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mbalenhle2003

Slavery | Encyclopedia.com - 2 views

www.encyclopedia.com/...slavery

Mbalenhle Magagula History 2A

shared by mbalenhle2003 on 23 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Slavery is the unconditional servitude of one individual to another. A slave is usually acquired by purchase and legally described as chattel or a tangible form of movable property. For much of human history, slavery has constituted an important dimension of social and occupational organization. The word slavery originated with the sale of Slavs to the Black Sea region during the ninth century. Slavery existed in European society until the nineteenth century, and it was the principal source of labor during the process of European colonization.
  • Some forms of slavery existed among the indigenous societies in the Americas before the arrival of Christopher Columbus. However, the reconstruction of the Americas after 1492 led to a system of slavery quite unprecedented in human experience. Slavery in the Americas was a patently artificial social and political construct, not a natural condition. It was a specific organizational response to a specific labor scarcity. African slavery in the Americas, then, was a relatively recent development in the course of human history—and quite exceptional in the universal history of slave societies.
  • Nevertheless, the first Africans who accompanied the early Spanish explorers were not all slaves. Some were free (such as Pedro Alonso Niño, who accompanied Christopher Columbus on his third voyage); and others were servants.Nuflo de Olano, who accompanied Vasco Nuñez de Balboa across the Isthmus of Panama was, however, a slave. So were Juan Valiente and several others who traveled and fought with Hernán Cortés in Mexico, or the Pizarro brothers in Peru, or Pánfilo de Narváez in Florida. Those blacks who sailed with Columbus on his first voyage to the Americas in 1492 were free men, and their descendants presumably were as free as any other Spanish colonist in the Americas. Other blacks who accompanied the early Spanish conquistadores might have been servile, but they were not true slaves as the term was later understood. Estebanico—described as "Andrés Dorantes' black Moorish slave"—accompanied Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca in his amazing journey around the Gulf of Mexico and overland across the Southwest to Mexico City in the late 1520s and 1530s. Estebanico learned several local Indian languages with consummate ease, and he posed, along with his companions, as holy men gifted with healing powers (Weber, p. 44). The chronicler Bernal Díaz del Castillo describes several "blacks" who accompanied Hernán Cortés to Mexico—one of whom brought wheat to the New World, and another (a follower of Pánfilo de Narváez) who introduced smallpox among the Indians, with lethal results (Castillo, 1979). Of the 168 men who followed Francisco Pizarro to Peru in 1532 and captured the Inca at Cajamarca, at least two were black: Juan García, born in Old Castile, served the expedition as a piper and crier, and Miguel Ruiz, born in Seville, was a part of the cavalry and probably received a double portion of the spoils, as did all those who had horses.
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • Slavery was also a form of power relations, so slaves by and large did not have an equal voice in articulating a view of their condition. Their actions, however, spoke loudly of their innermost thoughts and represented their reflections on, and reactions to, the world in which they found themselves. Columbus thought the people he encountered in the Caribbean in 1492 might make good slaves, as he seemed to infer in his log of October 10, 1492, when he wrote: "They ought to make good and skilled servants, for they repeat very quickly whatever we say to them. I think that they can easily be made Christians, for they seem to have no religion. If it pleases Our Lord, I will take six of them to Your Highness when I depart, in order that they may learn our language" (Columbus, p. 77).
  • The transatlantic slave trade formally began in 1518, when King Charles I of Spain sanctioned the direct importation of Africans to his colonies in the Americas, finally acknowledging that the potential supply of indigenous slaves was inadequate to maintain the economic viability of his fledgling overseas colonies. Shortly thereafter, the Portuguese started to import Africans to Brazil to create a plantation society and establish an Atlantic bulwark against other Europeans intruding along the coast. As the demand for labor grew, the number of Africans imported as slaves increased, and manual labor throughout the Americas eventually became virtually synonymous with the enslavement of Africans. The transatlantic slave trade became a lucrative international enterprise, and by the time it ended, around 1870, more than ten million Africans had been forcibly transported and made slaves in the Americas. Many millions more died in Africa or at sea in transit to the Americas.
  • The slave trade responded to an interrelated series of factors operating across Africa, at the supply side, and also in the Americas, at the market level. The trade can be divided into four phases, strongly influenced by the development of colonialism throughout the hemisphere. In the first phase, lasting to about 1620, the Americas were the domain of the Spanish and the Portuguese. These Iberian powers introduced about 125,000 slaves to the Americas, with some 75,000 (or 27 percent of African slave exports of the period) to the Spanish colonies, and about 50,000 (18 percent of the trade) to Brazil. This was a relatively small flow of about 1,000 slaves per year, most of whom were supplied from Portuguese forts along the West African coast. But slavery in the towns, farms, and mines of the Americas then employed less African slaves (about 45 percent of the total Atlantic trade) than in the tropical African islands of Fernando Po and Sâo Tomé, Europe proper, or the islands of the Madeiras, Cape Verdes, and the Azores (about 55 percent of trade). Indeed, the small island of Sâo Tomé alone received more than 76,000 African slaves during the period, exceeding the entire American market.
  • The second phase of the transatlantic slave trade lasted from 1620 to about 1700 and saw the distribution of approximately 1,350,000 slaves throughout the Americas, with an additional 25,000 or so going to Europe. During this phase, the Americas became the main destination of enslaved Africans. The trade was marked by greater geographical distribution and the development of a more varied supply pattern. The European component of the trade eventually dwindled to less than 2 percent. Instead, Brazil assumed the premier position as a slave destination, receiving nearly 42 percent of all Africans sold on the western side of the Atlantic Ocean. Spanish America received about 22 percent, distributed principally in Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Mexico, Central America, and the Andean regions of South America. The English Caribbean colonies bought more than 263,000 slaves, or 20 percent of the volume sold in the Americas. The French Caribbean imported about 156,000 slaves, or 12 percent; and the small islands of the Dutch Caribbean bought another 40,000 slaves, or 3 percent of slaves sold throughout the Americas.
  • Even more important, slavery evolved into a complex system of labor, commerce, and society that was legally, socially, and ethnically distinct from other forms of servitude, and that was almost always applied to the condition of nonfree Africans. Two patterns of colonies developed throughout the western hemisphere: colonies designed as microcosms of European societies and colonies designed primarily for the efficient production of export commodities. The first group of colonies constituted the settler colonies. In these colonies, slaves constituted a minority of the population and did not necessarily represent the dominant labor sector. In the second group were exploitation plantation colonies, marked by their overwhelming proportion of nonfree members, and in which slavery formed the dominant labor system.
  • The period between 1701 and 1810 represented the maturation of the slave system in the Americas. This third phase witnessed the apogee of both the transatlantic slave trade and the system of American slavery. Altogether, nearly six million Africans—amounting to nearly 60 percent of the entire transatlantic slave trade—arrived in American ports. Brazil continued to be the dominant recipient country, accounting for nearly two million Africans, or 31 percent, of the trade during this period. The British Caribbean plantations (mainly on Barbados and Jamaica) received almost a million and a half slaves, accounting for 23 percent of the trade. The French Antilles (mainly Saint-Domingue on western Hispaniola, Martinique, and Guadeloupe) imported almost as many, accounting for 22 percent of the trade. The Spanish Caribbean (mainly Cuba) imported more than 500,000 slaves, or 9.6 percent of the trade. The Dutch Caribbean accounted for nearly 8 percent of the trade, but most of those slaves were re-exported to other areas of the New World. The British North American colonies imported slightly more than 300,000, or slightly less than 6 percent of the trade, while the small Danish colonies of the Caribbean bought about 25,000 slaves, a rather minuscule proportion of the slaves sold in the Americas during this period.
  • The system of slavery in the Americas was generally restrictive and harsh, but significant variations characterized the daily lives of slaves. The exhaustive demands of the plantation societies in parts of the Caribbean and Brazil, combined with skewed sexual balances among the slaves, resulted in excessively high mortality rates, unusually low fertility rates, and, consequently, a steady demand for imported Africans to maintain the required labor forces. The recovery of the indigenous populations in places such as Mexico and the Andean highlands led to the use of other systems of coerced labor, somewhat reducing the reliance on African slaves in these areas. Frontiers of grazing economies such as the llanos of Venezuela, the southern parts of Brazil, and the pampas of Argentina and Uruguay required only modest supplies of labor, so that African slaves constituted a small proportion of the local population. Only in the United States did the slave population reproduce itself dramatically over the years, supplying most of the internal demand for slave labor during the nineteenth century.In general, death rates were highest for slaves engaged in sugar production, especially on newly opened areas of the tropics, and lowest among domestic urban workers, except during periodical outbreaks of epidemic diseases.
  • The attack on the slave trade paralleled growing attacks on the system of slavery throughout the Americas. The selfdirected abolition from below that occurred in Saint-Domingue in 1793 was not repeated elsewhere, however. Instead, a combination of internal and external events eventually determined the course of abolition throughout the region. The issue of slavery became a part of the struggle for political independence for the mainland Spanish American colonies. Chile (1823), Mexico, and the new Central America States (1824), abolished slavery immediately after their wars of independence from Spain. The British government abolished slavery throughout its empire in 1834, effectively ending the institution in 1838. Uruguay legally emancipated its few remaining slaves in 1842. The French government ended slavery in the French Antilles in 1848. Colombia effectively abolished slavery in 1851, with Ecuador following in 1852, Argentina in 1853, and Peru and Venezuela in 1854. The United States of America abolished slavery after the U.S. Civil War in 1865. Spain abolished slavery in Puerto Rico in 1873 and in Cuba in 1886. Finally, Brazil abolished slavery in 1888.
  • Opposition to SlaveryThe eighteenth century formed the watershed in the system of American slavery. Although individuals, and even groups such as the Quakers, had always opposed slavery and the slave trade, general disapproval to the system gained strength during the later eighteenth century, primarily due to the growth of the Enlightenment, with its emphasis on rationality, and British Evangelical Protestantism. Opposition to slavery became increasingly more coordinated in England, and it eventually had a profound impact, with the abolition of the English slave trade in 1807. Before that, prodded by Granville Sharp and other abolitionists, Lord Chief Justice Mansfield declared slavery illegal in Great Britain in 1772, giving enormous impetus to the British antislavery movement. The British legal ruling, in time, freed about 15,000 slaves who were then in Britain with their colonial masters, who estimated their "property loss" at approximately £700,000.
  • In 1776 the British philosopher and economist Adam Smith declared in his classic study The Wealth of Nations that the system of slavery represented an uneconomical use of land and resources, since slaves cost more to maintain than free workers. By the 1780s the British Parliament was considering a series of bills dealing with the legality of the slave trade, and several of the recently independent former North American colonies—then part of the United States of America—began to abolish slavery within their local jurisdictions. After 1808—when Great Britain and the United States legally abolished their component of the transatlantic slave trade—the English initiated a campaign to end all slave trading across the Atlantic, and to replace slave trading within Africa with other forms of legal trade. Through a series of outright bribes, diplomatic pressure, and naval blockades, the trade gradually came to an end around 1870.
  • Slavery Scholarship and the Place of the Slave in the WorldThe topic of slavery has attracted the attention of a very large number of writers. Before the 1950s, writers tended to view slavery as a monolithic institution. Then, as now, there was much discussion of slavery, and less of the slaves themselves. Standard influential American studies, such as U. B. Phillips's American Negro Slavery (1918) and Life and Labor in the Old South (1929), Kenneth M. Stampp's The Peculiar Institution (1956), and Stanley Elkins' Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life (1959), misleadingly described slaves as passive participants to their own cruel denigration and outrageous exploitation. In Phillips's world, everyone was sublimely happy. In the world of Stampp and Elkins, they were not happy—but neither could they help themselves. Apparently neither Stampp nor Elkins read much outside their narrow field—or if they did, they discounted it. Certainly the then available scholarship of Eric Williams, C. L. R. James, or Elsa V. Goveia is not evident in their works. Herbert Aptheker in American Negro Slave Revolts (1943), Gunnar Myrdal in An American Dilemma (1944), and Frank Tannenbaum in Slave and Citizen (1946) had tried, in those three intellectually stimulating works, to modify the overall picture, but without much success.
  • Conditions of Slavery
  • Then, in 1956, Goveia published an outstanding book, Slave Society in the British Leeward Islands at the End of the Eighteenth Century. As Francisco Scarano notes of Goveia's work: "Goveia's sensitive and profound study of slave society in the British Leewards … is doubtless one of the great works of Caribbean history in any language. The Guyanese historian revealed the ways in which, in a racialized slave society, the imperative of slave subordination permeated all contexts of social interaction, from legal system to education and from religion to leisure. Everything was predicated on the violence necessary to maintain slavocratic order" (Scarano, p. 260). Goveia's approach inculcated the slaves with agency, a fundamental quality of which earlier writers seemed incredibly unaware. Slaves continuously acted in, as well as reacted to, the world in which they existed.
  • But slavery was not only attacked from above. At the same time that European governments contemplated administrative measures against slavery and the slave trade, the implacable opposition of the enslaved in the overseas colonies increased the overall costs of maintaining the system of slavery. Slave revolts, conspiracies, and rumors of revolts engendered widespread fear among owners and administrators. Small bands of runaway slaves formed stable black communities, legally recognized by their imperial powers in difficult geographical locations such as Esmeraldas in Ecuador, the Colombian coastal areas, Palmares in Brazil, and in the impenetrable mountains of Jamaica. Then, in 1791, the slaves of Saint-Domingue/Haiti, taking their cue somewhat from the French Revolution, staged a successful revolt under the leadership of Toussaint Louverture (1743–1803) and a number of other local leaders. The radical French commissioner in the colony, Léger Félicité Sonthonax (1763–1813) saw the futility of trying to defeat the local revolt and declared the emancipation of all slaves and their immediate admission to full citizenship (1793), a move ratified the following year by
  • French colonies. Napoleon Bonaparte revoked the decree of emancipation in 1802, but he failed to make it stick in Saint-Domingue, where the former slaves and their free colored allies declared the independence of Haiti—the second free state in the Americas—in 1804.The fourth and final phase of the transatlantic trade lasted from about 1810 to 1870. During that phase approximately two million Africans were sold as slaves in a greatly reduced area of the Americas. With its trade legal until 1850, Brazil imported some 1,145,400 Africans, or about 60 percent of all slaves sold in the Americas after 1810. The Spanish Antilles—mainly Cuba and Puerto Rico—imported more than 600,000 Africans (32 percent), the great majority of them illegally introduced to Cuba after an Anglo-Spanish treaty to abolish the Spanish
  • he revolutionary government in Paris, which extended the emancipation to all
makheda

