluminum in rat brain. Aluminum's effect is not just confined to rat models. It is well known to cause similar results in the human brain as well. what is interesting about this article is the clear pathway disruption described as a result of Aluminum exposure.
Aluminum and Copper individually increase brain inflammation, but this study found synergistic effect on inflammation. This test was in a mouse model using a 3 month introduction of contaminated water.