Skip to main content

Home/ University of Johannesburg History 2A 2023/ Group items tagged ground

Rss Feed Group items tagged

Filter: All | Bookmarks | Topics Simple Middle
andiswamntungwa

Freedom, Economic Autonomy, and Ecological Change in the Cotton South, 1865-1880.pdf - 1 views

Andiswa Mntungwa

shared by andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The region emerged from the conflict defeated, physically scarred, and economically handicapped. Its 4 million slaves were free but faced significant obstacles to acquiring capital, land, or agricultural resources. A series of constraints—such as a lack of capital, the war ’s alterations to credit and debt structures, reduced access to livestock and farm machinery, changing labor arrangements in the wake of emancipation, and a series of droughts—complicated farmers’ efforts to resurrect crop production
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      The area was disadvantaged as a result of the fight. Although its 4 million slaves were free, they had a difficult time getting money, land, or agricultural resources. Farmer's attempts to revive crop output were impeded by a number of obstacles, including lack of cash, the war's changes to loans and credit systems, decreased access to cattle and farm equipment, shifting labor relations after emancipation, and a string of droughts
  • pplying an environmental lens to the crucial decades between 1860 and 1880 reveals that war and emancipation changed how farmers thought about, manipulated, and organized their land in ways that fundamentally altered the southern economic landscape. Gradual revolutions in land use practices initiated a series of ecological shifts such as increased erosion, soil nutrient loss, and animal diseases tha t went hand in hand with the economic dislocation of sharecroppers and tenants, poor whites and poor blacks
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      By viewing the important decades between 1860 and 1880 through the lens of the environment, it is clear that the civil war and liberation substantially affected the way farmers in the South viewed, managed, and structured their land. Sharecroppers and tenants, poor whites, and impoverished blacks were all affected economically by gradual changes in land use patterns, which led to ecological changes like decreased erosion, soil nutrient loss, and animal diseases.
  • T hrough an analysis of agricultural contracts as well as multidisciplinary literature on soil science, agronomy, and ecology, this article shows how alter ations to southern labor arrangements tightened natural limits on cotton production
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      The study demonstrates how changes to labor agreements in the South reinforced the natural restriction on cotton cultivation through a review of farming contracts and interdisciplinary literature on soil science, agronomy and ecology
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • Farmers’ continual investment in land maintenance work was more than a way to keep slaves such as Big George occupied while waiting on snows to thaw or cotton to grow. To render the land productive and profitable, these tasks were essential. Ditching, for instance, slowed the loss of topsoil in c ultivated fields. Southern soils are highly erosive: heavily laced with clay, with lower percentages of organic material and base elements, southern “dirt” washes away easily and leaves few nutrients behind. Especially in areas with hillier topogr aphy, such as central Georgia, even gentle rains slowly eroded valuable topsoil once farmers removed vegetation from the land in preparation for planting
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      More than just a means of keeping slaves like Big George busy while they waited for the snow to thaw or the cotton to grow, farmers continually invested in land maintenance work. These actions were crucial to making the land usable and profitable. For example, ditching reduced the rate at which topsoil was lost from cultivated areas. Southern "dirt" washes away readily and leaves little nutrients behind since it is largely clayed, has smaller percentages of organic material, and base elements. After farmers cleared the ground of vegetation in order to prepare it for sowing, even light rainfall steadily eroded valuable topsoil, especially in regions with hillier topography, like central Georgia.
  • During the antebellum period, the foundation of southerners’ extensive land use regime was shifting cultivation. Called “clearing new ground” in plantation records and agricultural journals, this technique meant that farmers typically cultivated a third of the land they owned or rented. 14 They kept the remainder of the land in reserve to be cleared and burned periodically; in this way, farmers created new fields once the old ones were exhausted
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      Shifting cultivation served as the cornerstone of Southerners' broad land use regime during the antebellum era. In plantation records and agricultural journals, this method-known as "clearing new ground"-meant that farmers routinely maintained a third of the land they owned or rented. Farmers built new fields as the old ones became tired by holding back the remaining land to be regularly cleaned and torched.
  • Walston’s hired laborers’ refusal to perform tasks such as fence repair without additional wages was not an isolated labor dispute. After emancipation, contradictory ideas of “free labor” between landowners and exsla ves made land maintenance and the day-to-day autonomy of workers the subject of frequent clashes. Just as in British Guiana, East Africa, Jamaica, Brazil, and other post-emancipation societies around the globe, “the process of defining, categorizing, and selecting forms of tenure was the result of contention be tween planters, who hoped to reinstate large-scale and centralized gang-system labor, and freedmen and poor whites, who valued economic autonomy
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      The unwillingness of Walston's hired laborers to complete chores like fixing fences without additional pay was not a separate labor conflict. Following emancipation, conflicting views of "free labor" held by landowners and former slaves led to disputes about worker autonomy and upkeep of the workplace. The process of determining, arranging, and choosing forms of tenure "was the result of assertion between farmers, who anticipated to reinstate large-scale and concentrated gang-system labor, and freedmen and poor whites, who appreciated economic autonomy," just as in British Guiana, East Africa, Jamaica, Brazil, and other post-emancipation societies within the world.
  • The growing popularity of certain forms of agricultural tenure, such as the half-share or cash tenancy, helped standardize e xpectations for the terms of labor over time. By the 1870s, contracts less frequently assumed slack-time tasks were part of crop cultivation. Land maintenance work such as clearing new ground, ditching, and fence repair became jobs for which landlords had to pay additional wages or apply a credit to a laborers’ account. Contracts that stated laborers would “do all necessary repairs about the place” became significantly less frequent, unless it was included as rent for a piece of land. 37 The timeline of these changes varied from place to place, but a survey of almost forty plantations in seven states reveals a general pattern
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      Over time, demands for the conditions of labor contributed to standardization as some agri-cultural tenure arrangements, including the half-share or cash tenancy, gained favor. By the 1870s, slack-time duties were less frequently included in contracts as part of agricultural cultivation. Landlords had to pay extra salaries or credit laborers' accounts for land upkeep tasks like dredging ditches, repairing fences, and clearing fresh ground. Except when it was included as part of the rent for a piece of land, contracts that stipulated laborers would "do all necessary repairs about the place" became substantially less common. While the timing of these modifications varied depending on the location, a survey of nearly 40 plantations across seven states showed a consistent trend.
  • Land use changes after emancipation reflected the new reality of the postwar southern economy as well as freed slaves’ abilities to control their own labor. However, these changes had severe and unintended ecological consequences. Eschewing onerous tasks that did little to increase their share of the crop or benefit their assigned plot was doubtless an important step in achieving some autonomy in black laborers’ work. Nevertheless, disputes over arranging and paying for land maintenance encouraged landlords to let their fences rot just a little longer or allow ditches to fill up, contributing to ongoing problems of soil erosion and crop damage by livestock
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      Following liberation, changes in land use represented both the ability of freed slaves to manage their own labor and the new realities of the postoperative southern economy. But these modifications had negative and unforeseen ecological effects. Getting some autonomy in black laborers' employment required them to avoid burdensome chores that did little to raise their part of the harvest or benefit their designated plot, which was undoubtedly a crucial step. However, disagreements over who would arrange and pay for land upkeep led owners to let their perimeters deteriorate for a little while longer or let their ditches to fill up, adding to the ongoing issues of soil erosion and livestock damaging crops.
  • Planters’ records, agricultural publications, and other sources dis cussed the growing crisis of soil quality on cotton lands with regularity, but reduced land maintenance had other effec ts unrelated to erosion. For instance, the struggle over fence repair added momentum to a region-wide push for eliminating the open range
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      Regular discussions of the worsening soil quality crisis on cotton plantations were found in planters' records, agricultural periodicals, and other sources, but neglected land maintenance had other repercussions unrelated to erosion. For instance, the conflict over fence upkeep fueled a regional campaign to end the open range.
  • Ultimately, the social, political, and economic upheavals of emanci pation, as manifested in the introduction and evolution of agricultural contr acts, had ecological consequences. Whereas the ecological regime of slavery reinforced the extensive land use practices of the antebellum period, the end of slavery significantly weakened them. One way it did this was by reducing the amount of time dedicated to land maintenance (or the upkeep and clearance of the land), especially in the cotton-growing regions of the lower South. Ex-slaves expected freedom to completely transform every aspect of their lives, and for many, this meant either forgoing agri cultural labor altogether or working their own land however they chose. Doing the same labor under the same mas ter, now landlord, on the same terms was not the transformation desired.
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      In the end, the introduction and development of agricultural contracts as a result of the social, political, and economic changes brought about by emancipation had an impact on the environment. The broad land use practices of the antebellum era were strengthened by the ecological system of slavery, but they were considerably undermined by its abolition. Reduced time spent on land maintenance (or clearing and maintaining the land), particularly in the lower South's cotton-growing districts, was one method it accomplished this. Ex-slaves anticipated that freedom would fundamentally revolutionize every area of their lives, and for many, this meant either completely forgoing agricultural labor or using their own property anyway they saw fit.
nmapumulo

