animal model: showed that DHEA treatment resulted in increased adiponectin secretion from fat cells. This occurred with an associated increase in PPAR-gamma receptors. The suggestion is that DHEA through PPAR-gamma increased fat cell production and secretion of adiponectin.
Nice review of inflammation originating from the gut. This article nicely points out the pathway involving PPAR gamma and its anti-inflammatory effects in gut inflammatory conditions such as IBD. This article also specifically discusses natural compounds that activate PPAR gamma and thus reduce inflammation. Good deep biochemical discussion of how natural therapies reduce inflammation.
Omeg-3, DHA and EPA, increased adiponectin production. In addition, blockade of the PPAR-gamma resulted in a reduction in adiponectin production. Thus PPAR gamma activation results in adiponectin production by adipocytes.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma plays an important role in obesity and fat generation. In this study, they showed how the genetic expression of different PPAR gamma genotypes results in altered physiologic response to fat intake in humans. The interaction between genetics and the environment.
T3 induces beneficial oxidative changes in muscles through its interaction with mitochondrial receptors. PGC-1alpha and PPAR-gamma were involved in this process. The important point here is that T3 is increasing oxidative function of muscle through interaction with mitochondria.
PPARγ agonists were shown to inhibit the β-amyloid-stimulated expression of the cytokine genes interleukin-6
and tumor necrosis factor α. Furthermore, PPARγ agonists inhibited the expression of cyclooxygenase-2.
Not that we are recommending NSAIDS to reduce inflammation: but the learned biochemical pathways of inflammation involved with AD, allows a natural approach to reduce microglial associated inflammation through PPAR-gamma activation.
nice diagram of proposed mechanism of how diet and gut microbiota can influence the production of PPAR-gamma inducing growth of adipose tissue. Also proposes how LPS and the endocannabinoid system contributed to a leaky gut and thus the proposed "metabolic endotoxemia"
sulphoraphane shown to arrest fat cell growth. Sulphoraphane decreased PPAR-gamma and C/EBP-alpha expression as well as suppressing the cell growth cycle. Obvious implications in weight loss
microglial and inflammatory response in Alzheimer's disease. Agonists of PPAR-gamma inhibit this action. This has important implications in reducing the local inflammatory response found in the brains of those with Alzheimers and other neuordegenerative disease.
ATMs and obesity induced inflammation initiates insulin resistance and thus type II diabetes. The bodies reaction to a fat cell is no different than a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection. The body recognizes something (fat) that shouldn't be there and it attempts to destroy it and remove it.
The gut microbial composition is altered during pregnancy
probiotic supplements may contribute to the maintenance of bacterial diversity and glucose homeostasis in individuals with metabolic disturbances
Assessment of four randomized controlled trials in this review involving 288 pregnant women with GDM found that a 6–8 week probiotic intervention did not improve FBG or LDL-cholesterol levels
probiotic supplementation in women with GDM was associated with significant reductions in insulin resistance
One proposed method is by the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), generated as a by-product of bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers. SCFAs act as an energy source for intestinal cells and have been found to regulate the production of hormones effecting energy intake and expenditure such as leptin and grehlin
Another hypothesized mechanism of SCFA action includes reducing gastrointestinal permeability by upregulating transcription of tight junction proteins, enhancing production of Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) which promotes crypt cell proliferation, and reducing inflammation in colonic epithelial cells by increasing PPAR-gamma activation
Maintenance of the integrity of the gut barrier minimizes the concentration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in circulation
LPS is a structural component of gram negative bacterial cell walls, which induces an immune-cell response upon absorption into the human bloodstream, stimulating proinflammatory cytokine production and the onset of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia
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