South African Exploration - 3 views

Makheda Bright Ndamulelo 222074228 History 2A

shared by makheda on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • II. Smith, Eider, and Co., London, 1838. This is t
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      This Article portrays the Theme of the Natural History in Africa. Dr. Smith who was a zoologist explorer explored the Central and Southern Africa to study the natural beauty and animals in Africa.
  • It i
  • s
  • ...93 more annotations...
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey.
  • t is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journe
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    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      * It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the expedition that ventured into Central Africa some years ago under the care and supervision of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are primarily indebted for the entire planning and execution of the journey.
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  • rought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey. Th
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  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, n
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Unive
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
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  • Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows the Dr. Smith`s exploration about the natural beauty In Africa was influenced by the lectures he was taught when he was still in University.
  • eautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of
  • he
  • he singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • imbibed
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Imbibed * It is to absorb something. * The process of swallowing something or to consume it
  • zeal
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Zeal * It is the great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective
  • Museum at Cape Town
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Cape Town is a city In South Afrca
  • Sparrman
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Sparrman published several works, the best known of which is his account of his travels in South Africa and with Cook, published in English as A voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, towards the Antarctic polar circle, and round the world: But chiefly into the country of the Hottentots and Caffres, from the year 1772 to 1776 (1789). He also published a Catalogue of the Museum Carlsonianum (1786-89), in which he described many of the specimens he had collected in South Africa and the South Pacific, some of which were new to science. He published an Ornithology of Sweden in 1806.
  • Le Vaillant,
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      He was a French author, explorer, naturalist, zoological collector, travel writer, and noted ornithologist. He reported numerous new bird species based on birds he gathered in Africa, and some birds bear his name. He was among the first to use colour plates to illustrate birds and was opposed to Carl Linnaeus's use of binomial nomenclature, preferring to use descriptive French names such as bateleur (meaning "tumbler or tight-rope walker") for the peculiar African eagle. He explored most of the Southern African`s country by his time.
  • ex.
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Excursions are trips that are/were taken by explorers around the world.
  • ex. cursions
  • ex. cursions
  • ex. cursions
  • cursion
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Question: Why did the Zoologist explorers explored Southern Africa?
cacaongcobo