Trade and Transformation: Participation in the Ivory Trade in Late 19th-Century East an... - 18 views

www.tandfonline.com/...02255189.1998.9669768

Nobuhle Mapumulo History 2A

shared by nmapumulo on 19 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • This paper identifies problematic elements in the literature on the ivory trade during the late 19th century and proposes an alternate approach that draws on insights from economic anthropology and history.
  • his focus provides a different perspective on participation in the ivory trade. What follows is an outline of the issues that could be addressed by a broader social history of the ivory trade in late 19th-century East-Central Africa and, based on my research on the Eastern Congo, some of the transformations associated Trade and with the ivory trade in this period
    • ntsebengntela
      ntsebengntela on 24 Apr 23
       
      ivory in congo, where the ivory task was formed
    • ntsebengntela
      ntsebengntela on 24 Apr 23
       
      the problematic elemente on the ivory trade
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • Whatever effect these changes had on how men organized themselves socially and politically in relation to the hunt, it and the related activities of caravan trading and porterage had a distinct effect simply through the number of men they drew out of the pool of labour available for work in the community (Alpers, 1992, p. 356). Trade, which caused this problem, also supplied its solution: more slave labour purchased with the wealth generated by trade. This labour was not only applied to subsistence and domestic main- tenance left: 133.5
  • time
  • Led by Henry M. Stanley, this expedition crossed Africa, Canadian Journal from the Congo River via Lake Albert and Lake Victoria to Zanzibar between of~evelopment 1887 and 1889.
    • siyabonga_14
      siyabonga_14 on 26 Apr 23
       
      We can see from this document together with other documents i have posted that the trade of Ivory took part mostly in Zanzibar and parts of Congo. This shows that these were the hotspots of the Ivory trade.
  • Zanzibar between of~evelopment 1887 and 1889.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      Zanzibar is part of East Africa and the date corresponds with my research time frame.
  • My interest in the literature on the ivory trade and in 19th-century thinking about trade and its effects on Africa
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      In the introduction, there is an establishment of the places this journal will explore in terms of how the ivory trade affected them. But I am concerned with the East African region therefore my annotations will center more on things that involve ivory trade effects in East Africa.
  • Trade and Transformation: Tarticipation in the lvory Trade in Late 19th-Century East
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      Based on this title, this journal article will explore how the ivory trade contributed to the 19th century.
  • he first participants in the trade were elephants, the only group for whom ivory was truly essential. Tusks had and have important functions for elephants. They are used in feeding, in marking territory, as both offensive and defensive weapons, and as markers of status (Shoshani, 1992, p. 48). The questions for further study arising here relate to the ways in which hunting by humans affected elephant populations. To what extent were their physical reproduction and collective behaviour affected as they were reduced in numbers left: 263.997px; top: 561.245px; fon
  • The issue of policital leaders is covered extensively in the literature, so I will simply highlight a few key issues. First, ivory had important and widespread political meanings as a sign of authority and an item of tribute. This was frequently expressed in terms of rights to the "ground tusk:' the tusk from the side of the dead elephant that lay on the ground. Ivory had corresponding uses in regalia and displays of power, both material and ritual. Second, like the slave trade, the ivory trade strengthened some political leaders and systems, but more often and left: 217.561px; top: 925.436px; font-size: 18.5417px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX
    • mphomaganya
      mphomaganya on 26 Apr 23
       
      the trade in ivory was not going to be a success without the elephants, in fact, it would not have lasted for a long time if elephants stopped reproducing and became extinct. Elephants played a significant in making areas that were covered in wood to be covered in grass allowing for human beings to harvest and live in those areas,the poaching led to a disturbance in the system of ecology
    • mphomaganya
      mphomaganya on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ivory was viewed as an item that made one rich and powerful, it was associated with royalty thus the term regalia was used. They viewed it as an item that can remove one from one disadvantaged social class to a wealthy class.
  • mhlengixaba on 26 Apr 23
     
    This article identifies problematic elements in the ivory trade during the late 19th century. African and external, participated in the ivory trade. This participation grew out of differing beliefs about the power of trade to bring about economic, social and political change. Late 19th century British debates about trade with Africa had no direct counterpart in the African communities involved in the ivory trade, the changing nature and meaning of trade and trade goods produced a variety of contending political, social and economic options. the interest in the literature on the ivory trade and in 19th century thinking about the trade and its effects on Africa. the first participants in the trade were elephants, the only group for whom ivory was truly essential. elephants played an important ecological role in the transformation of wooded areas into grassland, affecting a wide variety of species. it was also important to the hunters. it contributed to their livelihood, largely through exchange value, but in some parties of East central Africa it was also employed in terms of hunters or their families.
asandandulwini

Explorers travelling through the Lakes of Central Africa (JSTOR).pdf - 1 views

Asanda Ndulwini

shared by asandandulwini on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • THE travellers who have journeyeel anto (:entral Africa from the East coast and the neighbourhood of Zanzibar have been called to encounter difficulties as formidable as lrlay be met with in any part of the world. These difficulties have caused not only peril to health and severe trials of patience, but have occasioned theln unusual expense. One object which most of them have kept in vierv was to reach the line of the three great lakes, and pay a, visit to l:Jjiji.
    • asandandulwini
      asandandulwini on 26 Apr 23
       
      Zanzibar- Swahili Unguja, was an island in the Indian ocean lying 22 miles (35 km) off the coast of east-central Africa. During this age of exploration, the Portuguese Empire it's when they gained control of Zanzibar.
  • of brushwood, and of small forest with tropical plants and trees. A llundred miles in the intelior the ground has beun to rise, and toW exhibit lines of hills with parallel valle-s, nzore or?]ess regulare the traveller cro now mounting a high granite ridge, then descending; mounting lligher, and descending a little again. In this way he crosses the broad swampy valley of the Mukandoliwa or Makata Xiver, passes the little Lake Ugombo in which it rises, and winding among the noble hills of the Usagara RanDe, arrives at length at Mpwapwa, on the upper plateau, 3300 feet above the se
  • . A llundred miles in the intelior the ground has beun to rise, and toW exhibit lines of hills with parallel valle-s, nzore or?]ess regulare the traveller cro now mounting a high granite ridge, then descending; mounting lligher, and descending a little again. In this way he crosses the broad swampy valley of the Mukandoliwa or Makata Xiver, passes the little Lake Ugombo in which it rises, and winding among the noble hills of the Usagara RanDe, arrives at length at Mpwapwa, on the upper plateau, 3300 feet above the se
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • A llundred miles in the intelior the ground has beun to rise, and toW exhibit lines of hills with parallel valle-s, nzore or?]ess regulare having a general trend to the N.N.E. These the traveller crossesr now mounting a high granite ridge, then descending; mounting lligher, and descending a little again. In this way he crosses the broad swampy valley of the Mukandoliwa or Makata Xiver, passes the little Lake Ugombo in which it rises, and winding among the noble hills of the Usagara RanDe, arrives at length at Mpwapwa, on the upper plateau, 3300 feet above the se
    • asandandulwini
      asandandulwini on 26 Apr 23
       
