Testosterone has beneficial
effects on several cardiovascular risk factors, which include cholesterol, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation
Group items matching
in title, tags, annotations or url
1More
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 16 Sep 14
- No Cached
Cyclooxygenase inhibition reduces blood p... [Clin Exp Hypertens. 2000] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...10744360
cyclooxygenase NO Hg mercury heart health COX cardiovascular disease hypertension
![](/images/link.gif)
1More
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 17 Nov 21
- No Cached
Melatonin inhibits aromatase promoter expression by regulating cyclooxygenases expressi... - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2778514
cyclooxygenase aromatase inhibition cancer COX2 aromatase melatonin aromatase inhibitor
![](/images/link.gif)
Significance of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Oncogenesis - PMC - 0 views
58More
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 13 May 13
- No Cached
Testosterone: a vascular hormone in health and disease - 0 views
joe.endocrinology-journals.org/...R47.full
testosterone hormone health disease hormones men male cardiovascular disease CVD
![](/images/link.gif)
-
In clinical studies, acute and chronic testosterone administration increases coronary artery diameter and flow, improves cardiac ischaemia and symptoms in men with chronic stable angina and reduces peripheral vascular resistance in chronic heart failure.
-
testosterone is an L-calcium channel blocker and induces potassium channel activation in vascular smooth muscle cells
- ...54 more annotations...
-
Animal studies have consistently demonstrated that testosterone is atheroprotective, whereas testosterone deficiency promotes the early stages of atherogenesis
-
there is no compelling evidence that testosterone replacement to levels within the normal healthy range contributes adversely to the pathogenesis of CVD (Carson & Rosano 2011) or prostate cancer (Morgentaler & Schulman 2009)
-
bidirectional effect between decreased testosterone concentrations and disease pathology exists as concomitant cardiovascular risk factors (including inflammation, obesity and insulin resistance) are known to reduce testosterone levels and that testosterone confers beneficial effects on these cardiovascular risk factors
-
Achieving a normal physiological testosterone concentration through the administration of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has been shown to improve risk factors for atherosclerosis including reducing central adiposity and insulin resistance and improving lipid profiles (in particular, lowering cholesterol), clotting and inflammatory profiles and vascular function
-
It is well known that impaired erectile function and CVD are closely related in that ED can be the first clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis often preceding a cardiovascular event by 3–5 years
-
no decrease in the response (i.e. no tachyphylaxis) of testosterone and that patient benefit persists in the long term.
-
free testosterone levels within the physiological range, has been shown to result in a marked increase in both flow- and nitroglycerin-mediated brachial artery vasodilation in men with CAD
-
Clinical studies, however, have revealed either small reductions of 2–3 mm in diastolic pressure or no significant effects when testosterone is replaced within normal physiological limits in humans
-
Endothelium-independent mechanisms of testosterone are considered to occur primarily via the inhibition of voltage-operated Ca2+ channels (VOCCs) and/or activation of K+ channels (KCs) on smooth muscle cells (SMCs)
-
Testosterone increases the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and enhances nitric oxide (NO) production
-
In addition to direct effects on NOS expression, testosterone may also affect phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5 (PDE5A)) gene expression, an enzyme controlling the degradation of cGMP, which acts as a vasodilatory second messenger
-
the significance of the action of testosterone on VSMC apoptosis and proliferation in atherosclerosis is difficult to delineate and may be dependent upon the stage of plaque development
-
Several human studies have shown that carotid IMT (CIMT) and aortic calcification negatively correlate with serum testosterone
-
acute responses appear to be AR independent, long-term AR-mediated effects on the vasculature have also been described, primarily in the context of vascular tone regulation via the modulation of gene transcription
-
Several studies, however, have demonstrated that the vasodilatory actions of testosterone are not reduced by aromatase inhibition
-
non-aromatisable DHT elicited similar vasodilation to testosterone treatment in arterial smooth muscle