Ivory in World History Early Modern Trade in Context.pdf - 1 views

Cacao Ngcobo History 2A

shared by cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Ivory, however, was a global commodity in the broadest and most literal sense of the word. Ivory trade affected the ecology, economy, and material culture of most of the inhabited world. Ivory is an integral part of human history because the networks of trade that were fueled by ivory connected the most distant corners of the globe. Ivory had a symbolic and practical role in shaping the material culture even in countries where there were no elephants.
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ivory was a worldwide trade. It connected different countries and had an impact on the economy of most regions as it was connected to culture and history, especially in countries that had no elephants.
  • vory has a variety of meanings. The word ‘ivory’ can refer to tusks or dentine (tooth) material of elephants, mammoths, walruses, wild boar, hippopotamus or sperm whale or narwhal horn. It can even refer to a plant material produced by the palm ivory (phytelephas) of South America. The endosperm of this tree, called the tagua or corozo nut, is also known as vegetable ivory because it can be carved like and looks similar to elephant ivory. In the late 19th and early 20th century, this nut was widely used for buttons and other inexpensive objects, which have now largely been replaced by plastic. Elephant ivory is therefore sometimes called ‘true ivory’. Each kind of ivory has its story, but here we will focus on true ivory because it had the greatest consumption and the widest impact on the natural and built environment. True ivory is an incisor on the elephant that continues to grow throughout the elephant’s lifetime. 1 Tusk size therefore loosely equates with the age of the elephant.
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      The word ivory has different meanings, but from my understanding, it is tusks and tooth coming from mostly an elephant. There is soft and hard ivory. Soft ivory was the one more in demand as it played a big role in the trading world because it was more flexible.
  • Paleomastadon
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      is an extinct genus of Proboscidea.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • Elephas
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Elephas is also an elephant that is said to be one of the two surviving genera in the family of elephants..
  • Loxodonta
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      These are African elephants and they are called Loxodonta because they have lozenge-shaped enamel on their molar teeth.
  • For all of human history, demand for ivory was wide across the entire globe, from the Inuit who carved mammoth tusk to the Indonesian and Japanese archipelagos and most of the area in between. This was an effect of not just the usefulness of ivory, but also the fact that elephants inhabited areas in which they are now extinct. The Syrian elephant, for example, once roamed modern-day Syria and Iran. Scholars do not agree whether this was a subspecies which some have called Elephas maximus asurus, or an imported group of Asian elephants, an assumption based on an extremely limited bone sample remains that show a resemblance to Elephas maximus. A conclusive answer will not be possible until more fossil evidence is found to correlate to the evidence found in documents, coins, seals, and other man-made objects that suggest elephants were present in this region.
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      The elephant's ivory was wanted worldwide, ivory trade also became the most known trade surpassing the slave trade, as it was important because it was connected to history and culture.
  • The second half of the 19th century brought many changes that affected ivory trade besides new distribution routes. The spread of large caliber elephant guns around mid-century made it much easier to kill elephants.
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      As the ivory trade grew, it led to more elephants being killed which is why most elephants are extinct.
  • As with any object of value, ivory has always attracted a criminal element. In Song dynasty China, large tusks were cut down so they would weigh less than 30 catties (a bit over 40 lbs) to avoid having to sell them at lower prices on the official market. It is still common practice to hide lead weights in the hollow portion of the tusk (Fig. 7), since they are sold by weight.
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      The large tusk that was cut down had an impact on slavery as more people were needed to become slaves hence the increase in demand for ivory, and they were even named " black ivory."
  • Ivory has sometimes been called the plastic of the 19th century. In a sense, ‘plastic’ is an accurate description of ivory because it can be worked in so many ways and so demonstrates plasticity.
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ivory was sometimes called plastic as it was soft and can be turned into any object.
amahlemotumi

Basuto Gun War | Military Wiki | Fandom - 2 views

military-history.fandom.com/...Basuto_Gun_War

Amahle Motumi 220069900 History 2A

shared by amahlemotumi on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • he Gun War, also known as the Basuto War, was an 1880-1881 conflict in the British territory of Basutoland (present-day Lesotho) in Southern Africa, fought between Cape Colony forces and rebellious Basotho chiefs over the right of natives to bear arms
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 25 Apr 23
       
      Conflict or rather the war between the two parties was caused by the Cape Colonies refusal for blacks Africans to be in the possession of firearms.
  • 880 as the date for surrendering weapons.
  • territory remained essentially autonomous in the early years of colonial rule
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • demanded that all natives surrender their firearms to Cape authorities
  • 1879 Peace Protection Act
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 25 Apr 23
       
      act required all weapons to be turned in to the magistrate who decide whether or not the Basutos should own them.
  • British protectorate
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 25 Apr 23
       
      basically a country or state that was under the protection of the British empire for defence against aggression and other violations of law.
  • lonial Cape forces sent to put down the rebellion suffered heavy casualties, as the Basotho had obtained serviceable firearms from the Orange Free State and enjoyed a natural defensive advantage in their country's mountainous terrain.
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 25 Apr 23
       
      geographic location of the Basutos was an advantage to them because of the mountainous topography but also they had well functioning guns that they used as protection against the enemy.
  • guerrilla warfare
  • , ambushing
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 25 Apr 23
       
      irregular war fair where a group of combatants use military tactics like raids, ambushes and hit and run tactics to fight another group
  • d cavalry
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 25 Apr 23
       
      soldiers and warriors who fight on horse back.
  • he land remained in Basotho hands and the nation enjoyed unrestricted access to firearms in exchange for a national one-time indemnity of 5000 cattle.
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 25 Apr 23
       
      fine or compensation for them being able to keep the land.
Oreneile Maribatze

'Guns don't colonise people ...': the role and use of firearms in pre-colonial and colo... - 8 views

www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php

Maribatze Oreneile History 2A

shared by Oreneile Maribatze on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Firearms have a long and significant history in Africa. From their early introduction into the continent, largely as items of trade, firearms have been intricately bound in the various forms of European intrusion into Africa, from the slave trade to pacification and colonisation. Predictably, the history of firearms in Africa has attracted substantial scholarly attention over the past half a century
  • In the eighteenth century, flintlock rifles were the main trade weapon to Africa, along with older matchlock versions. For the first half of the century, many improvements and alterations were made in the design and function of flintlocks but the real breakthrough came in the 1860s with the breech-loading revolution.
  • Firearms have a long and significant history in Africa. From their early introduction into the continent, largely as items of trade, firearms have been intricately bound in the various forms of European intrusion into Africa, from the slave trade to pacification and colonisation. Predictably, the history of firearms in Africa has attracted substantial scholarly attention over the past half a century
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      GUNS HAVE HAD A GREAT IMPORTANCE IN THE HISTORY OF AFRICA AND A GREAT COMMODITY FOR TRADE
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • while imports of firearms closely tracked imports of slaves, a guns-for-slaves equation is too simple to describe the complexities of political transformations. Not only did guns play an ancillary rather than primary role in most African armies of this era, but for the most important states, guns [were merely an element in] a process of military transformation that was already underway.
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      BATTER TRADE THat had a bad impact on the African society population
  • most important of commodities traded into Africa were firearms, mainly due to the lack of local production,
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      guns were one of the most traded items on the market
  • In the eighteenth century, flintlock rifles were the main trade weapon to Africa, along with older matchlock versions. For the first half of the century, many improvements and alterations were made in the design and function of flintlocks but the real breakthrough came in the 1860s with the breech-loading revolution.
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      this part emphasises what kind of guns were being traded here in Africa
  • ujhistprof on 24 Apr 23
     
    Hi Thato. Which of the items you need to add to Diigo is this one? Is it number 5, which you can choose from anywhere on the internet? Don't forget to annotate.
thutomatlhoko

We Shall Build, History 2A.pdf - 1 views

Thuto Matlhoko History 2A The Zulu Kingdom

shared by thutomatlhoko on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • thutomatlhoko on 24 Apr 23
     
    The article is about a meeting which took place in the Town Hall at Rondebosch regarding the Episcopal Synod , the speakers were Bishops of Johannesburg, Damaraland and Zululand, who were under the chairmanship of the Archbishop. The article described Zulu people as Africa's best race, as it stated that their African traits of courage as well as loyalty, which almost amounts to the respect and worship they have for their chief, they were also seen as valuable assets.
ntswaki

The Tensions of Internationalism: Transnational Anti-Slavery in the 1880s and 1890s - 1 views

