Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease.
Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB, Krauss RM.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jan 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20071648
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27725
Conclusions: A meta-analysis of prospective epidemiologic studies showed that there is no significant evidence for concluding that dietary saturated fat is associated with an increased risk of CHD or CVD. More data are needed to elucidate whether CVD risks are likely to be influenced by the specific nutrients used to replace saturated fat.
Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies.
Jakobsen MU, O'Reilly EJ, Heitmann BL, Pereira MA, Bälter K, Fraser GE, Goldbourt U, Hallmans G, Knekt P, Liu S, Pietinen P, Spiegelman D, Stevens J, Virtamo J, Willett WC, Ascherio A.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Feb 11. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19211817
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27124
Mortality in British vegetarians: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford).
Key TJ, Appleby PN, Spencer EA, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Allen NE.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Mar 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19297458
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736L
Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid for the treatment of psychological distress and depressive symptoms in middle-aged women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.\nLucas M, Asselin G, Mérette C, Poulin MJ, Dodin S.\nAm J Clin Nutr. 2009 Feb;89(2):641-51. Epub 2008 Dec 30.\nPMID: 19116322 \ndoi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26749
Effects of lupin kernel flour-enriched bread on blood pressure: a controlled intervention study.
Lee YP, Mori TA, Puddey IB, Sipsas S, Ackland TR, Beilin LJ, Hodgson JM.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jan 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19144734
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26708
Effects of 1 and 3 g cinnamon on gastric emptying, satiety, and postprandial blood glucose, insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1, and ghrelin concentrations in healthy subjects.
Hlebowicz J, Hlebowicz A, Lindstedt S, Björgell O, Höglund P, Holst JJ, Darwiche G, Almér LO.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jan 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19158209
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26807
Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies.
Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Beral V, Reeves G, Burr ML, Chang-Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R, Kuzma JW, Mann J, McPherson K.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Sep;70(3 Suppl):516S-524S.
PMID: 10479225
Further categorization of diets showed that, in comparison with regular meat eaters, mortality from ischemic heart disease was 20% lower in occasional meat eaters, 34% lower in people who ate fish but not meat, 34% lower in lactoovovegetarians, and 26% lower in vegans. There were no significant differences between vegetarians and nonvegetarians in mortality from cerebrovascular disease, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, or all other causes combined.
See especially
TABLE 7. All-studies death rate ratios and 95% CIs and the number of deaths by diet category
http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/70/3/516S/T7
Conclusion: The associations suggest that replacing SFAs with PUFAs rather than MUFAs or carbohydrates prevents CHD over a wide range of intakes.
Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies.
Jakobsen MU, O'Reilly EJ, Heitmann BL, Pereira MA, Bälter K, Fraser GE, Goldbourt U, Hallmans G, Knekt P, Liu S, Pietinen P, Spiegelman D, Stevens J, Virtamo J, Willett WC, Ascherio A.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May;89(5):1425-32. Epub 2009 Feb 11.
PMID: 19211817
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27124
Estimation of the dietary requirement for vitamin D in free-living adults >=64 y of age.
Cashman KD, Wallace JM, Horigan G, Hill TR, Barnes MS, Lucey AJ, Bonham MP, Taylor N, Duffy EM, Seamans K, Muldowney S, Fitzgerald AP, Flynn A, Strain JJ, Kiely M.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May;89(5):1366-74. Epub 2009 Mar 18.
PMID: 19297462
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27334
Conclusion: To ensure that the vitamin D requirement is met by the vast majority (>97.5%) of adults aged ≥64 y during winter, between 7.9 and 42.8 µg vitamin D/d is required, depending on summer sun exposure and the threshold of adequacy of 25(OH)D. .
Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet compared with an isocaloric low-fat diet after 12 mo.
Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Buckley JD, Keogh JB, Clifton PM.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19439458
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27326
Fish consumption and risk of major chronic disease in men.
Virtanen JK, Mozaffarian D, Chiuve SE, Rimm EB.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;88(6):1618-25.
PMID: 19064523
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2007.25816
Conclusions: Modest fish consumption was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease, consistent with cardiac mortality benefits but not with total cancer or overall major chronic disease; n-6 fatty acid consumption did not influence these relations.
Meta-analysis of animal fat or animal protein intake and colorectal cancer.
Alexander DD, Cushing CA, Lowe KA, Sceurman B, Roberts MA.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Mar 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 1926172
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26838
Fish consumption and risk of major chronic disease in men.
Virtanen JK, Mozaffarian D, Chiuve SE, Rimm EB.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;88(6):1618-25.
PMID: 19064523
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2007.25816
Conclusions: Modest fish consumption was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease, consistent with cardiac mortality benefits but not with total cancer or overall major chronic disease; n-6 fatty acid consumption did not influence these relations.
The hypoglycemic effect of fat and protein is not attenuated by insulin resistance.
Lan-Pidhainy X, Wolever TM.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19923374
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28125
Conclusions: The hypoglycemic effect of fat and protein was not blunted by insulin resistance. Protein increased insulin but had no effect on C-peptide or the insulin secretion rate, which suggests decreased hepatic insulin extraction or increased C-peptide clearance.
Cardiovascular disease risk of dietary stearic acid compared with trans, other saturated, and unsaturated fatty acids: a systematic review1,3.
Hunter JE, Zhang J, Kris-Etherton PM.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Nov 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19939984
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27661
Conclusions: TFA intake should be reduced as much as possible because of its adverse effects on lipids and lipoproteins. The replacement of TFA with STA compared with other saturated fatty acids in foods that require solid fats beneficially affects LDL cholesterol, the primary target for CVD risk reduction; unsaturated fats are preferred for liquid fat applications. Research is needed to evaluate the effects of STA on emerging CVD risk markers such as fibrinogen and to understand the responses in different populations.
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of the US population: 1988-1994 compared with 2000-2004.
Looker AC, Pfeiffer CM, Lacher DA, Schleicher RL, Picciano MF, Yetley EA.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;88(6):1519-27.
PMID: 19064511
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26182
Conclusions: Overall, mean serum 25(OH)D was lower in 2000-2004 than 1988-1994. Assay changes unrelated to changes in vitamin D status accounted for much of the difference in most population groups. In an adult subgroup, combined changes in BMI, milk intake, and sun protection appeared to contribute to a real decline in vitamin D status.
In summary, age-standardized mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations based on observed values were significantly lower in 2000-2004 than in 1988-1994 in all groups examined. Adjustment for assay changes noticeably reduced the difference between surveys. However, mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations remained significantly lower in males (except Mexican Americans) in NHANES 2000-2004 than in NHANES III, even after adjustment for assay differences. This remaining difference likely represents a real decline in vitamin D status. Changes in BMI, milk intake, and sun protection appeared to contribute to this decline in a subgroup of non-Hispanic white adults. The possibility that trends in overweight, sun protection, and milk intake may continue supports the need to continue monitoring the serum 25(OH)D status of the population
A vitamin D nutritional cornucopia: new insights concerning the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of the US population.
Norman AW.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;88(6):1455-6.
PMID: 19064502
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27049
In summary, the report of Looker et al should be required reading for all nutritionists, clinicians, and vitamin D aficionados who are decision makers with regard to 25(OH)D assays, vitamin D nutritional policy, and the care of patients with vitamin D-related diseases.