-
increased endothelial NOS (eNOS) expression and phosphorylation were observed in testosterone- and DHT-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells
-
Androgen deprivation leads to a reduction in neuronal NOS expression associated with a decrease of intracavernosal pressure in penile arteries during erection, an effect that is promptly reversed by androgen replacement therapy
-
Observational evidence suggests that several pro-inflammatory cytokines (including interleukin 1β (IL1β), IL6, tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), and highly sensitive CRP) and serum testosterone levels are inversely associated in patients with CAD, T2DM and/or hypogonadism
-
TRT has been reported to significantly reduce TNFα and elevate the circulating anti-inflammatory IL10 in hypogonadal men with CVD
-
testosterone treatment to normalise levels in hypogonadal men with the MetS resulted in a significant reduction in the circulating CRP, IL1β and TNFα, with a trend towards lower IL6 compared with placebo
-
Research suggests that the expression of VCAM-1, as induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα or interferon γ (IFNγ (IFNG)) in endothelial cells, can be attenuated by treatment with testosterone
-
Testosterone also inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL6, IL1β and TNFα in a range of cell types including human endothelial cells
-
decreased inflammatory response to TNFα and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in human endothelial cells when treated with DHT
-
The key to unravelling the link between testosterone and its role in atherosclerosis may lay in the understanding of testosterone signalling and the cross-talk between receptors and intracellular events that result in pro- and/or anti-inflammatory actions in athero-sensitive cells.
-
Both NFκB and AR act at the transcriptional level and have been experimentally found to be antagonistic to each other
-
As the AR and NFκB are mutual antagonists, their interaction and influence on functions can be bidirectional, with inflammatory agents that activate NFκB interfering with normal androgen signalling as well as the AR interrupting NFκB inflammatory transcription
-
prolonged exposure of vascular cells to the inflammatory activation of NFκB associated with atherosclerosis may reduce or alter any potentially protective effects of testosterone
-
DHT and IFNγ also modulate each other's signalling through interaction at the transcriptional level, suggesting that androgens down-regulate IFN-induced genes
-
(Simoncini et al. 2000a,b). Norata et al. (2010) suggest that part of the testosterone-mediated atheroprotective effects could depend on ER activation mediated by the testosterone/DHT 3β-derivative, 3β-Adiol
-
TNFα-induced induction of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin as well as MCP1 and IL6 was significantly reduced by a pre-incubation with 3β-Adiol in HUVECs
-
3β-Adiol also reduced LPS-induced gene expression of IL6, TNFα, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2 (PTGS2)), CD40, CX3CR1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, MMP9, resistin, pentraxin-3 and MCP1 in the monocytic cell line U937 (Norata et al. 2010)
-
This study suggests that testosterone metabolites, other than those generated through aromatisation, could exert anti-inflammatory effects that are mediated by ER activation.
-
The authors suggest that DHT differentially effects COX2 levels under physiological and pathophysiological conditions in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells and via AR-dependent and -independent mechanisms influenced by the physiological state of the cell
-
There are, however, a number of systematic meta-analyses of clinical trials of TRT that have not demonstrated an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events or mortality
-
The TOM trial, which was designed to investigate the effect of TRT on frailty in elderly men, was terminated prematurely as a result of an increased incidence of cardiovascular-related events after 6 months in the treatment arm
-
trials of TRT in men with either chronic stable angina or chronic cardiac failure have also found no increase in either cardiovascular events or mortality in studies up to 12 months
-
Evidence may therefore suggest that low testosterone levels and testosterone levels above the normal range have an adverse effect on CVD, whereas testosterone levels titrated to within the mid- to upper-normal range have at least a neutral effect or, taking into account the knowledge of the beneficial effects of testosterone on a series of cardiovascular risk factors, there may possibly be a cardioprotective action
-
The effect of testosterone on human vascular function is a complex issue and may be dependent upon the underlying androgen and/or disease status.