''Ntswaki221077102'' History 2A

shared by ntswaki on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • In 1888 Cardinal Lavigerie, the Archbishop of Algiers and Carthage, launched his ‘anti-slavery crusade’. Drawing attention to slave raids in Africa and to the East African slave trade, this initiative resulted in the foundation of several new antislavery associations.
    • ntswaki
      ntswaki on 26 Apr 23
       
      this journal focuses on the final two decades of the nineteenth century and the period in which the transatlantic slave trade had all but ceased, with Cuba (1880/86) and Brazil (1888) being the last parts of the Americas where slavery was abolished
  • nti-slavery; empire; internationalism; humanitarianism; transnational history; civilising mission
    • ntswaki
      ntswaki on 26 Apr 23
       
      it also gives full understanding on the issue of anti-slavery and civilising mission on this on this journal we come to understand the full history of anti-slavery, my point of choosing this journal it was to make sure that i come to understnad more about the other sides of slaves and the full history of slavery not looking only on the zanzibar topic
donclassico

Mapping the History of Cotton Textile Production in Precolonial West Africa.pdf - 1 views

Ratau Sejeng History 2A

shared by donclassico on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • he antiquity of cotton cultivation and textile production in West Africa would not be apparent to someone traveling across its present-day landscape, since varieties of New World cotton plants are no
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      The past of cotton cultivation and textile production won't be visible in this modern day of age because many world cotton plants have been developed.
  • e era of
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      Atlantic trade and colonial rule led to the whole invention of world cotton plants.
  • Africa might go. Surveys published by early twentieth-century botanists attempted to systematically document, identify, and compare plant specimens that had been collected world-wide, including Old World cottons, and suggested among other things that cotton had been widely grown in Africa prior to direct Euro
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      20th Century Botanists proved that cotton had been always grown before European and Atlantic slave trade.
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • per Niger bend.3 A more extensive survey by Dalziel indicated that G. herbaceum was still being grown in northern Nigeria and in Kanuri-speaking areas around Lake Chad as w
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      It is proven that G.herbaceum has always been grown in parts like Northern Nigeria .This proves that Cotton and textile production was happening in Niger as well according to the 1841 Niger Expedition.
  • orld varieties.' The history of cotton in precolonial Africa is still poorl
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      I disagree because this can be fully understood according to 'Textile Production in the Lower Niger Basin: New Evidence from the 1841 Niger Expedition'
  • Artisanal groups such as spinners, weavers, dyers, tailors, and embroiderers developed and honed their skills, created workshops, and marketed their products. They generated and maintained the crucially important links between raw cotton fiber and the purchasers of cotton textiles and garments. Thus tracing the history of cotton and cotton textile production can reveal a great deal about precolonial social an
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is true because around 1841 in West Africa there we price differences between cotton and textile producers .One of the reasons was the quality of the products and the difference of materials used. For example; In Niger Eggan was selling quality textiles while Yoruba country was selling cheaper products because of the lack of materials available.
  • tern Hemisphere."6 These important consumer markets for textiles predated the direct trade with Europeans, and conditioned its op
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      Textile was the major contributor for West Africa to trade with Europeans
  • othesis. No evidence could be found in southern Africa for domestication of the plant there, that is, there was no evidence of its having been cultivated or explo
    • donclassico
      donclassico on 26 Apr 23
       
      G.herbaceum has been proven that it is not naturally from Southern Africa.
ntswaki

A Detailed Snapshot of Zanzibar Slavery History - UnitedRepublicofTanzania.com - 3 views

unitedrepublicoftanzania.com/...r-slavery-history-trade-slaves

''Ntswaki221077102'' History 2A

shared by ntswaki on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • It starts when one discovers events like when their own nation is battling with another: the prisoners are not killed, but rather tied with rope and taken to the town, where they are told, ‘You stay here as our slaves.”
    • ntswaki
      ntswaki on 25 Apr 23
       
      this article explains the beginning of the slave trade in zanzibar and also it highlights the struggle that they went through in the past, also it tries to show the important concept of slave trade in zanzibar.
  • Slaves on plantations or agricultural slaves generally worked between 6 to 11 a.m. and between 2 and 5 p.m. Sick slaves were not allowed to work, and the master oversaw their care until they recovered. In the event of the death of a slave, the master covered the costs of the funeral. However, the master did not attend all of the slaves’ funerals. He was only involved in the burials of concubines, home-born slaves, their offspring, and slaves who occupied key positions.
    • ntswaki
      ntswaki on 25 Apr 23
       
      This part of the article explains on how people that worked in the planation were being treated during the slave trade and also the fact that they didn't get any special treatment of working
  • cinderellaochu on 21 May 23
     
    Good.
mbalenhle2003

The Causes and Consequences of Africa's Slave Trade - 3 views

Mbalenhle Magagula History 2A

shared by mbalenhle2003 on 23 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • These were lists of slaves that were emancipated in 1884–1885 and in 1874–1908. The list recorded the slave’s name, age, ethnic identity, date freed, and former master’s name. 22 Together, the three samples include 9,774 slaves with 80 different ethnicities. Two additional samples of slaves shipped to Mauritius in the 19th century are also available. However, these samples only distinguish between slaves that were originally from the island of Madagascar and slaves from mainland Africa. 23 The data from the Mauritius samples are used to distinguish between slaves who were originally from mainland Africa and those from Madagascar. The number of slaves from mainland Africa are then disaggregated using the sample of slaves from the Zanzibar National Archive documents, as well as a small sample of nine slaves from Harris’ The African Presence in Asia. In total, the Indian Ocean ethnicity data include 21,048 slaves with 80 different ethnicities.
    • mbalenhle2003
      mbalenhle2003 on 23 Apr 23
       
      The Red Sea statistics come from two samples: 62 slaves from Jedda, Saudi Arabia, and five slaves from Bombay, India. The samples from India and Saudi Arabia are from two British studies that were submitted to the League of Nations and were later published in the League of Nations' Council Documents in 1936 and 1937, respectively, by Harris' The African Presence in Asia.24The samples contain data on 67 slaves overall, representing 32 different racial groups. There are two samples available for the trans-Saharan slave trade: one from Central Sudan and the other from Western Sudan. 5,385 slaves' origins are revealed through the samples, and 23 different nationalities are identified.25The Saharan ethnicity data's primary flaw is that they do not include samples from all locations.
  • These were lists of slaves that were emancipated in 1884–1885 and in 1874–1908. The list recorded the slave’s name, age, ethnic identity, date freed, and former master’s name. 22 Together, the three samples include 9,774 slaves with 80 different ethnicities. Two additional samples of slaves shipped to Mauritius in the 19th century are also available. However, these samples only distinguish between slaves that were originally from the island of Madagascar and slaves from mainland Africa. 23 The data from the Mauritius samples are used to distinguish between slaves who were originally from mainland Africa and those from Madagascar. The number of slaves from mainland Africa are then disaggregated using the sample of slaves from the Zanzibar National Archive documents, as well as a small sample of nine slaves from Harris’ The African Presence in Asia. In total, the Indian Ocean ethnicity data include 21,048 slaves with 80 different ethnicities.
    • mbalenhle2003
      mbalenhle2003 on 23 Apr 23
       
      These were lists of slaves who were freed between 1874 and 1908 and between 1884 and 1885. The list included the name, age, ethnicity, date of freedom, and former master's name for each slave.22There are 9,774 slaves total in the three datasets, representing 80 distinct ethnic groups. There are also two other examples of slaves who were sent to Mauritius in the 19th century. These samples, however, only make a distinction between slaves from the continent of Africa and those who were originally from the island of Madagascar.23The information from the Mauritius samples is utilized to distinguish between slaves who came from Madagascar and those who came from the continent of Africa. The number of slaves from continental Africa is then broken down using a small sample of nine captives from Harris' The African Presence in Asia as well as a sample of slaves from the Zanzibar National Archive papers.
  • The Red Sea data are from two samples: a sample of five slaves from Bombay, India and a sample of 62 slaves from Jedda, Saudi Arabia. The sample from India is from Harris’ The African Presence in Asia, and the sample from Saudi Arabia which is from two British reports submitted to the League of Nations, and published in the League of Nations’ Council Documents in 1936 and 1937. 24 In total, the samples provide information for 67 slaves, with 32 different ethnicities recorded. For the trans-Saharan slave trade, two samples are available: one from Central Sudan and the other from Western Sudan. The samples provide information on the origins of 5,385 slaves, with 23 different ethnicities recorded. 25 The main shortcoming of the Saharan ethnicity data is that they do not provide samples from all regions from which slaves were taken during the Saharan slave trade. However, the shipping data from Ralph Austen not only provide information on the volume of trade, but also information on which caravan slaves were shipped on, the city or town that the caravan originated in, the destination of the caravan, and in some cases, the ethnic identity of the slaves being shipped
    • mbalenhle2003
      mbalenhle2003 on 23 Apr 23
       
