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Effect of docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil supplementation on human leukocyte function. Gorjão R, Verlengia R, Lima TM, Soriano FG, Boaventura MF, Kanunfre CC, Peres CM, Sampaio SC, Otton R, Folador A, Martins EF, Curi TC, Portiolli EP, Newsholme P, Curi R. Clin Nutr. 2006 Dec;25(6):923-38. Epub 2006 May 11. PMID: 16697494 doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2006.03.004

"Defensins are small cysteine-rich cationic proteins found in both vertebrates and invertebrates. They are active against bacteria, fungi and many enveloped and nonenveloped viruses. They consist of 18-45 amino acids including six (in vertebrates) to 8 conserved cysteine residues. Cells of the immune system contain these peptides to assist in killing phagocytized bacteria, for example in neutrophil granulocytes and almost all epithelial cells. Most defensins function by binding to microbial cell membrane, and once embedded, forming pore-like membrane defects that allow efflux of essential ions and nutrients

"My goal is to gather the basic science and apply it to nutrition - NUTRIGENOMICS. What do I mean? How does what we eat signal our genes in the nucleus. By our food choices, we are sending different signals to our genes. High carbohydrate and high fructose intake signals it is summer time and winter is coming -- grow and store the energy (insulin). High fat, low carbohydrate diet with calorie restriction signals our genes that winter is here -- use the stored energy, repair the genes, and slow down growth (i.e. Sirt1/Foxo pathway). The Sirt1/FoxO1 pathway is important as it aids in repairing DNA. Damaged DNA can lead to uncontrolled cellular replication (i.e. cancers). The immune system (phagocytes) has a mechanism to remove old and unwanted cells called apoptosis (cellular death). "

Stimulation of innate immunity by oral administration of dahi containing probiotic Lactobacillus casei in mice. Jain S, Yadav H, Sinha PR. J Med Food. 2008 Dec;11(4):652-6. PMID: 19053856 doi:10.1089/jmf.2006.0132