-
the majority of studies suggest that testosterone may display both acute and chronic vasodilatory effects upon various vascular beds at both physiological and supraphysiological concentrations and via endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms
1More
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 11 Jun 12
- No Cached
JAMA Network | Archives of Neurology | Neuronal Cyclooxygenase 2 Expression in the Hipp... - 0 views
archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx
COX-2 inflammation dementia AD Alzheimer's disease neurology brain
![](/images/link.gif)
1More
Regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Monocytes by Ligation of the Receptor for ... - 0 views
-
good article on the biochemistry of COX2 in inflammation. Particularily with AGE and it the receptors RAGE. COX2 has been shown to decrease insulin secretion through inhibition of islet cell production, but in the presence of disease level inflammation, COX2 can be a part of a very dangerous autocrine/paracrine loop.
2More
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 11 Jun 12
- No Cached
Inflammatory Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease: Inhibition of β-Amyloid-Stimu... - 0 views
www.jneurosci.org/...558.long
inflammation AD alzheimer's neurodegenerative disease PPAR-gamma PPAR microglial alzheimer
![](/images/link.gif)
-
PPARγ agonists were shown to inhibit the β-amyloid-stimulated expression of the cytokine genes interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor α. Furthermore, PPARγ agonists inhibited the expression of cyclooxygenase-2.
60More
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Jul 13
- No Cached
Inflammatory cause of metabolic syndrome via brain stress and NF-κB - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3314172
metabolic syndrome TLR cytokines hypothalamus brain neurology metabolic syndrome NF-kappaB DIO diet induced obesity over nutrition nutrition inflammation
![](/images/link.gif)
-
Mechanistic studies further showed that such metabolic inflammation is related to the induction of various intracellular stresses such as mitochondrial oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and autophagy defect under prolonged nutritional excess
-
intracellular stress-inflammation process for metabolic syndrome has been established in the central nervous system (CNS) and particularly in the hypothalamus
-
the CNS and the comprised hypothalamus are known to govern various metabolic activities of the body including appetite control, energy expenditure, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and blood pressure homeostasis
- ...56 more annotations...
-
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) refer to a class of radical or non-radical oxygen-containing molecules that have high oxidative reactivity with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
-
a large measure of intracellular ROS comes from the leakage of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC)
-
Another major source of intracellular ROS is the intentional generation of superoxides by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase
-
there are other ROS-producing enzymes such as cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, xanthine oxidase, and cytochrome p450 enzymes, which are involved with specific metabolic processes
-
To counteract the toxic effects of molecular oxidation by ROS, cells are equipped with a battery of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutases, catalase, peroxiredoxins, sulfiredoxin, and aldehyde dehydrogenases
-
intracellular oxidative stress has been indicated to contribute to metabolic syndrome and related diseases, including T2D [72; 73], CVDs [74-76], neurodegenerative diseases [69; 77-80], and cancers
-
intracellular oxidative stress is highly associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases [69] and brain aging
-
mitochondrial dysfunction in hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons causes central glucose sensing impairment
-
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the cellular organelle responsible for protein synthesis, maturation, and trafficking to secretory pathways
-
ER stress has been associated to obesity, insulin resistance, T2D, CVDs, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases
-
under environmental stress such as nutrient deprivation or hypoxia, autophagy is strongly induced to breakdown macromolecules into reusable amino acids and fatty acids for survival
-
intact autophagy function is required for the hypothalamus to properly control metabolic and energy homeostasis, while hypothalamic autophagy defect leads to the development of metabolic syndrome such as obesity and insulin resistance
-
prolonged oxidative stress or ER stress has been shown to impair autophagy function in disease milieu of cancer or aging
-
TLRs are an important class of membrane-bound pattern recognition receptors in classical innate immune defense
-
overnutrition constitutes an environmental stimulus that can activate TLR pathways to mediate the development of metabolic syndrome related disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance, T2D, and atherosclerotic CVDs
-
Isoforms TLR1, 2, 4, and 6 may be particularly pertinent to pathogenic signaling induced by lipid overnutrition
-
hypothalamic TLR4 and downstream inflammatory signaling are activated in response to central lipid excess via direct intra-brain lipid administration or HFD-feeding
-
overnutrition-induced metabolic derangements such as central leptin resistance, systemic insulin resistance, and weight gain
-
these evidences based on brain TLR signaling further support the notion that CNS is the primary site for overnutrition to cause the development of metabolic syndrome.