      The Red Sea statistics come from two samples: 62 slaves from Jedda, Saudi Arabia, and five slaves from Bombay, India. Both the sample from India and the sample from Saudi Arabia are taken from British reports that were submitted to the League of Nations and published in the League of Nations Council Documents in 1936 and 1937, respectively. The sample from India is taken from Harris' The African Presence in Asia.24The samples contain data on 67 slaves overall, representing 32 different racial groups. There are two samples available for the trans-Saharan slave trade, one from Central Sudan and the other from Western Sudan. 5,385 slaves' origins are revealed through the samples, and 23 different nationalities are identified. The Saharan ethnicity data's primary flaw is that they carried slaves on caravans when shipping them.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Admittedly, the final estimates for the Saharan slave trade are very poor. This is also true for the Red Sea slave trade. However, it will be shown that all of the statistical results are completely robust with or without the estimates of slaves shipped during these two slave trades. That is, the statistical findings remain even if the Red Sea and Saharan slave trades are completely ignored because of the poor quality of their data. Combining the ethnicity data with the shipping data, estimates of the number of slaves taken from each country in Africa are constructed. 26 The construction procedure follows the following logic. Using the shipping data, the number of slaves shipped from each coastal country in Africa is first calculated. As mentioned, the problem with these numbers is that slaves shipped from the ports of a coastal country may not have come from that country, but from inland countries that lie landlocked behind the coastal country. To estimate the number of slaves shipped from the coast that would have come from these inland countries, the sample of slaves from the ethnicity data is used. Each ethnicity is first mapped to modern country boundaries. This step relies on a great amount of past research by African historians. The authors of the secondary sources, from which the data were taken, generally also provide a detailed analysis of the meaning and locations of the ethnicities appearing in the historical records. In many of the publications, the authors created maps showing the locations of the ethnic groups recorded in the documents. For example, detailed maps are provided in Higman’s samples from the British Caribbean, Koelle’s linguistic inventory of free slaves in Sierra Leone, Mary Karasch’s samples from Rio de Janeiro, Aguirre Beltran’s sample from plantation and sales records from Mexico, Adam Jones’ sample of liberated child slaves from Sierra Leone, and David Pavy’s sample of slaves from Colombia. 27 Other sources also provide excellent summaries of the most common ethnic designations used during the slave trades. These include Philip Curtin’s The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census, ethnographer George Peter Murdock’s Africa: Its Peoples and Their Cultural History, and Gwendolyn Midlo Hall’s
    • mbalenhle2003
      mbalenhle2003 on 23 Apr 23
       
      The estimates for the trans-Saharan slave trade are, admittedly, rather weak. The Red Sea slave trade is an example of this. It will be demonstrated, nevertheless, that these statistical findings hold true whether or not the estimates of slaves shipped during these two slave exchanges are included. In other words, the statistical results hold true even if the Red Sea and Saharan slave markets are entirely disregarded due to the poor quality of their data. Estimates of the number of slaves taken from each African nation are created by fusing the shipping statistics with the ethnicity data.26The construction process follows the reasoning shown below. The number of slaves sent from each coastline nation in Africa is first determined using the shipping information. As previously stated, the issue with these figures is that slaves shipped from the ports are first estimated.
  • Admittedly, the final estimates for the Saharan slave trade are very poor. This is also true for the Red Sea slave trade. However, it will be shown that all of the statistical results are completely robust with or without the estimates of slaves shipped during these two slave trades. That is, the statistical findings remain even if the Red Sea and Saharan slave trades are completely ignored because of the poor quality of their data. Combining the ethnicity data with the shipping data, estimates of the number of slaves taken from each country in Africa are constructed.The construction procedure follows the following logic. Using the shipping data, the number of slaves shipped from each coastal country in Africa is first calculated. As mentioned, the problem with these numbers is that slaves shipped from the ports of a coastal country may not have come from that country, but from inland countries that lie landlocked behind the coastal country. To estimate the number of slaves shipped from the coast that would have come from these inland countries, the sample of slaves from the ethnicity data is used. Each ethnicity is first mapped to modern country boundaries. This step relies on a great amount of past research by African historians. The authors of the secondary sources, from which the data were taken, generally also provide a detailed analysis of the meaning and locations of the ethnicities appearing in the historical records. In many of the publications, the authors created maps showing the locations of the ethnic groups recorded in the documents. For example, detailed maps are provided in Higman’s samples from the British Caribbean, Koelle’s linguistic inventory of free slaves in Sierra Leone, Mary Karasch’s samples from Rio de Janeiro, Aguirre Beltran’s sample from plantation and sales records from Mexico, Adam Jones’ sample of liberated child slaves from Sierra Leone, and David Pavy’s sample of slaves from Colombia.Other sources also provide excellent summaries of the most common ethnic designations used during the slave trades. These include Philip Curtin’s The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census, ethnographer George Peter Murdock’s Africa: Its Peoples and Their Cultural History, and Gwendolyn Midlo Hall’s Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas: Restoring the Links. Many of the ethnic groups in the ethnicity sample do not map cleanly into one country. The quantitatively most important ethnic groups that fall into this category include: the Ana, Ewe, Fon, Kabre, and Popo, who occupied land in modern Benin and Togo; the Kongo, who resided in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola; the Makonde, localized within Mozambique and Tanzania; the Malinke, who occupied lived within Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Guinea, Ivory Coast, and Guinea Bissau; the Nalu, from Guinea Bissau and Guinea; the Teke, living in land within Gabon, Congo, and Democratic Republic of Congo; and the Yao from Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania. In cases such as these, the total number of slaves from each ethnic group was divided between the countries using information from George Peter Murdock’s Africa: Its Peoples and Their Cultural History. Ethnic groups were first mapped to his classification of over 800 ethnic groups for Africa. Using a digitized version of a map provided in his book and GIS software, the proportion of land area in each country occupied by the ethnic group was calculated. These proportions were then used as weights to disaggregate the total number of slaves of an ethnicity between the countries. Using the ethnicity sample, an estimate of the number of slaves shipped from each coastal country that would have come from each inland country is calculated. Using these figures, the number of slaves that came from all countries in Africa, both coastal and inland, is then calculated. Because over time, slaves were increasingly being taken from further inland, the estimation procedure is performed separately for each of the following four time periods: 14001599, 1600-1699, 1700-1799, 1800-1900. In other words, for each time period, the shipping data and ethnicity data from that time period only is used in the calculations. In the end, the procedure yields estimates of the number of slaves taken from each country in each of the four slave trades for each of the four time periods listed above.
  • mbalenhle2003 on 23 Apr 23
     
    Non-academic source
radingwanaphatane

v36a13.pdf - 2 views

History 2A History2A PM RADINGWANA 220165865

shared by radingwanaphatane on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Firearms have a long and significant history in Africa. From their early introduction into the continent, largely as items of trade, firearms have been intricately bound in the various forms of European intrusion into Africa, from the slave trade to pacification and colonisation. Predictably, the history of firearms in Africa has attracted substantial scholarly attention over the past half a century. The result has been the development of a large body of literature on the topic and a proliferation of conflicting viewpoints and beliefs. The literature on the role and use of firearms in Africa has undergone significant changes over the last half-century and, given the dramatic transformations in political context within Africa over the same period, this is hardly surprising
  • while imports of firearms closely tracked imports of slaves, a guns-forslaves equation is too simple to describe the complexities of political transformations. Not only did guns play an ancillary rather than primary role in most African armies of this era, but for the most important states, guns [were merely an element in] a process of military transformation that was already underway. 1
  • In addition, Richards notes that the firearm trade peaked in the 1830s (although he gives no figures for this peak), which again weakens the ‘slave–gun cycle’ theory. 13 Firearms were being imported well before the heyday of the slave trade and their importation continued to rise in many key slaving areas after its abolition.
ncamisilenzuza9

The Making of a Colonial Elite: Property, Family and Landed Stability in the Cape Colon... - 3 views

