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Egg fortification with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA): nutritional benefits versus high n-6 PUFA western diets, and consumer acceptance. Shapira N, Weill P, Loewenbach R. Isr Med Assoc J. 2008 Apr;10(4):262-5. PMID: 18548978 Egg fortification with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA): nutritional benefits versus high n-6 PUFA western diets, and consumer acceptance. Shapira N, Weill P, Loewenbach R. Isr Med Assoc J. 2008 Apr;10(4):262-5. PMID: 18548978 CONCLUSIONS: Effective concentration and transformation of supplemental n-3 PUFA/LCPUFA from feed to egg substantially enhanced egg n-3 PUFA %DRI, particularly of DHA, critical for health but often deficient. Such land-based n-3 PUFA/LCPUFA fortification may be applicable to high n-6 PUFA diets, fitting within cholesterol limitations and market criteria. It may contribute to general health and specific requirements (i.e., pregnancy and lactation), with possibilities of wide accessibility and standardization.

n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: evidence explained and mechanisms explored. Calder PC. Clin Sci (Lond). 2004 Jul;107(1):1-11. Review. PMID: 15132735 DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTAKE OF LONG-CHAIN n-3 PUFAS It is clear from the forgoing discussion that long-chain n-3 fatty acids have been proven to be effective in secondary prevention of MI, with a particularly marked effect on sudden death. Thus it would be prudent to advise post-MI patients to increase long-chain n-3 PUFA consumption. Epidemiological studies, studies investigating effects on classic and emerging risk factors and mechanistic studies indicate that long-chain n-3 fatty acids also play a key role in primary prevention. This is supported by studies in animal models, including monkeys. Thus long-chain n-3 fatty acid consumption should be promoted for all individuals especially those at risk of developing cardiovascular disease. This is the reason why a number of organizations have now made recommendations relating to the intake of fatty fish (for example [3]) and of long-chain n-3 PUFAs (Table 6). It is clear that there is a wide gap between current intakes of long-chain n-3 PUFAs and many of these recommendations (Table 6). To meet these recommendations strategies other than increased consumption of fatty fish may be required.

Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomised controlled trial. Thies F, Garry JM, Yaqoob P, Rerkasem K, Williams J, Shearman CP, Gallagher PJ, Calder PC, Grimble RF. Lancet. 2003 Feb 8;361(9356):477-85. PMID: 12583947 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12468-3 Interpretation Atherosclerotic plaques readily incorporate n-3 PUFAs from fish-oil supplementation, inducing changes that can enhance stability of atherosclerotic plaques. By contrast, increased consumption of n-6 PUFAs does not affect carotid plaque fatty-acid composition or stability over the time course studied here. Stability of plaques could explain reductions in non-fatal and fatal cardiovascular events associated with increased n-3 PUFA intake

Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids plus vitamin E restore immunodeficiency and prolong survival for severely ill patients with generalized malignancy: a randomized control trial. Gogos CA, Ginopoulos P, Salsa B, Apostolidou E, Zoumbos NC, Kalfarentzos F. Cancer. 1998 Jan 15;82(2):395-402. PMID: 9445198 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980115)82:23.0.CO;2-1 Dietary supplementation with omega-3 PUFA (18 g/day) restored both the Th/Ts cell ratio and TNF production by endotoxin-stimulated PBMC. Our finding is not in accordance with former reports that long term consumption of omega-3 PUFA decreases T cell mitogenic response, DTH, and the percentage of T-helper cells,[28] and this may be the result of the parallel antioxidant effect of vit E. Most significantly, omega-3 PUFA increased the survival of all our patients, ...

Effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on depressed mood: systematic review of published trials. Appleton KM, Hayward RC, Gunnell D, Peters TJ, Rogers PJ, Kessler D, Ness AR. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Dec;84(6):1308-16. Review. PMID: 17158410 Conclusions: Trial evidence that examines the effects of n-3 PUFAs on depressed mood is limited and is difficult to summarize and evaluate because of considerable heterogeneity. The evidence available provides little support for the use of n-3 PUFAs to improve depressed mood. Larger trials with adequate power to detect clinically important benefits are required.

CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with n-3 PUFA improves biochemical, ultrasonographic and haemodynamic features of liver steatosis. Our study supports the efficacy of n-3 PUFA as a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of NAFLD. Prolonged n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation ameliorates hepatic steatosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot study. Capanni M, Calella F, Biagini MR, Genise S, Raimondi L, Bedogni G, Svegliati-Baroni G, Sofi F, Milani S, Abbate R, Surrenti C, Casini A. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Apr 15;23(8):1143-51. PMID: 16611275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02885.x

Clinical prevention of sudden cardiac death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and mechanism of prevention of arrhythmias by n-3 fish oils. Leaf A, Kang JX, Xiao YF, Billman GE. Circulation. 2003 Jun 3;107(21):2646-52. Review. PMID: 12782616 doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000069566.78305.33 This review will be limited specifically to the beneficial prevention by the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of arrhythmic deaths, including sudden cardiac death, which annually causes some 300 000 deaths in the United States and millions more worldwide. We will also show that the growing body of positive clinical studies is supported by what has been learned in animal and laboratory studies regarding the mechanism by which n-3 PUFAs prevent cardiac arrhythmias.