-
circulating cytokines can limitedly travel to the hypothalamus through the leaky blood-brain barrier around the mediobasal hypothalamus to activate hypothalamic cytokine receptors
-
significant evidences have been recently documented demonstrating the role of cytokine receptor pathways in the development of metabolic syndrome components
-
entral administration of TNF-α at low doses faithfully replicated the effects of central metabolic inflammation in enhancing eating, decreasing energy expenditure [158;159], and causing obesity-related hypertension
-
Resistin, an adipocyte-derived proinflammatory cytokine, has been found to promote hepatic insulin resistance through its central actions
-
both TLR pathways and cytokine receptor pathways are involved in central inflammatory mechanism of metabolic syndrome and related diseases.
-
In quiescent state, NF-κB resides in the cytoplasm in an inactive form due to inhibitory binding by IκBα protein
-
IKKβ activation via receptor-mediated pathway, leading to IκBα phosphorylation and degradation and subsequent release of NF-κB activity
-
Research in the past decade has found that activation of IKKβ/NF-κB proinflammatory pathway in metabolic tissues is a prominent feature of various metabolic disorders related to overnutrition
-
it happens in metabolic tissues, it is mainly associated with overnutrition-induced metabolic derangements, and most importantly, it is relatively low-grade and chronic
-
this paradigm of IKKβ/NF-κB-mediated metabolic inflammation has been identified in the CNS – particularly the comprised hypothalamus, which primarily accounts for to the development of overnutrition-induced metabolic syndrome and related disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance, T2D, and obesity-related hypertension
-
evidences have pointed to intracellular oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction as upstream events that mediate hypothalamic NF-κB activation in a receptor-independent manner under overnutrition
-
In the context of metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress-related NF-κB activation in metabolic tissues or vascular systems has been implicated in a broad range of metabolic syndrome-related diseases, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, cardiac infarct, stroke, cancer, and aging
-
intracellular oxidative stress seems to be a likely pathogenic link that bridges overnutrition with NF-κB activation leading to central metabolic dysregulation
-
overnutrition is an environmental inducer for intracellular oxidative stress regardless of tissues involved
-
excessive nutrients, when transported into cells, directly increase mitochondrial oxidative workload, which causes increased production of ROS by mitochondrial ETC
-
oxidative stress has been shown to activate NF-κB pathway in neurons or glial cells in several types of metabolic syndrome-related neural diseases, such as stroke [185], neurodegenerative diseases [186-188], and brain aging
-
central nutrient excess (e.g., glucose or lipids) has been shown to activate NF-κB in the hypothalamus [34-37] to account for overnutrition-induced central metabolic dysregulations
-
overnutrition can present the cell with a metabolic overload that exceeds the physiological adaptive range of UPR, resulting in the development of ER stress and systemic metabolic disorders
-
chronic ER stress in peripheral metabolic tissues such as adipocytes, liver, muscle, and pancreatic cells is a salient feature of overnutrition-related diseases
-
recent literature supports a model that brain ER stress and NF-κB activation reciprocally promote each other in the development of central metabolic dysregulations
-
when intracellular stresses remain unresolved, prolonged autophagy upregulation progresses into autophagy defect
-
autophagy defect can induce NF-κB-mediated inflammation in association with the development of cancer or inflammatory diseases (e.g., Crohn's disease)
-
The connection between autophagy defect and proinflammatory activation of NF-κB pathway can also be inferred in metabolic syndrome, since both autophagy defect [126-133;200] and NF-κB activation [20-33] are implicated in the development of overnutrition-related metabolic diseases
-
Both TLR pathway and cytokine receptor pathways are closely related to IKKβ/NF-κB signaling in the central pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome
-
Overnutrition, especially in the form of HFD feeding, was shown to activate TLR4 signaling and downstream IKKβ/NF-κB pathway
-
TLR4 activation leads to MyD88-dependent NF-κB activation in early phase and MyD88-indepdnent MAPK/JNK pathway in late phase
-
these studies point to NF-κB as an immediate signaling effector for TLR4 activation in central inflammatory response
-
TLR4 activation has been shown to induce intracellular ER stress to indirectly cause metabolic inflammation in the hypothalamus
-
central TLR4-NF-κB pathway may represent one of the early receptor-mediated events in overnutrition-induced central inflammation.