Ncamisile Nzuza History 2A

shared by ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Cape Colony,
  • Cape Colony, c.
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Cape Colony is located in Southern Africa or rather South Africa, the colony was part of the slave trade under the Dutch and British rule in alliance with the VOC.
  • Wayne Dooling
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Wayne is very much familiar with the history of Africa because he lectures in African History at the University of London.
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • ed its settler population into four classes. Fir
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The division of people into classes is what contributed to slavery, because if people were all viewed as belonging to one class or as equals then each person would have been respected to be not seen as a slave or potential slave. The division of people into classes also shows that the distribution of power and wealth was racially structured by society.
  • gentry
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      What is a gentry? Refers to people of good social position, specifically the class of people next below the nobility in position and birth.
  • there were the poorer stock farmers of the far interior
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Cape Colony is known to be the producer of wine, so slavery played a huge role in developing the economy of the Cape commercially. For about two decades the colonial government, in alliance with the western Cape gentry of slave-owning farmers and officials promoted wine as the main export commodity. So, the poorer stock farmers were the ones who were mostly burdened with working in the wine farms.
  • Their wives and grown-up children or the female slaves put the plants into the soil. In
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      In the history of slavery, anthropologists noted the patterns between the type of agriculture and lineage systems. For example, the planting agriculture was mostly dominated by women.
  • was in the initial heartland of colonial settlement that dispossession of indigenous populations was most complete and where slavery formed the basis for the exploitation of land and lab
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Colonialism played a huge role in the slave trade. When colonizers arrived, they viewed Africans (South Africans) as barbaric and underdeveloped. Which is why colonizers took advantage of them and exploited them in terms of their land.
  • In March 1825
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      During 1825, the system of slavery faced a challenge, because in response to the anti-slavery movement that was happening at the time, the British government intervened directly in master-slave relations, placing constraints on the exploitation of slaves.
  • lived well off large farms or plantations worked by scores of slaves.'10
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      This is mostly likely how the issue of land began in South Africa. The Dutch or British colonizers took most of the arable land in large pieces, which is why Africans had to work on farms owned by colonizers, they did not have enough arable land.
  • the VOC (most
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      During its period as a slave-importing colony, the Cape was an integral part of the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie ( 'Dutch East India Company' ,known as the VOC) trading network in the Indian Ocean. It drew slaves from a wide range of Asian and southwestern Indian Ocean regions. However, when the Cape Colony fell under the control of the British around 1795, the increase in imported slaves came from Mozambique and other regions of southeastern Africa.
  • geographical boundaries
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Cape's geography also gave rise to slavery, because the geographic position of the Cape served as a midway point for ships sailing between Europe and the East Indies.
  • 1834 There is little doubt that Cape settler society grew increasingly complex as slave and settler numbers grew and agricultural output increased
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Slavery was a mainstay of the labor force of the Cape Colony which is part of the reason why there was an increase in the number of slaves, because slave owners realized that the more slaves they owned, the more wealth and status they would gain. Which is why throughout the 18th century slaves outnumbered settlers.
  • state inventories of arable farmers from the middle of the eighteenth century clearly point to the disparities of wealth that existed amongst the Colony's sett
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Cape Colony had favorable geography (arable land) and having favorable geography was a win for slave owners, because they were able to produce a good deal on their farms. This led to good wealth for slave owners.
  • an Blignault owned eighteen slaves and no fewer than seven properties (mostly located in the fertile Drakenstein distr
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Having fertile land meant more slaves to the slave owners, because they needed more labor on the farms for more wine or crop production.
  • children or the female slaves put the plants into the soil.
  • itain withdrew its protection of the wine indust
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The British government also abandoned its commitment to the tariffs used for the Cape wines, which led to the downfall of the main export market for the industry, wine.
  • cinderellaochu on 05 May 23
     
    This is a good source but you did not share it correctly. It says "log in through your library". It appears you did not access the site through the UJ database with your UJ details.
naicker222027679

A Brief History Of The Ivory Trade In Africa | HowAfrica Latest news, views, gossip, ph... - 0 views

howafrica.com/story-of-ivory-trade-in-africa

Xantia Naicker History 2A

shared by naicker222027679 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • vory has been desired since antiquity because its relative softness made it easy to carve into intricate decorative items for the very wealthy.
  • vory was taken across the Mediterranean to Europe or to Central and East Asia, though the latter regions could easily acquire ivory from southeast Asian elephants.
  • ivory moved inland,
    • naicker222027679
      naicker222027679 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Trade moved from West Africa to East Africa due to the high demand of ivory
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • The need for human porters meant that the growing slave and ivory trades went hand-in-hand, particularly in East and Central Africa
    • naicker222027679
      naicker222027679 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The demand for Ivory motivated Europeans to have slaves, particularly to carry the Ivory to its respective ships
  • Once they reached the coast, the traders sold both the slaves and the ivory for hefty profits.
thutomatlhoko

Journal of the Society for Arts, Vol. 30, no. 1542.pdf - 1 views

Thuto Matlhoko History 2A The Zulu Kingdom_ Zulu War

shared by thutomatlhoko on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • thutomatlhoko on 25 Apr 23
     
    The journal of the Society for Arts is a review on a play based on The Zulu War. (Secondary Source). The memorandum about the history the Zulu race was written by Sir Theophilus Shepstone in 1875 as well as Mr F.B Fynney who contributed 3 years after. The character of the Zulu Chief, Cetywayo's weakness as a ruler was based on his cruelty and terror as he was unaware of the invincible powers of England which led to their downfall. The journal also mentions how Shaka Zulu defeated the British when he was still in power and how the natives tried to make use of his techniques after his death.
thutomatlhoko

Shaka Zulu assassinated - 0 views

www.history.com/...shaka-zulu-assassinated

Thuto Matlhoko History 2A The Zulu Kingdom_ Zulu War

shared by thutomatlhoko on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Shaka, founder of the Zulu Kingdom
    • thutomatlhoko
      thutomatlhoko on 26 Apr 23
       
      Shaka Zulu was the greatest Zulu warrior and brought great honor to the kingdom.
  • Shaka’s mental illness threatened to destroy the Zulu tribe.
    • thutomatlhoko
      thutomatlhoko on 26 Apr 23
       
      He became thirsty for blood, wanting to brutally kill his opponents. Shaka openly became psychotic.
  • Shaka proved a brilliant military organizer, forming well-commanded regiments and arming his warriors with assegais, a new type of long-bladed, short spear that was easy to wield and deadly.
    • thutomatlhoko
      thutomatlhoko on 26 Apr 23
       
      Shaka Zulu was systematic when reorganising the Zulu warriors as well as improving their weapons.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • n 1827, Shaka’s mother, Nandi, died, and the Zulu leader lost his mind. In his grief, Shaka had hundreds of Zulus killed,
    • thutomatlhoko
      thutomatlhoko on 26 Apr 23
       
      he became psychotic.
tshehla222227980

Blog Article: The History of Slavery in Zanzibar. - 1 views

nataniatravel.com/...e-slave-market-zanzibar-island

Mojalefa Joseph Tshehla History 2A 222227980

shared by tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • But do you know that the slave market in Zanzibar island was the last legally operating slave market in the world?
    • tshehla222227980
      tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is the main thesis of the entire data collection. "The slave trade center in Zanzibar".
  • Because of its specific position in the Indian Ocean, the history of Zanzibar was very turbulent.
    • tshehla222227980
      tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Very turbulent in a manner that a lot of activities occurred due to the coastal region that encouraged harbors which were essential particularly during slave trading.
  • Zanzibar was a part of the Portuguese Empire for almost two centuries.
    • tshehla222227980
      tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Portuguese traded slaves also forcefully while exploiting Zanzibar as it had zero power over Portugal because when Portugal arrived in Zanzibar, they established their dominance and held all the power over the island
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • Together with the ivory, clove and spice trade, the slave trade was very important for the economy. Zanzibar had a central role in trade routes into the interior of Africa. And the new city on the Swahili coast was born: Zanzibar city or Stone Town.
    • tshehla222227980
      tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is generally my argument. Although they were also trading ivory, clove and spice trade, i feel like they just used the other raw materials to tone down the shame of being rich through this inhumane act of enslavement. I am arguing this because slavery was generally profiting them more than all the other products combined, so they could have dropped them and focused only on slavery but they just kept them in the picture so that there is good in the worst they did to native Africans
  • The late 18th and early 19th centuries was a period of rapid expansion of the slave trade
    • tshehla222227980
      tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23
       