      Explorers were crossing through the Makata river, a stream in Lindi region, Tanzania with the region front code of African/Middle east. Lake Ugombo one of the lakes of Tanzania expedited by Henry Morton Stanley, regarding Livingston's exploration in central Africa.
  • gulare the traveller
  • itherto all the English travellers in East Africa have been dependent upon these huluan bearers. Frotn Burton down to the Church Missionary Expedition, which left the coast a few nonths at,o, every one has been compelled to etnploy them. And the trouble they have caused by their fickleness, their dishonesty, their bodily weaknesses, their indolence, their diseases, and numerous deaths, has been indescriba
  • ganyika, thought it worth while specialla to inquire into two points: (1 ) Could a route be found to the north of the WAmi River, on higher ground, and free from the swampy levels found here and there on the road ftom Bagamoyo? and (2) Was it possible to employ on the entire line the waggen drawn by bllllocks, so common in the colonies of South Africa, and that without risk from the tsetse-fly? And as the Rev. Rot,er Price, who has had long experience of roads ancl waggons in South Afiica, was then in England, they requested Mr. Price to proceed to Zanzibar to make these inquiries on the spot. The following is a brief outline of Mr. Price's proceedings, and of their result.
  • 877,
  • B- 26, 1877,
  • Mr. Price arrived at Zanzibar on May 2nd, 1876, and, havillb gained much inforlnation bearing upon his purpose, he resolved to pay a preliminary visit to Sadani, on the African coast, and confer with Bwfina Heri, the chief of the tdistrict, respecting a j ourney into the interior.
  • Mr. Price that no f) was known on that road which killed bullocks, and that cattle wele frequently brought down to the coast from the interior. The arrival of an ivory caravan from near Unyanyembe proved that the route proposed was actually isl use, and the information derived from its people i
  • that it contained no speci
  • diffioulties.
masindi0906

Abyssinia. Being a Continuation of Routes in That Country.pdf - 1 views

Sindisiwe Gumede 220072035 History 2A

shared by masindi0906 on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • also think it no sin to sell slaves, which, as is well known, the Ab;yssinians generally refrairl from (loing, from reiigious motives. But in other respects they seem to observe all the religious forms and ceremonies of their neigh-l)o-urs, and assert their orthodoxy quite as strongly as those do. I wisheel to learn *rhen Christianity was firs$ intro(luced among them, but they woul(l not hear of their ancestors having ever been pagaIls.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 24 Apr 23
       
      Additionally, they disregard the fact that selling slaves is something that Abyssinians often refrain from doing for religious reasons. However, in other ways, they appear to follow all the religious rituals and practices of their neighbours and proclaim their orthodoxy with similar vigour. I'd like to know that when Christianity was first given to them, they flatly denied ever having been pagan.
  • n questioning my guides as to the celebration of religious ceremonies here, they scorne(l the idea of their performing anything of the sort, I)eing Christians; but they admitted that yearly in the montEl of tIedar, or Tahsas (about the end of November), after the rainy season, and when the ground is sufficiently dry to allow of it, an ox is slaugh-tere(l on the spot by tlle neighlsouring Shum, and its Mood is al-lowed to flow into the spring, its flesh l)eing eaten on the ground
  • t. The g()verll(r of El3enat is a l\fohammedan; and many of the inhalitants of this country are of the same relit,ion. IslaInism is in fact makin;,
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • ve to give a certain degtee of solidity to the otherwise unstable soil. These practices are evidently remains of a higher degree of veneration pai(l to the spot at a period when the inhalaitants of tlle country were not conserteel to Christianity.
  • strides over Abyssinia (as it is through the Galla countries to the S.), nulnl)ers of the Christians continually passing over to i
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 24 Apr 23
       
      The majority of the people of this nation, including the governor Ebenat, are Muslims. As it is in the Galla countries to the South, Islam is actually gaining ground in Abyssinia as more and more Christians convert to it.
diegothestallion

Trade and Transformation Participation in the Ivory Trade in Late 19th Century East and... - 3 views

222058834 History 2A

shared by diegothestallion on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Trade and Transformation: Participation in the Ivory Trade in Late 19th-Century East and central Africa
  • Ivory ornaments sometimes served as a mark of the expertise and prowess of these hunters, the best documented example of this being Kamba ivory armlets (ngotho). The value of these armlets grew as a result of the increasing scope and intensity of the ivory trade during the 19th century. At the same time, their meaning and uses changed (Kasfir, 1992, 'Trade and p. 323-4). Ivory objects could also be used to create and mark kinship and crmnsforrnation: political ties.
    • diegothestallion
      diegothestallion on 25 Apr 23
       
      examples of Ivory Ornaments is jewelry and piano keys that were created from tusks and teeth of animals such as elephants.
  • First, ivory had important and widespread political meanings as a sign of authority and an item of tribute. This was frequently expressed in terms of rights to the "ground tusk:' the tusk from the side of the dead elephant that lay on the ground
    • diegothestallion
      diegothestallion on 25 Apr 23
       
      Ivory was used for ritual and as sign of power such as motifs used by kings as the property of the royal house, For example the king of Benin kingdom that wears ivory tusk as kings mark.
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • Ivory had corresponding uses in regalia and displays of power, both material and ritual
  • Second, like the slave trade, the ivory trade strengthened some political leaders and systems, but more often and more significantly it provided new avenues to power and wealth for those lower in the political hierarchies or outside them altogethe
  • Third, societies involved in the ivory trade created their own sets of frontiers. These might include areas where ivory was acquired through hunting by members of the society, areas where ivory was acquired through Canadian trade with others, areas where ivory was an established item of tribute and, as Journal of~evelopment it became scarcer, areas where ivory was obtained by taxing or plundering Studies trade caravans.
  • As mentioned earlier, ivory could be translated into value both in the sphere of subsistence production and reproduction, and in the sphere of production for trade. In both, it generated a concatenation of status, coercive power and wealth.
    • diegothestallion
      diegothestallion on 25 Apr 23
       
      In simple terms ivory was traded for capital which provided platform for different areas to be connected and other people using force to make other people to work unwillingly like slaves. People who are wealthy used their power to dominate others, such as Tippu Tip who included the words like enslaving local people as way of ivory trade and interior development in communities were he referred as barbaric .
  • For example, the Maasai, who were important intermediaries in the ivory trade, did not hunt elephants themselves but gained access to ivory through groups of Dorobo and Okiek, sometimes using ties such as marriage and sometimes forcing these hunters to turn over both elephant ivory and hippopotamus teeth for minimal compensation (Wright, 1985, p. 546; Kasfir, 1992, p. 322-3).
  • In both the Eastern Congo and Southern Sudan, coercion was an essential feature of the ivory trade in the late 19th century and a notable part of the accom- panying reconfiguration of political and economic structures there.
    • diegothestallion
      diegothestallion on 25 Apr 23
       
      Coercion means the threat or force For example when individual is forced to work in plantations against his or her will
  • This trade system was also shaped by terms of trade that ran steadily in favour of African ivory exporters during the 19th century, since ivory prices rose while those of manufactured goods such as cloth dropped.
    • diegothestallion
      diegothestallion on 25 Apr 23
       
      Ivory trade started dominating trading systems and this favored African continent because ivories came from Africa and the higher the demand of ivory resulted in an increase in ivory prices compared to other items like clothes and salt.
  • This allowed for substantial accu- mulation on the part of intermediaries in the trade; it also allowed these inter- mediaries to continue to profit even as their operating costs grew with the increased distance of the ivory frontier from the coast (Sheriff, 1986 and 1987).
  • First, through training and example, local people were to be weaned off their "barbarous" practices and introduced to more "civilized" ones, though Page notes the Swahili ambivalence about admitting assimilated Canadian yournal "savages" to positions of equality (1974a, p. 76). This transformation would oj~evelopmenr remove, or at least reduce the primary markers of native "barbarism" - Studies paganism, cannibalism and nakedness
    • diegothestallion
      diegothestallion on 25 Apr 23
       