-
cytokines and their receptors are both upstream activating components and downstream transcriptional targets of NF-κB activation
-
central administration of TNF-α at low dose can mimic the effect of obesity-related inflammatory milieu to activate IKKβ/NF-κB proinflammatory pathways, furthering the development of overeating, energy expenditure decrease, and weight gain
-
the physiological effects of IKKβ/NF-κB activation seem to be cell type-dependent, i.e., IKKβ/NF-κB activation in hypothalamic agouti-related protein (AGRP) neurons primarily leads to the development of energy imbalance and obesity [34]; while in hypothalamic POMC neurons, it primarily results in the development of hypertension and glucose intolerance
1More
Modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism by curcumin and related β-diketone ... - 0 views
1More
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 29 Sep 14
- No Cached
Carvacrol, a component of thyme oil, activates PPARα and γ and suppresses COX... - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2789773
essential oil essential oils LPS COX2 cox-2 cyclooxygenase inflammation thyme natural
![](/images/link.gif)
14More
PLOS ONE: Depletion of Brain Docosahexaenoic Acid Impairs Recovery from Traumatic Brain... - 0 views
-
The polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic (LA, 18:2n-6) and linolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n-3) are essential fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body.
-
LNA serves as the precursor for long chain omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) while LA is converted into long chain omega-6 fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (AA)
-
DHA and AA are abundantly found in the brain, where these are stored mainly in membrane phospholipids
- ...10 more annotations...
-
DHA has been shown to increase neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis, and promotes glutamatergic neurotransmission through increase in glutamate receptor subunit expression
-
DHA has been shown to be converted to anti-inflammatory, proresolving and neuroprotective mediators, such as resolvins [7] and protectins
-
AA is converted by cyclooxygenases into 2-series prostaglandins and 4-series leukotrienes, most of which exert pro-inflammatory effects
-
Supplementation of DHA exerts neuroprotective effects and has been reported to afford protection from diffuse axonal injury [11] and mixed brain injury [12] as well
-
severe depletion of membrane DHA in the brain renders mice significantly more susceptible to TBI and impairs recovery following the injury
-
Omega-3 fatty acids may serve as nutraceutical agents and precondition the brain to make it more resilient to injury
-
it can be suggested that enriching DHA in the brain may be prophylactic and protective against brain injury
-
severe DHA deficiency in the brain impairs functional recovery from TBI in terms of vestibulo-motor and cognitive deficits
-
less neurons were found around the injury site of DHA deficient brain after TBI compared to the omega-3 fatty acid adequate group
2More
ScienceDirect - Trends in Pharmacological Sciences : Pharmacological basis for the role... - 0 views
-
Extensive research within the past two decades has shown that curcumin mediates its anti-inflammatory effects through the downregulation of inflammatory transcription factors (such as nuclear factor κB), enzymes (such as cyclooxygenase 2 and 5 lipoxygenase) and cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1 and interleukin 6)
1More
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 11 Sep 14
- No Cached
Saturated Fatty Acids, but Not Unsaturated Fatty Acids, Induce the Expression of Cycloo... - 0 views
www.jbc.org/...16683.long
TLR-4 TLR4 TLR DHA EPA toll like receptors Toll-like receptors omega 3 omega-3 inflammation NF-kappaB lkappaB-alpha lkkb
![](/images/link.gif)
1More
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 07 Aug 18
- No Cached