      What impact did this have at Zanzibar? -This increased their gross domestic product. -Commercially, slavery/ slave trade markets yielded the region [Zanzibar] more profit.
  • Unguja (Zanzibar) was a perfect place and port for traders voyaging between the African Great Lakes, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian southern region.
    • tshehla222227980
      tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Briefly, the reason Zanzibar was the perfect place and port was because it was located in a geographical area where boats may access it for exports such as slaves which consequently increased Zanzibar's wealth due to being the trade focus of the region.
  • The streets in Zanzibar were full of slaves, accounting for more than two-thirds of the population. People were taken from a vast area, extending south of Lake Nyasa (now Malawi), west of Lake Tanganyika (now DR Congo), and north of Lake Victoria (now Uganda), to the Stone Town open slave markets. Today, this area includes countries such as Uganda, Kenya, Burundi, Ruanda, Nigeria, Zambia, Tanzania, and  Mozambique. However, people from Zanzibar were free and not slaves.
    • tshehla222227980
      tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Also, i feel like the people from Zanzibar were at the mercy of the traders because the trade market was in their region hence they were not the first priority of enslavement. This is just an arguable point, someone might say otherwise.
  • The captives were from different cultures and language groups, and usually, the whole families were taken to slavery. Some of them were skilled craftsmen and women, musicians, ironworkers, and farmers. They lived in settled communities and engaged in hunting, fishing, and gathering firewood.  
    • tshehla222227980
      tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is really an important point, this exudes that they people were being exploited. Their skills, hard labor was taken without they concern. Forcefully migrating them to foreign countries were they are forced into hard labor without being paid. Therefore, it may be said that the Zanzibar market costed the Eastern Africa its skills and labor that could have being used to develop that portion of Africa.
  • Many of them also had armed guards
    • tshehla222227980
      tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Harsh measures were implemented to force the natives into slavery. They had to be suppressed under traumatic experiences such as usage of guns to force them to journey to the Zanzibar market where they would be traded like they were property.,
  • They travelled for days, sometimes for weeks, with minimum food and water. Some people died of exhaustion, disease or malnourishment.
    • tshehla222227980
      tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23
       
      These are some, if not the least, challenges that the slaves had to endure during the journey to the slave market. Having to endure the extreme temperatures also.
  • Many of them did not survive the journey to Zanzibar island.
    • tshehla222227980
      tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23
       
      It may be assumes that a majority of them did not survive the journey because of the traumatic experience that their body could not absorb all at once.
  • After captives arrived in Zanzibar, the slave traders imprisoned them in underground chambers. It was a test. If they lived for more than three days, they would be sold on the market at Mkunazini, in Stone Town.
    • tshehla222227980
      tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Not only was their journey tough, however, extreme measures such as those mentioned in the article were put forth to test the natives' survival. This are some of the painful experiences that reading about slavery unfolds.
  • The slaves were stripped completely naked and cleaned
    • tshehla222227980
      tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This suggest that their dignity was stripped of and their originality was washed away so they they may be sold as slaves. This to me means more that just stripping them naked and being washed away, it was so much symbolic that literal.
  • But there is something more. The slaves were tied to a tree and whipped with stinging branches. It was a demonstration of their strength. Those who didn’t cry or scream during the whipping got a higher price at the market. Terrible isn’t it…?
    • tshehla222227980
      tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23
       
      I am actually sad that I got to read this, but personally, I feel like my skin is a map that illustrates were I come from as a descendant of the slaves who were traded. This is a very emotional and a traumatic experience.
andiswamntungwa

The Black Atlantic Missionary Movement and Africa, 1780s-1920s.pdf - 0 views

Andiswa Mntungwa History 2A

shared by andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • A recurring theme in Adrian Hastings's magisterial study of the church in Africa is the central role of Africans in the evangelisation of the Continent. His account also embraces Africans of the diaspora, that 'black, Protestant, English-speaking world which had grown up in the course of the eighteenth century on both sides of the Atlantic in the wake of the slave
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      The importance of Africans in the evangelization of the Continent is a constant issue in Adrian Hastings' magisterial study of the church in Africa. His narrative includes Africans of the diaspora as well, those people who grew up in the black, Protestant, and English-speaking communities on both sides of the Atlantic throughout the eighteenth century as a result of the slave trade.
  • African Americans constituted a small but visually significant element in the modern Protestant missionary movement. They are generally ignored in the standard literature and mission histories. This is not surprising as it is only relatively recently that black people, certainly outside the Americas, have begun to be noticed by histo
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      A small but visually significant portion of the modern Protestant missionary activity was made up of African Americans. In the mainstream literature and mission histories, they are typically neglected. This is not surprising given how lately historians have started to pay attention to black people, at least outside of the Americas.
  • The trans-Atlantic traffic was in both directions as African proteges of white and African American missionaries were sent to study in America, invariably travelling via Britain. John Chilembwe, who raised a revolt against the British in Nyasaland in 1915, is a notable example. Sponsored by Joseph Booth, a white missionary, in 1897 he went to study in the United States and probably spent a short time in Britain. When he returned home in 1900 to found the Industrial Providence
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      As African disciples of white and African American missionaries were sent to study in America, they frequently traveled via Britain, causing trans-Atlantic trade in both directions. A noteworthy example is John Chilembwe, who instigated an insurrection against the British in Nyasaland in 1915. He traveled to study in the United States in 1897 under the sponsorship of a white missionary named Joseph Booth, and it's likely that he briefly visited Britain.In 1900, upon his return home, he established the Industrial Providence
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • . There was social and racial tension on the ships that carried West Indians and whites across the Atlantic; the long voyage with poor food and confined conditions raised tempers; whites accused blacks of being 'puffed up' while Jamaicans were highly sensitive to real and imagined slights.
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      . On the ships that transported West Indians and Europeans over the Atlantic, there was social and racial friction; the lengthy voyage, limited food, and cramped conditions roused tempers; whites accused blacks of being "puffed up," while Jamaicans were extremely sensitive to both real and imagined slights.
  • As early as the 1770s, Dr Samuel Hopkins, Congregational minister of Newport, Rhode Island, and an opponent of slavery, proposed sending African Americans to Africa as missionaries. A local African fund was created by the Missionary Society of Rhode Island, and two blacks, one a slave, the other free since birth, but both with a knowledge of a 'Guinea language', were sent to Princeton to study theolog
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      Dr. Samuel Hopkins, a Congregational minister in Newport, Rhode Island, who opposed slavery, suggested deploying African Americans to Africa as missionaries as early as the 1770s. The Missionary Society of Rhode Island established an African fund, and two black people-one a slave and the other free since birth-who both knew the "Guinea language"-were sent to Princeton to study theology.
  • eoples of African descent, but from the outset also to West Africa.20 Africa was the persistent geographical focus of African American missionary thought throughout the nineteenth century. The Second Great Awakening stirred black Christians to a strong belief in the vital purpose of evangelism, and in this Africa had a special significance. The belief in 'providential design' and 'race redemption' was a recurring theme and had a two-fold meaning. By engaging in mission activity, African Americans would not only fulfil the Christian command to preach the Gospel, but also prove their worth to the doubtful white constituency that largely paid to send them to Africa. The idea that God's providential hand had been at work in African slavery was also embraced by some whites
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      people with African ancestry, but also from the beginning to West Africa.Throughout the nineteenth century, African American missionaries' persistent geographic focus was Africa. African nations held a special place in black Christians' understanding of the importance of evangelism as a result of the Second Great Awakening. The idea of "providential design" and "race redemption" recurred frequently and had a dual significance. African Americans would be fulfilling the Christian mandate to proclaim the gospel by participating in mission work, and they would also be demonstrating their value to the skeptic white constituency that mostly funded their trip to Africa. Some whites also adopted the notion that God's benevolent hand had been at work in African slavery.
  • 53 The outcome was that Southern Black Baptists organised the Baptist Foreign Mission Convention, in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1880, although the body represented regional rather than denominational interests. Fifteen years later a degree of black denominational unity was achieved with the creation of the National Baptist Convention (NBC)
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      The Baptist Foreign Mission Convention was eventually established by Southern Black Baptists in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1880, even though the organization served to further regional as opposed to religious concerns. With the establishment of the National Baptist Convention (NBC) fifteen years later, a certain level of black denominational unity was attained.
  • Both the white-led and the African American churches placed considerable emphasis on training men and women for African mission. A later vision of the African American missions was to bring Africans to the United States for education in their new schools and
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      Training men and women for African missions was a priority for both African American and white-led congregations. A different goal of the African American missions was to invite Africans to the country to attend their new schools and receive an education.
  • Missionary Association sponsored The World's Congress on Africa in conjunction with the Chicago World's Fair in August 1893. A further Congress on Africa was held in Atlanta in late 1895 with 'discussions centred around the industrial, intellectual, moral and spiritual "progress" of Afric
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      The World's Congress on Africa was hosted by the Missionary Association in August 1893 in connection with the Chicago World's Fair. The industrial, intellectual, moral, and spiritual "progress" of Africa was the focus of talks at a subsequent Congress on Africa convened in Atlanta in late 1895.
  • n American responses to European colonial rule in Africa were divided. Most black missionaries, predictably, viewed Africa through Western eyes and saw the imposition of European rule as helpful in extending Christianity in the Continent. But there were also black missionary critics of colonialism and particularly of specific colonial rulers. The atrocities carried out by the Congo Free State were publicised by William Sheppard and Henry P. Hawkins, and their white colleague Samuel Lapsley, all of whom worked for the Southern Presbyterians. This led to Sheppard being prosecuted by the Free State authorities.78
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      There were many American responses to European colonial rule in Africa. Predictably, the majority of black missionaries regarded Africa through Western eyes and believed that imposing European control would assist spread Christianity throughout the Continent. However, there were also black mis-sionaries who opposed colonialism in general and particular colonial masters in particular.William Sheppard, Henry P. Hawkins, and their white colleague Samuel Lapsley, who all worked for the Southern Presbyterians, made the atrocities committed by the Congo Free State public.Sheppard was ultimately charged by the Free State authorities as a result.
  • difficulties in the way of, the sending of American Negroes to Africa'.85 A guarded and cautious recommendation by the conference offered to support African American missionaries that were sent to Africa provided they went under the auspices of 'responsible societies of recognized and well-established standing'.86 It was hardly the ringing endorsement that African American delegates had hoped for. However, it was the most that white international mission agencies were prepared to offer. They too had deep suspicions about certain African American activities in colonial Africa. The result was that in the interwar years the number of African American missionaries in Africa steadily decline
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      There are obstacles in the way of transferring American Negroes to Africa.African American missionaries were encouraged to go to Africa with the backing of "responsible societies of recognized and well-established standing," according to the conference's guarded and circumspect proposal.The ringing endorsement that African American delegates had hoped for was far from being received.It was, however, the maximum that white foreign mission organizations were willing to provide. They had the same strong skepticism over specific African-American actions in colonial Africa. As a result, there were increasingly fewer African American missionaries in Africa throughout the interwar period.
masindi0906

