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bulelwa

Gale 77 final pdf.pdf - 3 views

diigo.com/0sf6id

Anathi Johnson

shared by bulelwa on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      This section from "As ivory and copal were reserved by treaty until to the last word that says the revenue of both of these heads". They are the main idea. It tells the reader how bulk breaking is affecting them.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      The word memorundum from this source suggest that this is a primary source.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      Zanzibar is the area explored is my Digo assesment region it is found in East Africa.
  • ...2 more annotations...
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      Tis is the year that is under 19th century.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      Not only did i post this document, I posted original gale document to show that I took this document from UJ database. I was not able to annotate it successfully that is why I annotated the PDF version .
  • bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
     
    This memorandum found in Gale store shows that the ivory trade in Zanzibar which is part of East Africa used a system which is called break bulking to be shipped in small amounts rather than one big cargo which can limit spending the amount of money on shipping goods. Zanzibar was negatively impacted by break bulking and this memorandum sought to address that.
bulelwa

Trade and Transformation: Participation in the Ivory Trade in Late 19th-Century East an... - 1 views

diigo.com/0sf5h9

Anathi Johnson

shared by bulelwa on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ISSN: 0225-5189 (Print) 2158-9100 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rcjd20
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      This serves as proof that this document was donwloaded from UJ database.
  • Trade and Transformation: Participation in the Ivory Trade in Late 19th-Century East and central Africa
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      Based on this title, this journal article will explore how the ivory trade contributed to the 19th century.
  • central
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      I am not interested in this region because Digo research allows me to explore East Africa.
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • central Africa Ruth
  • The issue of policital leaders is covered extensively in the literature, so I will simply highlight a few key issues. First, ivory had important and widespread political meanings as a sign of authority and an item of tr
  • The value of these armlets grew as a result of the increasing scope and intensity of the ivory trade during the 19th century.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows that during the 19th century in East Africa ,ivory was powerful it had an influence on how much other things valued.
  • By the late 19th century, guns had been widely adopted as the elephant in Late hunter's tool of choice, though older methods were still used as well.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      This marks a change in how elephants were poached, my Jstore article states that poachers used an axe to extract ivory from elephants, it was in the 19th century we see the use of guns, which id s a fast process to kill elephants.
  • My interest in the literature on the ivory trade and in 19th-century thinking about trade and its effects on Africa arose
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      In the introduction, there is an establishment of the places this journal will explore in terms of how the ivory trade affected them. But I am concerned with the East African region therefore my annotations will center more on things that involve ivory trade effects in East Africa
  • Ivory provided status and livelihood for porters engaged in transporting it. The ivory trade was crucial in the development of long-distance trade route
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      a new idea that builds from J store. In J store ivory was sold in markets, in this source we are introduced to ivory being traded in local markets.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows that ivory influenced politics.
  • bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
     
    This is a source from Taylor and Francis. It talks about the participation of East African societies during the late nineteenth century. Furthermore, it shows how ivory was an economic and political activity in East Africa during the nineteenth century. It also shows how the ivory trade led to a decline in the number of elephants in East Africa. This is the PDF version, I experienced technical difficulties when trying to annotate it from the original database. But inside this PDF I annotated evidence to show this document was downloaded from the UJ database.
bulelwa

Zanzibar. Memorandum Respecting the Value of the German Coast Line to the Sultan - Docu... - 2 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

Anathi Johnson

shared by bulelwa on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Zanzibar. Memorandum Respecting the Value of the German Coast Line to the Sult
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is a memorandum that deals with ivory trade issues in East Africa before 1890.
bulelwa

Trade and Transformation: Participation in the Ivory Trade in Late 19th-Century East an... - 18 views

www.tandfonline.com/...02255189.1998.9669768

Nobuhle Mapumulo History 2A

shared by bulelwa on 19 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Zanzibar between of~evelopment 1887 and 1889.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      Zanzibar is part of East Africa and the date corresponds with my research time frame.
  • My interest in the literature on the ivory trade and in 19th-century thinking about trade and its effects on Africa
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      In the introduction, there is an establishment of the places this journal will explore in terms of how the ivory trade affected them. But I am concerned with the East African region therefore my annotations will center more on things that involve ivory trade effects in East Africa.
  • Trade and Transformation: Tarticipation in the lvory Trade in Late 19th-Century East
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      Based on this title, this journal article will explore how the ivory trade contributed to the 19th century.
bulelwa