Cyclooxygenase-2 Induces EP1- and HER-2/Neu-Dependent Vascular Endothelial Growth Facto... - 0 views
cancerres.aacrjournals.org/...554
COX-2 cancer HER-2 Celebrex VEGF metastasis prostate cancer lung cancer colorectal cancer
![](/images/link.gif)
1More
From the Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor Celecoxib to a Novel Class of 3-Phosphoinositide-De... - 0 views
1More
3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinase-1/Akt Signaling Represents a Major Cyclooxy... - 0 views
11More
The current state and future perspectives of cannabinoids in cancer biology - 0 views
-
The activation of each of them leads to an inhibition of adenylyl cyclase via G proteins (Gi/o), which in turn activates many metabolic pathways such as mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3‐kinase pathway (PI3K), cyclooxygenase‐2 pathway (COX‐2), accumulation of ceramide, modulation of protein kinase B (Akt), and ion channels
-
Action of THC in human organism relies on mimicking endogenous agonists of CB receptors—endocannabinoids
- ...8 more annotations...
-
The upregulated expression of CB receptors and the elevated levels of endocannabinoids have been observed in a variety of cancer cells (skin, prostate, and colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, endometrial sarcoma, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma and pituitary adenoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, chemically induced hepatocarcinoma, mantel cell lymphoma)
-
concentration of endocannabinoids, expression level of their receptors, and the enzymes involved in their metabolism frequently are associated with an aggressiveness of cancer
-
CB2 receptor contributes to human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) pro‐oncogenic signaling and an overexpression of CB2 increases susceptibility for leukemia development after leukemia viral infection
-
Many cannabinoids, ranging from phytocannabinoids (THC, CBD), endocannabinoids (2‐arachidonoylglycerol, anandamide), to synthetic cannabinoids (JWH‐133, WIN‐55,212‐2), have shown ability to inhibit proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis in a variety of models of cancer
-
Despite some inconsistent data, the main effect of cannabinoids in a tumor is the inhibition of cancer cells’ proliferation and induction of cancer cell death by apoptosis
-
CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists stimulate apoptotic cell death in glioma cells by induction of de novo synthesis of ceramide, sphingolipid with proapoptotic activity
7More
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 15 Sep 17
- No Cached
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Processes - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3257651
fats nutrition diet omega 3 inflammation NF-kappaB TNF-alpha omega-3 fish oil DHA EPA docosahexaenoic acid eicosapentaenoic acid
![](/images/link.gif)
-
marine n-3 PUFAs have also been shown to alter the production of inflammatory proteins including chemokines, cytokines, growth factors and matrix proteases
-
Two transcription factors that are likely to play a role in inflammation are nuclear factor κ B (NFκB) and PPAR-γ
-
NFκB is the principal transcription factor involved in upregulation of inflammatory cytokine, adhesion molecule and cyclooxygenase-2 genes
- ...3 more annotations...
-
PPAR-γ directly regulates inflammatory gene expression, it also interferes with the activation of NFκB creating an intriguing interaction between these two transcription factors
51More
How is the Immune System Suppressed by Cancer - 1 views
-
Excellent work by Prof de Groot of Essen, indicated by adding exogenous xanthine oxidase ( XO) in hepatoma cells, hydrogen peroxide was produced to destroy the hepatoma cells
- ...43 more annotations...
-
The other important influence of NO is in its inhibition of the proapoptoic caspases cascade. This in turn protects the cells from intracellular preprogrammed death.