      Local people were supposed to change the way they used to live because according to Tippu Tips they were living a barbarous life compared to his. this transformation will completely change how the local people engaged with their environment because the ideas of ivory trade and development of interior needed to be achieved.
  • The second area of transformation involved bringing peace and order to areas where local people would otherwise be fighting each other (Page, 1974b, p. 114).
    • diegothestallion
      diegothestallion on 25 Apr 23
       
      The second transformation, was to bring solution to communities were people did not get along, as way of enhancing the transformation. This would make the process easy allowing ivory trade to take place and the possibility of creating routes that lead to the interior, so that ivory market can be established in regions like Manyema. This will result in distance ivory trade.
  • In spite of the rhetoric of peace and order, the destruction at the leading edge of Swahili expansion in the Eastern Congo - which involved raids on villages, removal of people and property, confiscation or destruction of food crops, and the spread of small pox - was only slowly followed by the estab- lishment of a new order.
  • The third area of transformation involved reorienting communities in the region to produce surpluses of a variety of agricultural products. This included the introduction of new crops such as rice, maize, citrus fruits and various vegetables.
    • diegothestallion
      diegothestallion on 25 Apr 23
       
      The third transformation according to Tippu is to introduce agriculture to communities so that they can produce more surplus to be traded because Tippu highlighted that agriculture changed to plantation were slaves worked. This shows that intensive ivory trade resulted in other local people being enslaved to work plantations or to slaughter elephant for ivory to be traded.
  • Ivory provided status and livelihood for porters engaged in transporting it. The ivory trade was crucial in the development of long-distance trade routes by peoples in the interior, particularly by the Nyamwezi and the Yao.
    • diegothestallion
      diegothestallion on 25 Apr 23
       
      People got rich because of ivory trade and hunters were given respect because they were the one who will provide more horns after slaughtering elephant horn while hunting and this made the to be wealthy by ivory trade.
  • Among the Nyamwezi, the carriage of ivory was important in the development of a body of professional porters with particular skills and a work culture that set norms for long-distance caravan transport in the 19th century (Rockel, 1996).
  • For porters on the road, ivory could also provide a means for independent enterprise: porters might use their wages or resources provided by their lineage to acquire and trade small amounts of ivory or other goods in addition to the loads for which they were contracted
    • diegothestallion
      diegothestallion on 25 Apr 23
       
      this shows that people were involved in ivory trade as way of being independent because by trading ivory they could earn something in return such as status and respect from other local people.
  • ivory was the basis of several kinds of transactions at the coast. It was used to discharge the debts of those who traded in the interior and was the basis for the further extension of credit, often in the form of trade goods. It was also the basis for the authority of senior merchants like Tippu Tip, who used it to acquire guns and trade goods, which he would then lend out with interest to "responsible Arabs, in order to start them [in the Journal O,~eve~,,pment business], and also in order to retain authority over them" (Ward, 1891, p. 63)
mandisasithole

Trade and ivory - 2 views

Mandisa Sithole

shared by mandisasithole on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Led by Henry M. Stanley, this expedition crossed Africa, Canadian Journal from the Congo River via Lake Albert and Lake Victoria to Zanzibar between of~evelopment 1887 and 1889
  • Rather, the assumption is that ivory production neces- Studies sarily moved through space, continually driven by the need to find more elephants to kill
    • mandisasithole
      mandisasithole on 25 Apr 23
       
      in order for ivory trade to expand it meant more elephants had to be killed
  • Fourth, several important works on the ivory trade assume that there was no demand for ivory within Africa. The trade was therefore entirely driven by demand outside the continent
    • mandisasithole
      mandisasithole on 25 Apr 23
       
      The high demand that came from other continents is the main drive to an increase of ivory trade in Africa
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Ivory ornaments sometimes served as a mark of the expertise and prowess of these hunters, the best documented example of this being Kamba ivory armlets (ngotho). The value of these armlets grew as a result of the increasing scope and intensity of the ivory trade during the 19th century. At the same time, their meaning and uses changed (Kasfir, 1992, 'Trade and p. 323-4). Ivory objects could also be used to create and mark kinship and crmnsforrnation: political ties.
  • First, ivory had important and widespread political meanings as a sign of authority and an item of tribute. This was frequently expressed in terms of rights to the "ground tusk:' the tusk from the side of the dead elephant that lay on the ground
    • mandisasithole
      mandisasithole on 25 Apr 23
       
      Ivory brought power to politicians, and ivory was mostly known to be used to bribe government officials, because it was rarer than money or gold.
matimbababsy

Trade and Transformation: Participation in the Ivory Trade in Late 19th-Century East an... - 1 views

Matimba Babani HISTORY 2A

shared by matimbababsy on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Trade and Transformation: Participation in the Ivory Trade in Late 19th-Century East and central Africa
  • My interest in the literature on the ivory trade and in 19th-century thinking about trade and its effects on Africa arose out of my thesis on the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition
    • matimbababsy
      matimbababsy on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition was one of the last major European expeditions into the interior of Africa in the nineteenth century.
  • The expedition spent months in the forests of the Eastern Studies Congo, the frontier of the ivory trade at the time, and it was closely connected with some of the leading traders in the region
    • matimbababsy
      matimbababsy on 25 Apr 23
       
      The expedition took place at the peak of ivory trade.
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • Despite the expedition's name, it was as much about rescuing Emin Pasha's supposedly fabulous stock of ivory as it was about providing him with ammunition and a patron for his administration of Sudan's Equatoria province.
    • matimbababsy
      matimbababsy on 25 Apr 23
       
      This goes to show how lucrative the ivory trade really was.
  • The railway was to be funded by the stocks of ivory supposedly to be found inexpensively in the interior.
  • Work on these aspects of the expedition led me to survey the literature on the late 19th-century ivory trade in East and Central Africa
  • First, discussions of long-distance trade focus almost entirely on the slave trade, even when authors say they are going to discuss the ivory trade.
  • This does not mean that the literature presents the ivory Canadian Journal trade as having had the same consequences everywhere or that it always o/~evdopment moved at an equal rate.
  • The ivory trade is then said to have initiated a distinctive, predictable chain of consequences in these two kinds of territories.
  • Further, according to the literature, by the mid-19th century, the ivory trade was mostly in the hands of non-Africans, creating a progressive denial of agency to peoples in the interior, which culmi- nated in the radical disjuncture of European imperial control.
  • Finally, the literature assumes a clear connection between the demand for ivory and the supply of ivory, embodied in coast-based traders, though revi- sionist literature also assigns an important role to traders from the interior.
  • First, ivory had important and widespread political meanings as a sign of authority and an item of tribute.
  • This was frequently expressed in terms of rights to the "ground tusk:' the tusk from the side of the dead elephant that lay on the ground. Ivory had corresponding uses in regalia and displays of power, both material and ritual
  • Third, societies involved in the ivory trade created their own sets of frontiers. These might include areas where ivory was acquired through hunting by members of the society, areas where ivory was acquired through Canadian trade with others, areas where ivory was an established item of tribute and, as Journal of~evelopment it became scarcer, areas where ivory was obtained by taxing or plundering Studies trade caravans.
  • As Wright notes, while wealth in people - whether dependents, clients or women -was potential, wealth in ivory was relatively liquid and fungible, a strong incentive for both established leaders and "ambitious upstarts" seeking to acquire it (1985, p. 540)
  • In both the Eastern Congo and Southern Sudan, coercion was an essential feature of the ivory trade in the late 19th century and a notable part of the accom- panying reconfiguration of political and economic structures there.
  • E. PORTERS, CARAVAN ROUTES AND TRADE COMMUNITIES Ivory provided status and livelihood for porters engaged in transporting it.
    • matimbababsy
      matimbababsy on 25 Apr 23
       
      This here shows the status that ivory trade provided to the traders.
  • The ivory trade was crucial in the development of long-distance trade routes by peoples in the interior, particularly by the Nyamwezi and the Yao.
  • Within the long-distance caravans, carriers of ivory had a higher status than did carriers of other trade goods (Cummings, 1973, p. 113). Porters who could carry the largest tusks single-handedly (up to double the standard load of 60 lbs.) were given special status and substantially larger food rations (Lamden, 1963, p. 157 and 159).
    • matimbababsy
      matimbababsy on 25 Apr 23
       