The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century.pdf - 2 views

diigo.com/0sesqh

Anathi Johnson

shared by bulelwa on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • THE EAST AFRICAN IVORY TRADE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This suggests that East Africa may have killed many hypothalamus animals because their region had animals that had favorable traits when it comes to the ivory trade.
  • THE East African ivory trade i
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      The word "ancient" means a long time. This suggests that the ivory trade has been in practice in East Africa for a long time.
  • East African ivory is soft ivory and is ideal for carving. It was in keen demand in the Orient because of its superior quality and because it was less expensive than that from south-e
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This suggests that East Africa may have killed many hypothalamus animals because their region had animals that had favorable traits such as having quality when it comes to ivory. Carving means: fashioning an object.
  • ...26 more annotations...
  • But
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This shows that in nineteen century marked a good sharp increase in the ivory trade in East Africa. It may suggest that people started to be involved in the ivory trade if they were not involved.
  • But it was in the nineteenth century that the great development of the East African ivory trade took place. An
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This information shows that the involvement of Americans and Europeans resulted in the ivory trade increasing more. With an increase in the ivory trade meant that animals such as elephants, and rhinos were being killed in huge figures. This is what the author suggests when he/she says, "This led to extensive exploitation of ivory resources" America's involvement does not shock One that the ivory trade was increased to a point where resources got exploited. It is because America is advanced and it had more money or things that East Africans needed.
  • ncreased demand for ivory in America and Europe coincided with the opening up of East Africa by Arab traders and European explorers, and
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This information shows that the involvement of Americans and Europeans resulted in the ivory trade increasing more. With an increase in the ivory trade meant that animals such as elephants, and rhinos were being killed in huge figures. This is what the author suggests when he/she says, "This led to extensive exploitation of ivory resources" America's involvement does not shock one that the ivory trade was increased to a point where resources got exploited. It is because America is advanced and it had more money or things that East Africans needed.
  • this led to the intensive exploitation of the ivory resources of the interior. Thro
  • neteenth century, East Africa ranked as the foremost source of ivory in the world; ivory over-topped all rivals, ev
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This shows that East Africa was the best than other places in Africa that were competing with them when it came to the ivory trade.
  • ntil the early nineteenth century, ivory was obtained in suf
  • Until the early nineteenth century, ivory was obtained in sufficient quantity from the coast to meet demand,
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      key event. This event marked an increase in the amount of ivory being obtained to meet people who demanded it.
  • rade was lucrative,
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Defination producing a great deal of profit
  • The onslaught on the ivory reserves of the East African interior in the nineteenth century took the form of a two-way thrust, that from the north by the Egyptians under Muhammad Ali, which penetrated southwards into the Sudan and Equatoria, and that from the east coast by the Arabs under Sultan Said of Zanzibar, following the transference of the seat of his authority from Muscat to Zanzibar in I832. Within a decade of Said's move to Zanzibar and the Egyptian advance southwards, the ivory traders were out en masse.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Paraphrased to understand it The nineteenth-century onslaught on the interior of East Africa's ivory valuables took the form of a two-way
  • den may do it in four months.' The two great inland markets for ivory were Unyanyembe (Tabora) in what is now central Tanzania, and Ujiji on the east coast of Lake Tanganyika.1
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      These are the places where most of the time ivory trade took place.
  • Cameron, arriving here in i874, speaks of the 'special ornaments' here of 'beautifully white and wonderfully polished hippopotamus ivory'. These ivory carvings at Ujiji were exceptional
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This means that ivory was used to make nice products that are aesthetic.
  • The popular measurement of cloth in East Africa was the 'piece' or shukkah which, although varying in breadth, was always four cubits in lengt
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      I am confused why is the article talking about the popular measurement of cloth instead of dealing with the ivory trade? .
  • The ivory trader had to know his ivory, which varies from hard to soft. On the whole, the ivory of East Africa is of the soft variety. The d
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This idea is repeated, it allude that it was important to have soft ivory rather than hard because white ivory made more profit in sale.
  • vory is white, opaque, and smooth, it is gently curved, and easily worked, and has what might be called 'spring'. Har
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      The reader gets the image of how hard ivory looks.
  • ivory is white, opaque, and smooth, it is gently curved, and easily worked, and has what might be called 'spring'. Hard ivory, on the other hand, is translucent, glossy and of a heavier specific gravity than soft ivory; it is more subject to extremes of temperature and more difficult to carve.
  • is
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      I get an image of how white ivory looks like
  • Ivory tusks ranged in weight from the small tusks destined for the Indian market and weighing no more than a few pounds, to the huge tusks of 200 lb. and more which were regularly carried to the coast.13 Small
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This shows that there were different types of sizes tusks that were used for ivory. The small tusks allude that these rhinos or elephants were killed at a young age.
  • d. The task of removal was much facilitated by using a steel axe, which the Arabs usually possessed, but the natives rarely. Bargaining for ivory required infinite pati
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is animal abuse how can they use such This is animal abuse how can they use such dangerous objects on animals? A tool as an axe is dangerous it kills animals which may resulted in hypothalamus animals extinct. How can they use dangerous objects on animals? A tool as an axe is dangerous it kills animals which may resulted in hypothalamus animals extinct.
  • The value of ivory was calculated in different ways. The African estimated its value by its size and qua
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      These where two ways to calculate the worth of ivory.
  • ding. The price on the world market was remarkably free from fluctuations; no commodity retained such a stable price as did ivory in the nineteenth ce
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Nothing had a stable price like ivory in nineteenth, which means other products had increase and decrease over the price these times.
  • enya to trade for ivory. The original plans for an East African railway were based on the assumption that the haulage of ivory would be a valuable source of revenue.3
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This shows that East Africa first planned that Ivory will be their source of income.
  • '. The shooting of cow elephants was prohibited, and all ivory below io lb. weight (raised to 30 lb. in I905) was liable to confiscation. Demarcation of reserves also followed.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is good because if they give elephants a chance to grow they will be able to reproduce and maintain the population. Order to prevent elephants from being extinct.
  • a.40 Instances of infringement of the game laws and trading in illicit ivory continued to come before the courts throughout the earlier twentieth cen
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This means that in the late 19th century not much illegal ivory trade were reported.
  • Figures of ivory exports from East Africa during the early nineteenth century are not easy to obt
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Why is that so? was it because no one cared to calculate or there a many numbers of exports?
  • Various figures have been put forth to show the number of elephants killed to supply the above ivory exports. Baker's estimate that 3,000 elephants were killed annually, to supply the ivory transported down the Nile during the i86os, may not be far off the m
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is is sad ,many animals killed for their horns.
  • SUMMARY The East African ivory trade is an ancient one: East African ivory is soft ivory and is ideal for carving, and was always in great demand. It figures prominently in the earliest reference to trading activities on the East African Coast. But the great development came in the nineteenth century when an increased demand for ivory in America and Europe coincided with the opening up of East Africa by Arab traders and European explorers. The onslaught on the ivory resources of the interior took the form of a two-way thrust-from the north by the Egyptians who penetrated into the Sudan and E
  • bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
     