-
nitric oxide in immune suppression in relation to oxygen radicals is its inhibitory effect on the binding of leukocytes (PMN) at the endothelial surface
-
NO from the tumor cells actually suppresses the iNOS, and in addition it reduces oxygen radicals to stop the formation of peroxynitrite in these cells. But NO is not the only inhibitor of iNOS in cancer.
-
Prostaglandin E2, released from tumor cells is also an inhibitor of iNOS, as well as suppressing the immune system
-
Th-1 subset of T-cells. These cells are responsible for anti-viral and anti-cancer activities, via their cytokine production including Interleukin-2, (IL-2), and Interleukin-12 which stimulates T-killer cell replication and further activation and release of tumor fighting cytokines.
-
Th1 cells stimulate NK and other tumor fighting macrophages via IL-2 and IL-12; In contrast, Th2, which is stimulated in allergies and parasitic infections, produce IL-4 and IL-10. IL-4 and IL-10 inhibit TH-1 activation and the histamine released from mast cell degranulation upregulates T suppressor cells to further immune suppression.
-
-
Th-2 subset of lymphocytes, on the other hand are activated in allergies and parasitic infections to release Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-10
-
Mast cells contain histamine which when released increases the T suppressor cells, to lower the immune system and also acts directly on many tumor Histamine receptors to stimulate tumor growth
-
Tumor cells release IL-10, and this is thought to be one of the important areas of Th-1 suppression in cancer patients
-
IL-10 is also a central regulator of cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin production in tumor cells stimulating their angiogenesis and NO production
-
nitric oxide in tumor cells even prevents the activation of caspases responsible for apoptosis
-
early stages of carcinogenesis, which we call tumor promotion, one needs a strong immune system, and fewer oxygen radicals to prevent mutations but still enough to destroy the tumor cells should they develop
-
later stages of cancer development, the oxygen radicals are decreased around the tumors and in the tumor cells themselves, and the entire cancer fighting Th-1 cell replication and movement are suppressed. The results are a decrease in direct toxicity and apoptosis, which is prevented by NO, a suppression of the macrophage and leukocyte toxicity and finally, a suppression of the T-cell induced tumor toxicity
-
elevated lactic acid which neutralizes the toxicity and activity of Lymphocyte immune response and mobility
-
The lactic acid is also feeding fungi around tumors and that leads to elevated histamine which increases T-suppressor cells. Histamine alone stimulates many tumor cells.
-
last but not least, the Lactic acid from tumor cells and acidic diets shifts the lymphocyte activity to reduce its efficacy against cancer cells and pathogens in addition to altering the bacteria of the intestinal tract.
-
intestinal tract bacteria in cancer cells release sterols that suppress the immune system and down regulate anticancer activity from lymphocytes.
-
In addition to the lactic acid, adenosine is also released from tumors. Through IL-10, adenosine and other molecules secreted by regulatory T cells, the CD8+ cells can be inactivated to an anergic state
-
Adenosine is a purine nucleoside found within the interstitial fluid of solid tumors at concentrations that are able to inhibit cell-mediated immune responses to tumor cells
-
Adenosine appears to up-regulate the PD1 receptor in T-1 Lymphocytes and inhibits the immune system further
-
Mast cells with their release of histamine lower the immune system and also stimulate tumor growth and activate the metalloproteinases involved in angiogenesis and metastases
-
Cimetidine, an antihistamine has been actually shown to increase in apoptosis in MDSC via a separate mechanism than the antihistamine effect
-
In vitro analyses revealed a striking induction of IL-8 expression in CAFs and LFs by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)
-
these data raise the possibility that the majority of CAFs in CLM originate from resident LFs. TNF-alpha-induced up-regulation of IL-8 via nuclear factor-kappaB in CAFs is an inflammatory pathway, potentially permissive for cancer invasion that may represent a novel therapeutic target