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Nathan Goodyear

Substantial contribution of extrinsic risk factors to cancer development - 0 views

  • Here we provide evidence that intrinsic risk factors contribute only modestly (<10~30%) to cancer development
  • we conclude that cancer risk is heavily influenced by extrinsic factors. These results carry immense consequences for strategizing cancer prevention
  • cancers are proposed to originate from the malignant transformation of normal tissue progenitor and stem cells
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  • “Intrinsic processes” include those that result in mutations due to random errors in DNA replication whereas “extrinsic factors” are environmental factors that affect mutagenesis rates (such as UV radiation, ionizing radiation, and carcinogens
  • intrinsic factors do not play a major causal role.
  • intrinsic cancer risk should be determined by the cancer incidence for those cancers with the least risk in the entire group controlling for total stem cell divisions
  • if one or more cancers would feature a much higher cancer incidence, for example, lung cancer among smokers vs. non-smokers, then this most likely reflects additional (and probably extrinsic) risk factors (smoking in this case)
  • Particularly, for breast and prostate cancers, it has long been observed that large international geographical variations exist in their incidences (5-fold for breast cancer, 25-fold for prostate cancer)14, and immigrants moving from countries with lower cancer incidence to countries with higher cancer rates soon acquire the higher risk of their new country
  • Colorectal cancer is another high-incidence cancer that is widely considered to be an environmental disease17, with an estimated 75% or more colorectal cancer risk attributable to diet
  • melanoma, its risk ascribed to sun exposure is around 65–86%
  • non-melanoma basal and squamous skin cancers, ~90% is attributable to UV
  • 75% of esophageal cancer, or head and neck cancer are caused by tobacco and alcohol
  • HPV may cause ~90% cases in cervical cancer23, ~90% cases in anal cancer24, and ~70% in oropharyngeal cancer
  • HBV and HCV may account for ~80% cases of hepatocellular carcinoma
  • H pylori may be responsible for 65–80% of gastric cancer
  • While a few cancers have relatively large proportions of intrinsic mutations (>50%), the majority of cancers have large proportions of extrinsic mutations, for example, ~100% for Myeloma, Lung and Thyroid cancers and ~80–90% for Bladder, Colorectal and Uterine cancers, indicating substantial contributions of carcinogen exposures in the development of most cancers
  • onsistent estimate of contribution of extrinsic factors of >70–90% in most common cancer types. This concordance lends significant credibility to the overall conclusion on the role of extrinsic factors in cancer development
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    Really great read.  Cancer is a majority lifestyle disease.
Nathan Goodyear

Sex Hormones and Colorectal Cancer: What Have We Learned So Far? - 0 views

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    This article focus' more on the risks of colorectal cancer in men.  It does perform a mini-review on risks for women.  It appears progesterone is important in prevention of colorectal cancer in women.  Post-menopause, women with HRT have a reduced risk. In contrast, men with androgen deprivation therapy, there is an increase risk of colorectal cancer.
Nathan Goodyear

http://www.turkjcancer.org/pdf/pdf_TJC_489.pdf - 0 views

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    The relationship between ER and PR and colorectal cancer is yet to be determined.  It is not outside the realm of possibility that a standardization of ER/PR in colorectal cancer is unlikely.  Each cancer is unique.  There are probably some generalizations that can be made, but complete generalizations of ER/PR in colorectal cancer in women is unlikely.
Nathan Goodyear

A Case of Colorectal Cancer during Pregnancy: A Brief Review of the Literature - 0 views

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    This case study reveals the complexity of cancer.  HRT and pregnancy have generally been shown to be protective against the incidence of colorectal cancer in women.  Yet, here colorectal cancer was diagnosed in the postpartum period.  Whether the high estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy played a role here is difficult to determine.
Nathan Goodyear

JAMA Network | JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association | Low-Fat Dietary ... - 0 views

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    The women's health initiative dietary modification trial of almost 50,000 women found no association between a low fat diet and a reduction of colorectal cancer.  Translation: a low fat diet does not lower the risk of colorectal cancer.
Nathan Goodyear

Reproductive History and risk of colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women - 0 views

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    study finds prolonged exposure to estrogen associated with increased colorectal cancer risk in postmenopausal women. So many unanswered questions. What was the ER status of these patients? What was the weight of these patients? One cannot simply compare estrogen exposure to colorectal cancer risk and say aha! What is the environment of the individual(s)?!
Nathan Goodyear

American Journal of Gastroenterology - Abstract of article: Diagnostic Precision of Fec... - 0 views

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    Fecal calprotectin is found to be a much better screening test for IBD than colorectal cancer.  Though, fecal Calprotectin levels were found to be elevated in colorectal cancer compared to controls, the sensitivity and specificity was low.  In contrast, a fecal Calprotectin > 100 mg/g, in this study, was found to be specific and sensitive for IBD and excluding IBS.
Nathan Goodyear

Exercise improves survival rates for colorectal cancer patients - Dana-Farber Cancer In... - 0 views

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    Men with colorectal cancer that engage in "moderate" exercise live longer than those that don't.  Moderate was described as 1 hour of walking 6 days weekly.
Nathan Goodyear

JAMA Network | JAMA Internal Medicine | Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Col... - 0 views

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    Vegeterian diet found to reduce colon, colorectal, and rectal cancer when compared to non-vegetarian diets.
Nathan Goodyear