      Further information on the prestige and status that ivory trade gave the traders.
  • matimbababsy on 25 Apr 23
     
    This is a pdf with annotations derived from Taylor & Francis online journals.
mathapelo063

Trade and Transformation: Participation in the Ivory Trade in Late 19th-Century East an... - 2 views

Mathapelo Mabote HISTORY 2A

shared by mathapelo063 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • First, discussions of long-distance trade focus almost entirely on the slave trade, even when authors say they are going to discuss the ivory trade.
    • mathapelo063
      mathapelo063 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Why did the authors divert to the slave trade when they clearly stated that their focus is on the ivory trade?
  • Fourth, several important works on the ivory trade assume that there was no demand for ivory within Africa. The trade was therefore entirely driven by demand outside the continent.
    • mathapelo063
      mathapelo063 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Most literature about the ivory trade in East Africa in the 19th century focuses on the demand for ivory from foreign markets and not on the demand for ivory within the local markets.
  • The issue of policital leaders is covered extensively in the literature, so I will simply highlight a few key issues. First, ivory had important and widespread political meanings as a sign of authority and an item of tribute. This was frequently expressed in terms of rights to the "ground tusk:' the tusk from the side of the dead elephant that lay on the ground. Ivory had corresponding uses in regalia and displays of power, both material and ritual. Second, like the slave trade, the ivory trade strengthened some political leaders and systems, but more often and more significantly it provided new avenues to power and wealth for those lower in the political hierarchies or outside them altogether. In some of these new political arrangements, a complete monopoly on ivory was substituted for the older, partial one.
    • mathapelo063
      mathapelo063 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Ivory became essential for the political space in the 19th century. To exercise power and authority, you had to be involved in the ivory trade or own items made from ivory.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • The second area of transformation involved bringing peace and order to areas where local people would otherwise be fighting each other
    • mathapelo063
      mathapelo063 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Due to the competition of ivory hunting and the issuing of incentives when trading, the locals and the traders would then fight each other.
  • mathapelo063 on 25 Apr 23
     
    The document critiques the literature of the 19th century about the ivory trade in East Africa. He uses the journey of Henry M. Stanely, who collected ivory throughout the interior of East Africa to the coast, as inspiration for his thesis. He also provides an in-depth analysis of the ivory trade in terms of its importance to the East African communities and the logistics of the trade.
zenethian

The Battle of Isandlwana and the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 | Sky HISTORY TV Channel/NEWSPA... - 3 views

www.history.co.uk/...and-the-anglo-zulu-war-of-1879

Zenethian VanRoss

shared by zenethian on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • he battle that followed this remarkable discovery was a disaster. It hadn’t meant to be this way. When the High Commissioner for Southern Africa, Sir Henry Bartle Frere, came up with the flawed idea of annexing the British-friendly kingdom of Zululand into a greater South African Confederation by force of arms, he presumed Zulus armed with spears, clubs and shields would be no match for the mighty British Army.
    • mawandemvulana
      mawandemvulana on 26 Apr 23
       
      This article describes the Battle of Isandlwana. This battle was a victory for the Zulu army but very disastrous for the British. This was due to the fact the British had undermined the Zulu army's capabilities and only thought of them as people fighting with sticks. It was embarrassing for the British government as they had not even ordered the attack.
  • Lord Chelmsford massively underestimated how many men he would need to take into Cetshwayo’s territory. So confident was Chelmsford of an easy victory that he took with him a mere 7,800 troops.
    • mawandemvulana
      mawandemvulana on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is an example of the British undermining the Zulu army, as it is shown that they only brought as little as 7,800 troops.
  • In reality, the small numbers of Zulu warriors Chelmsford’s scouts had spotted and reported back to the general were a ruse devised by Cetshwayo’s commanders to draw out Chelmsford and then attack his forces from behind with the bulk of the main Zulu army. The ruse worked, and the overconfident aristocrat marched 2,800 soldiers away from the camp, splitting his forces in two.
    • mawandemvulana
      mawandemvulana on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows the intelligence of the Zulu army's military strategy.
  • ...37 more annotations...
  • Isandlwa
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      Isandlwana was where the Zulus won one famous battle.
  • The Battle of
  • Rorke’s Drift i
  • The scouts stopped dead in their tracks when they saw what the valley contained. Sitting on the ground in total silence were 20,000 Zulu warriors. It was an astonishing sight.
  • Frere issued the order to attack the lands ruled over by King Cetshwayo,
  • When Cetshwayo failed to agree to Frere’s ultimatum to disband his army, Frere grasped his chance to invade.
  • The ultimate goal was the capture of Ulundi - Cetshwayo’s capital.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The British wanted to capture Ulundi.
  • When Cetshwayo failed to agree to Frere’s ultimatum to disband his army, Frere grasped his chance to invade.
  • When Cetshwayo failed to agree to Frere’s ultimatum to disband his army, Frere grasped his chance to invade.
  • Chelmsford left just 1,300 troops guarding the camp as he took a sizable number of his men off to attack what he thought was the main Zulu army.
  • While Chelmsford was off chasing an imaginary Zulu army, the real one moved to the valley of Ngwebeni.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The unravelling of the Zulu attack.
  • Pulleine was an administrator, not a soldier, and it was his inexperience that contributed to the disaster that was about to unfold.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The British believed that this was one of the causes for their loss at Isandlwana.
  • He chose not to do so, leaving a much less experienced man in charge.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      This highlights the British remorse.
  • The plan was instantly changed from attacking Chelmsford’s rear to attacking the camp at Isandlwana.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      An important victory for the Zulus at the Isandlwana mountain.
  • As the warriors began to arrive over the horizon, they started to muster into an ‘impi’ – the traditional Zulu formation of three infantry columns that together represented the chest and horns of a buffalo.
  • two mountain guns of the Royal Artillery.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      Highlights just how unfair the situation was ,as the British possessed guns while the Zulu people made use of traditional weapons.
  • armed with spears and clubs,
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is what the Zulus made use of to fight the British army.
  • inflicting heavy casualties on the Zulu side, forcing many to retreat behind Isandlwana hill to shelter from the hail of shells and bullets.
  • Faced with certain death or escape, Durnford’s men began to leave the battlefield before they could be fully encircled and cut off by the impi.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows just how determined the Zulus were to protect themselves and fight the enemy: The British army.
  • the impi a
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      Impi-It is a Zulu word for war.
  • As Durnford’s men retreated back against
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The British could not defend against such determined and large Zulu attack.
  • the impi
  • which was quickly overrun and butchered by Zulu warriors.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Zulus exploited such faults by the British forces to their favor.
  • When the sun returned, not one tent was left standing in the camp and the area was now a killing round.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      Highlights the then present battle.
  • Screams rang out across the camp as soldiers were stabbed and clubbed to death where they stood.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Zulus attained a great victory against the British imperialists.
  • Durnford and a valiant band of native infantrymen and regulars of the 24th Foot had managed to keep the two horns of the impi from joining up by defending a wagon park on the edge of the camp.
  • however, and as their ammunition ran out, they resorted to hand-to-hand combat until they were overwhelmed.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      In this regard the Zulus were unmatched.
  • As the Zulus left the battlefield in triumph, 4,000 of them split from the main army and headed for the mission station at Rorke’s Drift. There, 150 British and colonial troops fought off wave after wave of attacks for ten grueling hours before the Zulus finally retreated. Eleven Victoria Crosses were awarded following the station’s remarkable survival.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      There was another battle at Rorkes Drift.
  • Durnford’s body was later found surrounded by his men, all stabbed and beaten to death.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The death of Durnford.
  • Those attempting to flee were cut down as they ran, while those lying wounded on the ground were stabbed and clubbed to death.
  • butchered B
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The word "butchered" implies the use of spears and dangerous Zulu weapons used to physically destroy British troops,
  • As the enemy melted away, taking rifles, ammunition, artillery and supplies with them, the extent of the massacre became clear
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      It was ultimately a massacre.
  • As the remnants of the camp began to flee, no quarter was given to the remaining British and native soldiers.
  • sandlwana was a humiliating defeat for a British government that hadn’t even ordered the attack on Zululand in the first place. When news reached home both of the massacre and the valiant defence of Rorke’s Drift, the British public was baying for blood. The
  • And what of Cetshwayo, the courageous king who stood up to the might of the British Empire and won the day? He was captured following the Battle of Ulundi on the 4th of July 1879. He was exiled first to Cape Town, and then to London
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The notorious king being exiled.
  • Cetshwayo returned to Zululand in 1883. He died on the 4th of February 1884 and is buried in a field near the Nkunzane River in what is today modern South Africa. He was the last king of an independent Zululand; a friend and unwilling foe of the empire on which the sun never set.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Zulu king remains an immortal historical figure because of his persistent ,yet commendable efforts to get rid of the British.
Oreneile Maribatze