Abyssinia. IOR/R/20/G/215 - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 1 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

Sindisiwe Gumede 220072035 History 2A

shared by masindi0906 on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The Galla invasion.,At this period Shoa, which had at times formed part of the old Abyssinian empire, and at others had occupied more or less the position of an independent kingdom, came completely under Moslem sway, with the exception of a few of the most in¬ accessible districts, where small bands of Christians had taken refuge. And now followed the Galla invasion.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 24 Apr 23
       
      The invasion of Galla.At this time, Shoa, which had occasionally been a part of the old Abyssinian empire and occasionally held a position resembling that of an independent kingdom, was entirely ruled by Muslims, with the exception of a few of the most remote areas where small groups of Christians had sought refuge. And the invasion of the Galla came next.
  • Abyssinia was converted to Christianity in A.D. 330, vide page 55. It is not, however, till the 15th century that the course of Early Abyssinian history becomes more clear, and it was in this European century that Abyssinia first came into contact with outside !
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 24 Apr 23
       
      According to page 55, Abyssinia adopted Christianity in the year 330. The trajectory of Early Abyssinian history, however, does not become more obvious until the 15th century, and it was during this European century that Abyssinia first came into contact with the outside world.
  • Early European missions in Shoa. Ras Darghé.,Hailo Melekot. Theodore usurps the Abyssinian Crown.,Menelik taken prisoner by Theodore. Menelik's escape.,Menelik becomes Governor of Shoa. King John enters Shoa.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 24 Apr 23
       
      Early missions by Europeans in Shoa. Hailo Melekot, Ras Darghé. Theodore usurps the throne of Ethiopia and imprisons Menelik. Following Menelik's escape, he is appointed Shoa's governor. The King of Shoa enters.
masindi0906

Two Slave Brothers Birthed Africa's Oldest State Church | Christian History | Christian... - 2 views

www.christianitytoday.com/...hiopian-orthodox-tewahedo.html

Sindisiwe Gumede 220072035 History 2A

shared by masindi0906 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • While the region had been familiar with Christianity for decades, the religion was soon to spread across Axum.
  • While the region had been familiar with Christianity for decades, the religion was soon to spread across Axum.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Christianity had been practised in the area for many years, but it was shortly to become widespread across Axum.
  • Centuries later, when the first Muslims faced persecution, the prophet Muhammad instructed his followers to, “go to Abyssinia, for the king will not tolerate injustice and it is a friendly country, until such time as Allah shall relieve you from your distress.”
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 25 Apr 23
       
      When the early Muslims began to experience persecution centuries later, the prophet Muhammad advised his followers to "go to Abyssinia, for the king will not tolerate injustice and it is a friendly country, until such time as Allah shall relieve you from your distress."
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • Abyssinia was also an early home to the three Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Judaism entered Abyssinia with the Queen of Sheba and later with Jewish exiles and merchants from Yemen and Egypt. (The Jewish community still exists today, although many emigrated to Israel in the 1980s.) One of the earliest Christian baptisms recorded in Scripture was the Ethiopian eunuch in Acts 8 who took his new faith with him to his homeland. Islam came to Axum before it went to its second holiest city, Medina. This migration is known as the First Hijra, when Muhammad’s first followers fled persecution in Mecca.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The three Abrahamic religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, all have early origins in Abyssinia. With the Queen of Sheba and subsequent Jewish refugees and traders from Yemen and Egypt, Judaism first arrived in Abyssinia. (The Jewish community is still present today, despite the fact that many moved to Israel in the 1980s.) The Ethiopian eunuch in Acts 8 was baptised as a Christian and returned to his native country after receiving one of the first accounts of Christian baptism in the Bible. Before spreading to Medina, Islam first arrived in Axum, its second holiest city. The initial Hijra, when Muhammad's initial adherents escaped persecution in Mecca, is referred to as this exodus.
  • Christianity heralded a new age in Abyssinia—the birth of advanced learning. A new class of people emerged fully devoted to learning and the cause of Christianity. As the first vocalized Semitic language, Geez simplified and improved reading and writing.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The advent of modern education in Abyssinia was ushered in by Christianity. A new group of individuals appeared wholly committed to education and the cause of Christianity. Geez, the earliest Semitic language to be spoken, facilitated and enhanced reading and writing.
  • oday, the Tewahdo Church has the most adherents of all the Oriental Orthodox churches and is second only to the Russian Orthodox in size among all Eastern Orthodoxy. (Most of the Oriental churches were eclipsed by the Muslim Crescent and their adherents relegated into minority status.) The Tewahdo Church, however, stayed autonomous despite its centuries-long isolation from the rest of Christendom.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Tewahdo Church currently has the most members of all Oriental Orthodox churches and is the second-largest among all Eastern Orthodoxy. (Most of the Oriental churches were overshadowed by the Muslim Crescent, and those who followed them were reduced to a small minority.) The Tewahdo Church, however, continued to exist independently despite being cut off from the rest of Christendom for many years.
  • This isolation may also have contributed to a theological rift between the Tewahdo Church and the rest of Christianity. The Tewahdo Church (whose name means “being made one” in Geez) follows the Coptic Orthodox belief in the complete union of divine and human natures into one perfectly unified nature in Christ.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Tewahdo Church and the rest of Christianity may have developed a theological divide as a result of this seclusion. The Tewahdo Church adheres to the Coptic Orthodox doctrine that the divine and human natures are totally united into one in Christ (whose name means "being made one" in Geez).
  • The Tewahdo church is the oldest and most venerated institution in Eritrea and Ethiopia. Its presence hasn’t only preserved and built up Christianity—it has created a repository of art, music, culture, poetry, and literature. While Christianity is no longer the official religion of these countries, the Tewahdo church continues to guide the moral, spiritual, and intellectual lives of its more than 45 million adherents.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The oldest and most revered organisation in Ethiopia and Eritrea is the Tewahdo church. Not only has its presence helped to strengthen and protect Christianity, but it has also helped to build a rich cultural, artistic, and literary heritage. The Tewahdo church continues to direct the moral, spiritual, and intellectual lives of its more than 45 million followers despite the fact that Christianity is no longer the recognised religion in these nations.
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