LPS-Induced TLR4 Signaling in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells Increases β1 Inte... - 0 views

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    cull culture study finds inhibition of LPS activated TLR4 in colorectal cancer cells decreased metastasis.
Nathan Goodyear

http://www.scielo.oces.mctes.pt/pdf/ge/v13n3/v13n3a06 - 0 views

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    People with Streptococcus gallolyticus found to be associated with higher incidence of colon polyps.  This in light of the known association between Steptococcus gallolyticus and colorectal cancer puts a target on Steptococcus gallolyticus in those at risk for colorectal cancer.
Nathan Goodyear

Loss of ERβ expression as a common step in estrogen-dependent tumor progression - 0 views

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    Loss of ER beta expression is a very important step in carcinogenesis in hormone responsive cancers.  This includes breast cancer in women and prostate cancer in men, but this also includes colorectal cancer in both.
Nathan Goodyear

Molecular Pathways: Estrogen Pathway in Colorectal Cancer - 0 views

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    ER-beta is lost in colorectal cancer
Nathan Goodyear

PayPerView: A Randomized Study of Low-Dose Subcutaneous lnterleukin-2 Plus Melatonin ve... - 0 views

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    Percent survival at 1 year was significantly increased in patients treated with immunotherapy than in those treated with supportive care alone (9/25 vs. 3/25, p < 0.05) in study which suggests that low-dose subcutaneous IL-2 plus melatonin may be effective as a second-line therapy to induce tumor regression and to prolong percent survival at 1 year in metastatic colorectal cancer patients progressing under 5-FU and folates
Nathan Goodyear

Dichloroacetate induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in colorectal cancer cells | Br... - 0 views

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    DCA induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer
Nathan Goodyear

High expression of Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 88 signals corre... - 0 views

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    High TLR4 and MyD88 expression on the surface of colorectal cancer cells associated with increase liver mets potential and worsened prognosis.  LPS works through TLR4 and MyD88.
Nathan Goodyear

Microbiota disbiosis is associated with colorectal cancer - 0 views

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    Study finds association between gut dysbiosis and colorectal cancer risk.
Nathan Goodyear

Role of maximum standardized uptake value in fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomog... - 0 views

  • 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) is an effective and popular technique for evaluating patients before and after breast cancer surgery.
  • Quantitative FDG-PET/CT imaging is becoming prevalent in cancer treatment as it measures glucose metabolism that reflects the growth potential and metabolic activity of malignant tumors
  • The FDG-PET/CT findings of primary lesions in colorectal and lung cancers correlate with metastasis and prognosis because FDG reflects tumor viability
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  • The technique is valuable for predicting the prognosis of patients with recurrent breast cancer and for determining and predicting the outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy
  • FDG-PET/CT is useful not only for evaluating metastasis but also for predicting the prognosis of recurrent breast cancer and measuring treatment effects
  • reports remain limited to small-scale clinical trials of about 100 patients.
  • MaxSUV, which is the most popular FDG-PET/CT value, can vary up to 30&nbsp;% because of differences among PET/CT devices and among the operators who create the images
  • the degree of malignancy would increase with an increase in maxSUV when ER or HER-2 signaling is involved.
  • Factors that determine the rate of cancer progression include T-factor (tumor diameter) and N-factor (presence or absence/number of lymph node metastasis)
  • Factors that determine the nature of tumors also include ER, HER-2, Ki-67 labeling index, and nuclear grade
  • Prognosis was previously predicted based on T, N, and M staging, which indicates the degree of progression. However, prognosis is now predicted and treatment regimes are presently selected by also considering ER and HER-2 levels, which determine the nature of the tumor
  • maxSUV presently serves as an indicator of metabolic activity during cancer therapy. For instance, the maxSUV of primary lung and hematological cancer lesions correlates with metastasis and prognosis, whereas maxSUV also seems useful for predicting the prognosis of recurrent breast cancer and in determining and predicting the outcome of neoadjuvant chemotherapy
  • The maxSUV cut-off calculated from ROC curves for recurrence was 3.0
  • The prognostic factors applied in breast cancer can be broadly divided into those that determine staging and those that determine biological tumor characteristics
  • both ER status and maxSUV as independent prognostic factors
  • maxSUV has a closer correlation with prognosis
  • maxSUV, clinical T-factor and ER were significant prognostic factors
  • Our results showed that maxSUV has the potential to be a novel prognostic factor and that it can be used to determine future therapies
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    Retrospective, multi-facility finds maxSUV can be used in prognosis in cancer.  Others have shown benefit in recurrence risk.  MaxSUV was found to be an independent factor.
Nathan Goodyear

Associations between Testosterone Levels and Incident Prostate, Lung, and Colorectal Ca... - 0 views

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    Study finds that increased free Testosterone is associated with increased incidence of prostate cancer.  Higher Total Testosterone was associated with lung cancer and androgens were not associated with colorectal cancer incidence.  That being said, the evaluation of androgens only is a significant limiting factor of this study.  
Nathan Goodyear

[Serum testosterone: a possible marker for colorectal cancer]. - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

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    Colorectal cancer associated with decreased Testosterone levels in men.  This paper looked at total serum Testosterone.  The authors proposed that CEA plus Testosterone could be used in follow up.
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