Africa IOR/L/MIL/17/17/53/5 - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 1 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

Maribatze Oreneile History 2A

shared by Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
     
    Just as the Spanish civil war provided a testing ground for German and Italian equipment before the war, so did the South African war provided a similar opportunity for the proving of french and german artillery with which the boers were equipped. These guns were superior to those being used at the time by the british army. Guns were adapted at the battlefield. Guns were usually deployed individually. This was the typical Boer fashion. There was little co-ordination between guns and this made concentration of fire on specific targets very nearly impossible. The cover was used skilfully and the Boers made the most of the superior range (in most instances) of their guns. They would hold their fire until the enemy had been lured into an ambush . Their guns did not normally require an escort, as they would be withdrawn if the enemy got too close. The Boers were reluctant to risk their guns in the open as they were being outnumbered with a ratio of 4:1 by the British army so this was understandable. some of the guns that were used as mentioned by the source include Krupp guns, Creusot , and the maxim automatic machine gun. in a remarkable display of ingenuity guns provided with makeshift field carriages and were dispatched to the battle-front.
siphoesihletshabalala03

Firearms in Nineteenth-Century Botswana_ The Case of Livingstone's 8-Bore Bullet.pdf - 1 views

Siphoesihle Tshabalala

shared by siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23 - No Cached
  • imperialism’s consolidation
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      Empires expanded and conquered new people around the world.
  • This paper looks at firearms technology during the critical decade prior to the outbreak of the Batswana-Boer War of 1852–1853, when the Bakwena ruler or Kgosi (plural ‘Dikgosi’), Sechele I, led a coalition of Batswana polities in successfully resisting the hegemonic demands of the Transvaal Boers.
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      This article shows the armaments machinery of the Batswana tribe and the leader King Sechele who led the the Bakwena to resist the Supremacy of the Transvaal Boers.
  • By 1870 most of modern Botswana had as a result come under the authority of four kingdoms; led by the Dikgosi of Bakwena (Kweneng), Bangwaketse (Gangwaketse), Bangwato (Gammangwato) and Batawana (Gatawana). 8 The political authority of each of these kingdoms, along with the border states of the Barolong booRatshidi (Borolong), Bakgatla bagaKgafela (Kgatleng) and Balete (Gammalete), was supported by the protective as well as coercive capacity of their arsenals.
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      In 1870, The Batswana tribe divided themselves into four kingdoms and each kingdom had a leader. All these kingdoms were able to keep injury away from themselves using force and threats from their military equipment.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • Setswana praise poetry,
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      The Batswana made a poem about the War between them and the Boers.
  • Batswana were also quick to incorporate gun wielding cavalry into their military formations and tactics.
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      Batswana were too fast to join weapon using cavalry into their military arrangements and strategies.
  • orsemen armed with breechloaders played a decisive role in what is believed to have been the most sanguinary of Botswana’s many nineteenth-century fire-fights, the 1884 engagement at Khutiyabasadi, where Batawana and Wayeyi slaughtered over 1,500 Amandebele invaders. 1
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      Horsemen equipped with breechloaders played conclusive part in what is accepted to have been the foremost gory of Botswana's numerous nineteenth-century fire-fights, the 1884 engagement at Khutiyabasadi, where Botswana and Wayeyi butchered over 1500 Amandebele trespassers.
  • The acquisition of guns was both a cause and consequence of a surge in the region’s hunting trade from the 1840s; involving the export of ivory, karosses and ostrich feathers from hunting grounds largely falling under the effective control of the Dikgosi of Kweneng, Gammangwato, Gangewaketse and Gatawana.
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      The procurement of weapons was both a cause and result of a surge within the region's chasing exchange from the 1840's, including the send out of ivory, karosses and ostrich quills from chasing grounds to a great extent falling beneath the compelling control of the Dikgosi.
  • The 8-bore bullet moulds, as well as the sevenbarrelled gun, were meant for Sechele’s growing
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      The weapons were implied for Sechele's developing arsenal.
  • armoury
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      A place where weapons are kept.
sinbomimapukata

The Republics of South Africa.pdf - 0 views

Sinobomi Mapukata History 2A 222080384

shared by sinbomimapukata on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • in a few years it will have assumed such vast proportions as to surprise you. It is in the natural course of events that the construction of a railway from the eastern coast into these South African republics will develop the mineral and agricultural wealth of the country, and open up a market which would drain America of its surplus manufacture, and add tenfold to its prosperity. While I am telling you of it to-night, this very thing is in course of progress, and if it had not been for the interference of a foreign power who has sought to arrest the progress of the republics, seemingly for its own ends, the railway would be now more than half completed; but there is a power in Europe that would be glad to expunge the republics, and embrace them under her own rule as c
    • sinbomimapukata
      sinbomimapukata on 25 Apr 23
       
      The author notes that the British also wish to benefit from the natural resources and share that income, despite the fact that the region has the capacity to generate its own wealth through natural resources.
  • know something of the Boers of South Africa and their republics. The Boers are the descendants of the original Dutch settlers of South Africa. The object of these early settlers was to establish an independent form of government in South Africa, and to this end they struggled all their lives. Boer is a Dutch word, which means " agriculturist." The Dutch have become almost wholly an agricultural people in South Africa, and hence they are called Boers or "farming people."
    • sinbomimapukata
      sinbomimapukata on 25 Apr 23
       
      The first European settlement in Southern Africa was founded by the Dutch because they intended to provide passing ships with vegetables and fruits that were freshly picked.
  • only the Orange Free State has developed rich diamond fields, but the advantage accruing to the country from this has been less than the disadvantage; for it has only brought in a hungry crowd of fortune seekers, who have made their money and turned their backs with contempt on the country which ga
    • sinbomimapukata
      sinbomimapukata on 25 Apr 23
       
      South Africa is taken advantage of for its minerals
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • he only difficulty being that each miner procures his own supplies. The South African Republic is beyond doubt one of the richest mineral countries in the world. In confirmation of this stateme
    • sinbomimapukata
      sinbomimapukata on 25 Apr 23
       
      Recognition for its minerals.
  • Before a girl is married she is not allowed to work hard, or over-exert herself, as this would lessen her value in the matrimonial market ; but after marriage, she must hoe the ground and plant corn and fetch wood and water and cook, and perform such other labor as their customs di
    • sinbomimapukata
      sinbomimapukata on 25 Apr 23
       
      A girl must maintain certain qualities to uphold her value to be eligible for marriage or atleast valued in her marriage
  • . The Boer does not believe in the equality of the two races, and imbues the native with a great respect for his person
    • sinbomimapukata
      sinbomimapukata on 25 Apr 23
       
      the race divide
  • Sympathy for the natives is thrown away; they are so happy and contented that you would be more inclined to envy them; they have all their needs require and to spare; they live with great simplicity; they are burdened with no more clothing than a mucha, which encircles the loins; their bed consists of a mat laid on the hard floor, with a piece of wood for a pillow, and a blanket or skin to cover them; their diet is entirely a vegetable one. Meat is a rare treat to them, and they can consume an enormous quantity of it; their habits are cleanly-hence, I suppose, the reason that sickness or disease is almost unknown among them; the interiors of their huts are generally neat and orderly; after eating their invariable custom is to rinse their teeth with a little clean water; their teeth are mostly dazzling white, and seldom or never decay. Polygamy is practiced by all the native.tribes; they generally buy a woman, subject to her consent, paying to her father the price in cows.
    • sinbomimapukata
      sinbomimapukata on 25 Apr 23
       