Omega 3 fatty acids and the brain: review of studies in depression. Sinclair AJ, Begg D, Mathai M, Weisinger RS. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16 Suppl 1:391-7. Review. PMID: 17392137 This paper discusses the clinical studies conducted in the area of depression and omega 3 PUFA and the possible mechanisms of action of these PUFA. It is clear from the literature that DHA is involved in a variety of processes in neural cells and that its role is far more complex than simply influencing cell membrane properties.

October 17, 2006 | Steve Stiles Boston, MA - A review of the literature on the health effects of dietary fish or fish-oil intake has a reassuring message for seafood lovers, anyone eating fish for health reasons, and perhaps most everyone else [1]. Levels of mercury and other contaminants in commercially bought fish are low, and their potential risks are overwhelmed by likely reductions in cardiovascular mortality, according to a report in the October 18, 2006 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association. "The main message is really that everybody should be eating one or two servings of fish or seafood per week for their health," Dr Dariush Mozaffarian (Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA) told heartwire. In his analysis, coauthored with Dr Eric B Rimm (Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA), regular "modest" intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the two long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) abundant in finfish and shellfish (collectively referred to as "fish" in the article), is associated with a 36% drop in coronary disease mortality (p Those potential benefits are immense compared with the highly publicized but apparently low health risks associated with methylmercury, dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) that have been found in some fish species, they write. The evidence suggests a potential for neurodevelopmental deficits from early exposure to methylmercury, but the risk is likely diminished by limiting intake of fish with high methylmercur

Conclusion: The associations suggest that replacing SFAs with PUFAs rather than MUFAs or carbohydrates prevents CHD over a wide range of intakes. Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies. Jakobsen MU, O'Reilly EJ, Heitmann BL, Pereira MA, Bälter K, Fraser GE, Goldbourt U, Hallmans G, Knekt P, Liu S, Pietinen P, Spiegelman D, Stevens J, Virtamo J, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May;89(5):1425-32. Epub 2009 Feb 11. PMID: 19211817 doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27124

CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that n-3 PUFA from seal oils is safe and efficacious for patients with NAFLD associated with hyperlipidemia and can improve their total symptom scores, ALT, serum lipid levels and normalization of ultrasonographic evidence. Further study is needed to confirm these results. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from seal oils on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with hyperlipidemia. Zhu FS, Liu S, Chen XM, Huang ZG, Zhang DW. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Nov 7;14(41):6395-400. PMID: 19009658

Differential immunomodulation with long-chain n-3 PUFA in health and chronic disease. Sijben JW, Calder PC. Proc Nutr Soc. 2007 May;66(2):237-59. Review. PMID: 17466105 doi:10.1017/S0029665107005472

Serum Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Hospital Diagnosis of Atrial Fibrillation in Men. Virtanen JK, Mursu J, Voutilainen S, Tuomainen TP. Circulation. 2009 Dec 8;120(23):2315-21. Epub 2009 Nov 23. PMID: 19933935 doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.852657 Conclusions- An increased concentration of long-chain n-3 PUFAs in serum, a marker of fish or fish oil consumption, may protect against AF. Serum docosahexaenoic acid concentration had the greatest impact

"In one room on the last day of the conference, four invited faculty members meticulously made the case for an already-available substance as an example of the kind of agent the others were looking for. Their message: omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), usually derived from fish oil, garner far less attention as a heart-failure therapy than they deserve, given the wealth of laboratory and clinical evidence supporting a treatment effect."

Comparison of the effects of linseed oil and different doses of fish oil on mononuclear cell function in healthy human subjects. Wallace FA, Miles EA, Calder PC. Br J Nutr. 2003 May;89(5):679-89. PMID: 12720588

Multi-targeted therapy of cancer by omega-3 fatty acids. Berquin IM, Edwards IJ, Chen YQ. Cancer Lett. 2008 Oct 8;269(2):363-77. Epub 2008 May 13. Review. PMID: 18479809 doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.044

Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids promote colon carcinoma metastasis in rat liver. Griffini P, Fehres O, Klieverik L, Vogels IM, Tigchelaar W, Smorenburg SM, Van Noorden CJ. Cancer Res. 1998 Aug 1;58(15):3312-9. PMID: 9699661

Limited effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on T-lymphocyte and natural killer cell numbers and functions in healthy young males. Miles EA, Banerjee T, Wells SJ, Calder PC. Nutrition. 2006 May;22(5):512-9. PMID: 16600816 doi:10.1016/j.nut.2005.11.011

Differential killing of human carcinoma cells supplemented with n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Bégin ME, Ells G, Das UN, Horrobin DF. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1986 Nov;77(5):1053-62. PMID: 3464797