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Eicosapentaenoic acid is anti-inflammatory in preventing choroidal neovascularization in mice. Koto T, Nagai N, Mochimaru H, Kurihara T, Izumi-Nagai K, Satofuka S, Shinoda H, Noda K, Ozawa Y, Inoue M, Tsubota K, Oike Y, Ishida S. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 Sep;48(9):4328-34. PMID: 17724224 DOI:  10.1167/iovs.06-1148

Resolvin D1, protectin D1, and related docosahexaenoic acid-derived products: Analysis via electrospray/low energy tandem mass spectrometry based on spectra and fragmentation mechanisms. Hong S, Lu Y, Yang R, Gotlinger KH, Petasis NA, Serhan CN. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2007 Jan;18(1):128-44. Epub 2006 Oct 19. PMID: 17055291 doi:10.1016/j.jasms.2006.09.002    

Resolvin E2: identification and anti-inflammatory actions: pivotal role of human 5-lipoxygenase in resolvin E series biosynthesis. Tjonahen E, Oh SF, Siegelman J, Elangovan S, Percarpio KB, Hong S, Arita M, Serhan CN. Chem Biol. 2006 Nov;13(11):1193-202. PMID: 17114001 doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.09.011

Resolvin E1 selectively interacts with leukotriene B4 receptor BLT1 and ChemR23 to regulate inflammation. Arita M, Ohira T, Sun YP, Elangovan S, Chiang N, Serhan CN. J Immunol. 2007 Mar 15;178(6):3912-7. PMID: 17339491

Identification of endogenous resolvin E1 and other lipid mediators derived from eicosapentaenoic acid via electrospray low-energy tandem mass spectrometry: spectra and fragmentation mechanisms. Lu Y, Hong S, Yang R, Uddin J, Gotlinger KH, Petasis NA, Serhan CN. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2007;21(1):7-22. PMID: 17131464

Neuroprotectin D1-mediated anti-inflammatory and survival signaling in stroke, retinal degenerations and Alzheimer's disease. Bazan NG. Lipid Res. 2008 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19018037

March 7, 2005 Boston, MA - The anti-inflammatory effect of fish oils appears to be due to a powerful anti-inflammatory compound called resolvin (resolution-phase interaction product) E1, which is produced from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Dr Makoto Arita (Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA) and colleagues report in the March 7, 2005 issue of the Journal of Experimental Medicine [1]. Arita writes, "At nanomolar levels, resolvin E1 dramatically reduced dermal inflammation, peritonitis, dendritic cell migration, and interleukin (IL)-12 production.

"Results indicated that mice on diets supplemented with flaxseed meal and flaxseed oil had, on average, 45 percent fewer tumors in the small intestine and the colon compared to the control group." The scientists published their research findings in February in the academic peer-reviewed international journal Nutrition and Cancer.

Fish oil and tocopherol-induced changes in natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity and PGE2 synthesis in young and old mice. Meydani SN, Yogeeswaran G, Liu S, Baskar S, Meydani M. J Nutr. 1988 Oct;118(10):1245-52. PMID: 3183771

Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid prevents systemic immunosuppression in mice induced by UVB radiation. Moison RM, Beijersbergen Van Henegouwen GM. Radiat Res. 2001 Jul;156(1):36-44. PMID: 11418071

Effect of docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil supplementation on human leukocyte function. Gorjão R, Verlengia R, Lima TM, Soriano FG, Boaventura MF, Kanunfre CC, Peres CM, Sampaio SC, Otton R, Folador A, Martins EF, Curi TC, Portiolli EP, Newsholme P, Curi R. Clin Nutr. 2006 Dec;25(6):923-38. Epub 2006 May 11. PMID: 16697494 doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2006.03.004

Effects of oils rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on immune cell composition and function in healthy humans. Kew S, Mesa MD, Tricon S, Buckley R, Minihane AM, Yaqoob P. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Apr;79(4):674-81. PMID: 15051614

Nutrient intake and immune function of elderly subjects. Wardwell L, Chapman-Novakofski K, Herrel S, Woods J. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008 Dec;108(12):2005-12. PMID: 19027403 doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.09.003

Impact of fish oil enriched total parenteral nutrition on DNA synthesis, cytokine release and receptor expression by lymphocytes in the postoperative period. Schauder P, Röhn U, Schäfer G, Korff G, Schenk HD. Br J Nutr. 2002 Jan;87 Suppl 1:S103-10. PMID: 11895146 doi:10.1079/BJN2001463

Hemostatic factors and platelet aggregation after a fish-enriched diet or fish oil or docosahexaenoic acid supplementation. Agren JJ, Väisänen S, Hänninen O, Muller AD, Hornstra G. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1997 Oct;57(4-5):419-21. PMID: 9430389 doi:10.1016/S0952-3278(97)90421-X    

Cancer immunotherapies, including cancer vaccines, are novel investigational cancer therapies. In contrast to chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens that are often associated with severe side effects, cancer immunotherapy stimulates the body's immune system and natural resistance to cancer, thus offering a gentler means of cancer treatment that is less damaging to the rest of the body. Surgery is generally (but not always) performed, prior to immunotherapy, to remove most of the tumor (Hanna MG, Jr. et al 2001; Jocham D et al 2004). Vaccination or immunotherapy prompts the immune system to kill residual cancer cells that persist after surgery and could result in the cancer recurring.

Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of myocardial infarction. Guallar E, Sanz-Gallardo MI, van't Veer P, Bode P, Aro A, Gómez-Aracena J, Kark JD, Riemersma RA, Martín-Moreno JM, Kok FJ; Heavy Metals and Myocardial Infarction Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 28;347(22):1747-54. PMID: 12456850 Conclusions The toenail mercury level was directly associated with the risk of myocardial infarction, and the adipose-tissue DHA level was inversely associated with the risk. High mercury content may diminish the cardioprotective effect of fish intake.

Mercury, fish oils, and risk of acute coronary events and cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality in men in eastern Finland. Virtanen JK, Voutilainen S, Rissanen TH, Mursu J, Tuomainen TP, Korhonen MJ, Valkonen VP, Seppänen K, Laukkanen JA, Salonen JT. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Jan;25(1):228-33. Epub 2004 Nov 11. PMID: 15539625 doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000150040.20950.61 Conclusions- High content of mercury in hair may be a risk factor for acute coronary events and CVD, CHD, and all-cause mortality in middle-aged eastern Finnish men. Mercury may also attenuate the protective effects of fish on cardiovascular health. Mercury may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. In this study, high mercury content in hair increased the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in middle-aged Finnish men and attenuated the beneficial effects of fish oils on cardiovascular health. Regular consumption of fish with high mercury content should be avoided.

Fish consumption and risk of subclinical brain abnormalities on MRI in older adults. Virtanen JK, Siscovick DS, Longstreth WT Jr, Kuller LH, Mozaffarian D. Neurology. 2008 Aug 5;71(6):439-46. PMID: 18678827 doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000324414.12665.b0 Conclusions: Among older adults, modest consumption of tuna/other fish, but not fried fish, was associated with lower prevalence of subclinical infarcts and white matter abnormalities on MRI examinations. Our results add to prior evidence that suggest that dietary intake of fish with higher eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid content, and not fried fish intake, may have clinically important health benefits