      South African people lived quite a simple life
  • he only difficulty being that each miner procures his own supplies. The South African Republic is beyond doubt one of the richest mineral countries in the worl
  • r in one house, or close together, and jealousy and bickering are unheard of. If a young man feels inclined to marry-which they usually do at the ages of sixteen, seventeen and eighteen years-he does not consult his purse, for he can do so without a cent, for the young couple can live with the parents of one or th
    • sinbomimapukata
      sinbomimapukata on 25 Apr 23
       
      Boers lived different lives to South African natives as they did not need to pay a cent to marry a girl like the natives did and still do
nicolendeleni

A Note on Firearms in the Zulu Kingdom with Special Reference to the Anglo-Zulu War, 18... - 1 views

Nicole Ndeleni HISTORY 2A

shared by nicolendeleni on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The diaries of the English traders who arrived in the kingdom in the latter part of the i820S point to a widespread fear of firearms on the part of Shaka's subjects-a fear not necessarily related to the missiles the guns discharged, but to the noise and smoke they emitted when fired
    • nicolendeleni
      nicolendeleni on 25 Apr 23
       
      J.J GUY has written about the ZULU people's reaction towards the sound of gunfire and the smoke it emitted. Shaka's subject were frightened by these
  • Both Shaka and Dingane showed a keen interest in firearms, and visitors recorded a number of conversations they had with the Zulu kings on the relative merits of Zulu and European arms, and the tactics the Zulu should adopt against a force armed with guns
    • nicolendeleni
      nicolendeleni on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Zulu kings had an interest in firearms
  • and the tactics the Zulu should adopt against a force armed with guns. Conventional Zulu tactics aimed at direct physical contact with the enemy, where the soldiers could use their basic weapon, the short stabbing spear, in conjunction with the hide shield. In battle every effort was made to enclose the enemy: as the Zulu approached their opponents, flanking movements-the 'horns'-were thrown out so that the enemy would be surrounded when the main body of troops -the 'chest'-charged. Th
    • nicolendeleni
      nicolendeleni on 25 Apr 23
       
      Zulu tactics required physical contact which was very flexible during fighting
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • nd, the Voortrekkers indulged in sham fights, charges, and massed firing at the gallop in an attempt to impress the Zulu with their strengt
    • nicolendeleni
      nicolendeleni on 25 Apr 23
       
      who were the voortrekkers and why were they called voortrkkers
  • In the four major expeditions mounted against the Zulu during I839, there is no evidence in the published sources that the Zulu either departed from their conventional tactics as a response to their enemies' use of firearms, or made use of firearms themselves
    • nicolendeleni
      nicolendeleni on 25 Apr 23
       
      which four expeditions are they referring to ?
  • Zulu numerical superiorit
  • was not sufficient in itself to overcome heavy fire from a strongly defended position. It is
    • nicolendeleni
      nicolendeleni on 25 Apr 23
       
      Although the Zulu kingdom had a large number of soldiers, they were weak against fire arms
  • It was in the late I 86os that really significant numbers of firearms began to come into Zululand.
    • nicolendeleni
      nicolendeleni on 25 Apr 23
       
      Zululand started acquiring firearms
  • Ulundi,
    • nicolendeleni
      nicolendeleni on 25 Apr 23
       
      Ulundi still exists to this day in ZULULAND
  • f Zululand in I879 noted that the Zulu 'method of marching,
    • nicolendeleni
      nicolendeleni on 25 Apr 23
       
      these firearms were in reference with the war the Zulu kingdom was finding new ways to win the war
  • 'Prussian' rifles and Tower musket
    • nicolendeleni
      nicolendeleni on 25 Apr 23
       
      these are types of guns
  • he battle of Ulundi was fought on 4 July when Chelmsford, his supply line dangerously extended, marched a huge square of 5,ooo men to open ground near Ulundi. The Zulu attacked but did not reach the square, and cavalry put the survivors to flight. After burning the royal homestead, Chelmsford hurriedly withdrew.
    • nicolendeleni
      nicolendeleni on 25 Apr 23
       
      A WAR TOOK PLACE ON THE 4TH OF JULY
  • Throughout the war the Zulu made use of firearms, although their role was always subordinate to that of the stabbing spear. As the impi worked its way into a position to charge, long-range, generally inaccurate fire was aimed at the enemy. One of the few whites who witnessed the attack at Isandlwana and survived wrote:
    • nicolendeleni
      nicolendeleni on 25 Apr 23
       
      Zululand had acquired the skills of using firearms
  • Obviously, the number and the quality of the weapons they possessed must have played a part in their ineffectual firing of, and lack of confidence in the weapon, but, even with the guns they had, the Zulu could have used them to greater advantage if they had not been subordinated to traditional tactics.
    • nicolendeleni
      nicolendeleni on 25 Apr 23
       
      the Zululand did not have much faith in their weapons
  • annihilation
    • nicolendeleni
      nicolendeleni on 25 Apr 23
       
      what exactly does this mean does it mean the defeat?
  • 5 Morris writes that the Zulu soldiers who withdrew from Rorke's Drift were 'exhausted and starving to boot. On the move continually since leaving Ulundi six days earlier, they had consumed their reduced campaign rations during the first two da
    • nicolendeleni
      nicolendeleni on 25 Apr 23
       
      Shaka's troops were starving
  • Cetshway
    • nicolendeleni
      nicolendeleni on 25 Apr 23
       