    This is a source from the J store it talks about ivory in the nineteenth century. There is a link below that proves I was able to get it on the UJ database. I could not annotate my PDF straight from the J store due to technical difficulties not because I do not know how to annotate from the J store. My tutor said I should add a link to my source. This is my link below https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/179483.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Afb9e9b59532f72e2bb9a12ae108a610a&ab_segments=&origin=&initiator=
bulelwa

Ivory trade eradicated elephants from eastern Africa - Futurity - 4 views

www.futurity.org/ivory-elephants-1276882-2

Anathi Johnson

shared by bulelwa on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • trade
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Based on this title, seems like it will explore how the ivory trade impacted elephants from East Africa in a negative manner. In essence, it will explore how the ivory trade destroyed the existence if elephants of elephants in East Africa
  • eradicated
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      The word eradicated means to destroy or put to an end completely.
  • Archaeologists
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      The study aimed to learn about the past history of humans and animals.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • 19th century.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is an important date because it links to the time frame that is asked in the Digo assessment.
  • Eastern Africa has been a major source of elephant ivory for millennia, with a sharp increase in trade witnessed during the 19th century fueled by escalating demand from Europe and North America.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is the author's main idea. The author tires to insinuate that elephants' existence in East Africa was threatened by the high request for ivory from Europe and North America.
  • Isotope analysis
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Definition is the identification of isotopic signature, abundance of certain stable isotopes of chemical elements within organic and inorganic compounds.
  • Desirable objects such as cutlery-handles, piano keys, and billiard balls drove the extension of global trade networks and the industrialization of the ivory-working industry
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is another idea that proves that the Elephant population was put to an end during the 19th century because their horns were used to make objects such as cutlery, piano keys, and many more.
  • on historic East African ivory and skeletal remains provided information about diet and therefore elephants’ likely habitat, which allowed scientists to figure out where ivory originally came from and to map elephant geography in the region
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This shows that it was through, Isotope analysis that made a scientist could see the origin of elephants that were used for the ivory trade.
  • vory samples traded after 1890 matched elephants living in forested interior regions of East Africa.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This provides information that elephants that were used to perform ivory came from East Africa which is why their ivory samples match with living elephants in East Africa.
  • The findings, published in PLOS ONE,  support previous evidence suggesting that an increase in hunting resulted in the eradication of elephants from along the coast of southern Kenya and northern Tanzania by the mid-19th century, driving trade inland.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is another main idea, that suggests that the increase in hunting resulted in elephants being put to an end in places that are found in the East African region for instance Tanzania.
  • Today, elephants live in national parks and game reserves in these same landscapes, but are more restricted in terms of their movement than they would have been in the 19th century.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This shows that in the 19th century, elephants were freed to move freely without guidance it was because of the rise of the ivory trade in East Africa that affected their movement.
  • bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
     
    A blog that narrates the effects of the ivory trade in East Africa in 19th century.
bulelwa

Ivory_1880s.jpg (940×708) - 3 views

blogs.sas.ac.uk/...Ivory_1880s.jpg

Anathi Johnson

shared by bulelwa on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This image show Ivory trade in East Africa before 1890.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      The huge number of elephants suggests that many elephants were killed for the ivory trade.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Who are these white people in this image? Could it possibly be by Portuguese and Hellenic ?. Based on background research I Conducted I found that East Africa traded with mainly Arabia, India, Persia (Iran), China, Greece, and Portugal.
  • ...3 more annotations...
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Why is there only men who are in this picture?. Does this imply that men were the only ones the participated in the ivory trade?
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Judging from the color and physician of these men I predict that they are black men from East Africa.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      What are the advantages and disadvantages of Ivory trade.
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