      who was Cetshwayo
diegothestallion

IVORY TRADE IN EAST AFRICA.pdf - 0 views

222058834 History 2A

shared by diegothestallion on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • THE EAST AFRICAN IVORY TRADE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
  • THE East African ivory trade is an ancient one. It is mentioned in the first accounts of geographers and travellers, and they give it more prominence than the
  • ave-trade. It may have been the search for ivory which brought the first ships around Cape Guardafui, and then southwards along the East Afr
  • ...23 more annotations...
  • great quantity.1 Reference to the export of ivory from the East African coast continues throughout the early and later middle
  • Marco Polo refers to the East African coast and states: 'they have elephants in plenty and drive a brisk trade in tusks'.2 During the Portuguese domination of the coast from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, ivory continued to be an important export; it receives more mention in Portuguese records than does the slave tr
  • East African ivory is soft ivory and is ideal for carving. It was in keen demand in the Orient because of its superior quality and because it was less expensive than that from
  • ast Asia. But in addition to the markets of the East, East African ivory was much sought after in Europe for the large ivory carving centres which had grown up in southern Germany and in the Low Countries during the Middle Ages, and which supplied large numbers of religious reliquaries and artistic novelties for Christian Europe.
  • But it was in the nineteenth century that the great development of the East African ivory trade took place. An increased demand for ivory in America and Europe coincided with the opening up of East Africa by Arab traders and European explorers, and this led to the intensive exploitation of the ivory resources of the interior. Throughout the nineteenth century, East Africa ranked as the foremost source of ivory in the world; ivory over-topped all rivals, even slaves, in export value, and it
  • ntil the early nineteenth century, ivory was obtained in sufficient quantity from the coast to meet demand, but, writing in the i84os, the missionary Krapf observed that, although the elephant was still found in some areas near the coast, ivory caravans were now making regular trips into Usagara, Masailand and the Kikuyu countries. Krapf was surprised to see an elephant tusk from Kikuyuland so large that it required three stalwart Akamba tribesmen to carry it
  • The two great inland markets for ivory were Unyanyembe (Tabora) in what is now central Tanzania, and Ujiji on the east coast of Lake Tanganyi
  • The British East Africa Company purchased ivory in Buganda at the rate of 35 lb. of ivory for two kegs of powd
  • The ivory trader had to know his ivory, which varies from hard to soft. On the whole, the ivory of East Africa is of the soft variety. The dividing line between soft and hard is the Congo border; west of this line it is hard, to the east it is soft, although there are variations within each region. Buyers maintained that soft ivory came from areas where water was scarce; for example coastal ivory from near Pangani and Mombasa was never as good as that from the dry, upland regions of the interior. Sof
  • ivory is white, opaque, and smooth, it is gently curved, and easily worked, and has what might be called 'spring'. Hard ivory, on the other hand, is translucent, glossy and of a heavier specific gravity than soft ivory; it is more subject to extremes of temperature and more difficult to carve.
  • and in preference to his left, so an elephant works with a particular tusk'. One tusk is usually more worn and lighter than the other; and it is frequently broken owing to its use as a lever to tear up small trees, hence the term el hamid-'the servant'-given to this tusk by the ivory trad
  • Bargaining for ivory required infinite patience. In some countries, such as Buganda, Bunyoro and Ankole, the ivory trade was largely controlled by the ruler, with whom negotiations were carried on; one tusk of every pair belonged de jure to the king, who also possessed the right to purchase the remaining
  • e. Ivory also fell into the ruler's hands in the form of tribute from subject states.15 The arrival of Basoga and Bakedi chiefs bearing rich presents of ivory was a common occurrence at Mutesa's court, as the first missionaries in Uganda obse
  • The value of ivory was calculated in different ways. The African estimated its value by its size and quality. The Arab carried his steel-yard scales which were simple and practical, and, all things being equal, he purchased ivory by weight, the unit being the frasilah (34-3
  • lb.).16 In the southern Sudan and some parts of East Africa-for example, in Karagweivory was valued in terms of cattle, and this was one of the causes of the cattle raids carried out by ivory dealers. With the cattle they looted, they could trade for more ivory.
  • vory no doubt, when combined with free porterage in the form of slaves, was highly lucrative, for both could be sold at the coast, and the profit from slaves was in a sense baksheesh
  • The business of ivory trading could only be rendered lucrative by constant extension and development, and this required more capital than the Arab possessed. The first Europeans to arrive on the East African coast had found the ivory trade largely in the hands of the Indian merchants at Zan
  • ing, although in the interior the price might fluctuate in terms of trade goods. It rose from io lb. of ivory for I lb. of beads in 1848, to almost weight for weight in 1859; then at the time of the Franco-Prussian War there was another rise, and then the price levelled o
  • At the same time as the ivory reserves of East Africa were being tapped from the east coast, there was also taking place a substantial ivory trade to the north by the Nile r
  • Ivory is elastic and flexible, and can be used to make excellent riding whips, these being cut longitudinally from whole tusks. Nothing was wasted from ivory, hundreds of sacks of cuttings and shavings, scraps returned by manufacturers, were used as ivory dust for polishing, in the preparation of Indian ink, and even for food in the form of ivory je
  • Zanzibar as the ivory market for East Africa, supplying 75 % of the world's total in 1891, began to lose ground by the end of the century. There had been for many years a substantial ivory export from the lesser dhow ports on the mainland, such as Malindi,
  • ury. In 1960-61 not only did the entire export of East African ivory-I50,ooo lb.-pass through this port, but also 200,000 lb. from the Con
  • During the nineteenth century ivory over-topped all rivals in trade valueeven slaves.
gracebvuma

Firearms in Nineteenth-Century Botswana: The Case of Livingstone's 8-Bore Bullet.pdf - 0 views

shared by gracebvuma on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Although closely associated with the South African experience, the pre-colonial emergence of an indigenous gun culture among communities within modern Botswana was a determining factor in the territory’s separate colonial and thus postcolonial destiny.
    • gracebvuma
      gracebvuma on 26 Apr 23
       
      could the use of firearms have turned the tide and allowed Botwana to achieve freedom while the surrounding African countries were losing the fight against colonization
  • The significance of firearms as symbolic markers as well as material instruments of power is reflected in Setswana praise poetry
    • gracebvuma
      gracebvuma on 26 Apr 23
       
      guns increased the power of Botswana
  • Thereafter, possession of breechloaders was a common and critical factor in subsequent Batswana martial success
    • gracebvuma
      gracebvuma on 26 Apr 23
       
      firearms was a key part of their success in fending off settlers
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Batswana were also quick to incorporate gun wielding cavalry into their military formations and tactics.
    • gracebvuma
      gracebvuma on 26 Apr 23
       
      Botswana was quick to adapt and incorporate firearms into its military strategy. this made them better equipped to deal with the threat of invasion.
  • y Botswana is paralleled by the social and environmental impact of their use in hunting. The acquisition of guns was both a cause and consequence of a surge in the region’s hunting trade from the 1840s; involving the export of ivory, karosses and ostrich feathers from hunting grounds largely falling under the effective control of the Dikgosi of Kweneng, Gammangwato, Gangewaketse and Gatawana. 1
    • gracebvuma
      gracebvuma on 26 Apr 23
       
      their acquiring of guns and their common use in Botswana helped foster economic growth. they were able to hunt better and trade more.
nkosithand

Paraphrasing Tool - QuillBot AI - 1 views

quillbot.com

American explorers of Africa were the who explored Africa. They that in there is an existence a race pygmies. One gorillas and killed them. Du Chaillu broke much fresh ground unknown hinterland between equator Congo .He also Ogowe river . existance Africa

shared by nkosithand on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ujhistprof on 02 Jun 23
     
    You do know that this is a tool used by students plagiarising.
nkosinathi3

DAVID LIVINGSTONE: RENOWNED AFRICAN EXPLORER.pdf - 2 views

Excellent Nkosinathi Ndlovu 222147238

shared by nkosinathi3 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • High rank is being accorded him among the eminent explorers - Speke and Grant and Cameron and Stanley and others - who first withdrew the veil of mystery from before equatorial Africa, and allowed the civilized world to gaze upon it as it wa
  • imes having to rest for months to recover. At times he was famished from hunger; and had to subsist on barks óf trees and various roo
    • nkosinathi3
      nkosinathi3 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Dr Livingstone experienced numerous hardships, but he still persevered and explored even deeper parts of Africa
  • trod hundreds of miles through sjvamps and quagmire with ulcered feet, every step being torture, and theii reluctantly had to submit to be carried by his bearers. For weeks together he had to lie on the water-soaked ground, without couch or blanket. Wild beasts tried to affright him, while wilder men-slave-traders and freebooters sought his life. Yet nothing could daunt his Scotch pluck, or cast him into despair concerning his work.
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • easts in his judgment was the rhinoceros. The civilized world became so deeply interested in this remarkable man that it eagerly followed his .every footstep as far as it could by means of letters that came from him at the long interval of year
  • The feeling was so intense that James Gordon Bennett of the New York Herald determined upon knowing the facts. He summoned one of his staff - the intrepid Henry M. Stanley and appointed him to the duty. When Stanley asked his chief about the cost, this was Mr. Bennett's reply: "Draw a thousand pounds ($5,000) now, and when you have gone through that, draw another thousand, and then another thousand, and still another thousand, and so on, - but FIND LIVINGSTONE."
  • es. He explored the Zambesi River and its great tributaries. He astonished the world by his account of the Victoria Falls the greatest cataract on the globe. He furnished accurate information about the great equatorial lakes - Ngami, Nyassa, Bangweolo, Moero, Tanganyika, and many others. He found and made friends with tribes that he pronounced the finest specimens of physique that he had ever seen. He "became familiar with the numberless wil
  • deal. Stanley implored the weather-beaten explorer to return, but he declined, as his work was not completed.
  • He found fine coal measures, and taught the people how to use coal for fuel. He coached them how to build houses, to till fields, and to •defend themselves from ferocious beasts; and "he won all hearts by his kindliness, and the practice of his medical and surgical skill. The black men absolutely trusted this one white man, and never found their trust mispl
  • His body was brought to Zanzibar by his faithful native friends and handed over to the British cons
  • hip. He had more than fifty attacks of African fever, s
1 - 20 of 42 Next › Last »
Showing 20▼ items per page