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The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century.pdf - 4 views

Mathapelo Mabote HISTORY 2A

shared by mathapelo063 on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • But it was in the nineteenth century that the great development of the East African ivory trade took place. An increased demand for ivory in America and Europe coincided with the opening up of East Africa by Arab traders and European explorers, and this led to the intensive exploitation of the ivory resources of the interior. Throughout
    • mathapelo063
      mathapelo063 on 24 Apr 23
       
      The Arabs and European explorers (Portuguese) were the ones who ensured that the East African ivory trade flourished.
  • Until the early nineteenth century, ivory was obtained in sufficient quantity from the coast to meet demand, but, writing in the i84os, the missionary Krapf observed that, although the elephant was still found in some areas near the coast, ivory caravans were now making regular trips into Usagara, Masailand and the Kikuyu countries. Krapf was surprised to see an elephant tusk from Kikuyuland so large that it required three stalwart Akamba tribesmen to carry it.
    • mathapelo063
      mathapelo063 on 24 Apr 23
       
      As the demand for ivory increased in Europe and America, elephant hunters began to hunt day in and day out for the tusks in order to meet the demand. This led to a slight decrease in the number of elephants in that area.
  • It was the ivory trade which evoked from Krapf the cry: 'How many slaves, how many women, how much palm-wine, how many objects for the gratification of lust and vanity are purchased by the Galla, Wanika, Wakamba and Swahili with the ivory which they bring to the coast.'4
    • mathapelo063
      mathapelo063 on 24 Apr 23
       
      The competition to find ivory led tribes who resided in areas with elephants to lose their homes and land in a cruel manner.
  • mathapelo063 on 24 Apr 23
     
    The article describes the Ivory trade in East Africa in the 19th century. Here we see the value ivory had and its demand in Europe and America. Due to its demand, many European travelers began to settle closer to the ivory reserves. This led to the locals being forcefully removed from their land. We also see the journeys of different European explorers where they describe the conditions in East Africa during this period. As the demand for ivory increased, the need to build a proper infrastructure, such as railways for the transportation of ivory from the interior to the coast for shipment emerged. Ivory was the source of wealth for the European explorers and the kings and chiefs in East Africa.
mathapelo063

Africa's ivory trade - a history of criminalisation, corruption and violence - SAS Blogs - 3 views

blogs.sas.ac.uk/...sation-corruption-and-violence

Mathapelo Mabote HISTORY 2A

shared by mathapelo063 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
    • mathapelo063
      mathapelo063 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The hate for poaching elephants for their ivory began in the late 20th century. Here we see media coverage about this matter, and different organizations pertaining to the conservation of the environment raising awareness about this matter. We also see members of the public, especially in the Western world growing conscious about the killing of animals.
  • Every decade or so, dating back to the 1970s, there is an upsurge of media interest in the slaughter of elephants for their ivory, and the implications for wildlife conservation. Here, Keith Somerville a senior research fellow at the Institute of Commonwealth Studies (ICWS), who is currently researching ivory poaching in Africa, provides an account of the current state of the illicit industry that is threatening to wipe out elephants and other species
  • More ominously, in the eyes of Western governments, Elephant Action League’s (a conservation advocacy group) investigations show the Somali Islamist Al Shabab movement earning between $200,000 and $600,000 a month from ivory poaching and smuggling. Some Western security sources and President Kenyatta of Kenya have also said the Al Shabab raid on the Westgate Mall in Nairobi in which 67 people were killed, was funded by ivory smuggling.
    • mathapelo063
      mathapelo063 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Traders or people could make fortunes from selling Ivory. Now as people all over the world became environmentally conscious, the traders felt threatened that their hustle will come to an end. As a result, they resorted to trading the ivory illegally.
mathapelo063

Trade and Transformation: Participation in the Ivory Trade in Late 19th-Century East an... - 2 views

Mathapelo Mabote HISTORY 2A

shared by mathapelo063 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • First, discussions of long-distance trade focus almost entirely on the slave trade, even when authors say they are going to discuss the ivory trade.
    • mathapelo063
      mathapelo063 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Why did the authors divert to the slave trade when they clearly stated that their focus is on the ivory trade?
  • Fourth, several important works on the ivory trade assume that there was no demand for ivory within Africa. The trade was therefore entirely driven by demand outside the continent.
    • mathapelo063
      mathapelo063 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Most literature about the ivory trade in East Africa in the 19th century focuses on the demand for ivory from foreign markets and not on the demand for ivory within the local markets.
  • The issue of policital leaders is covered extensively in the literature, so I will simply highlight a few key issues. First, ivory had important and widespread political meanings as a sign of authority and an item of tribute. This was frequently expressed in terms of rights to the "ground tusk:' the tusk from the side of the dead elephant that lay on the ground. Ivory had corresponding uses in regalia and displays of power, both material and ritual. Second, like the slave trade, the ivory trade strengthened some political leaders and systems, but more often and more significantly it provided new avenues to power and wealth for those lower in the political hierarchies or outside them altogether. In some of these new political arrangements, a complete monopoly on ivory was substituted for the older, partial one.
    • mathapelo063
      mathapelo063 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Ivory became essential for the political space in the 19th century. To exercise power and authority, you had to be involved in the ivory trade or own items made from ivory.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • The second area of transformation involved bringing peace and order to areas where local people would otherwise be fighting each other
    • mathapelo063
      mathapelo063 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Due to the competition of ivory hunting and the issuing of incentives when trading, the locals and the traders would then fight each other.
  • mathapelo063 on 25 Apr 23
     
    The document critiques the literature of the 19th century about the ivory trade in East Africa. He uses the journey of Henry M. Stanely, who collected ivory throughout the interior of East Africa to the coast, as inspiration for his thesis. He also provides an in-depth analysis of the ivory trade in terms of its importance to the East African communities and the logistics of the trade.
mathapelo063

Arab in Central Africa. Ivory trade.pdf - 4 views

Mathapelo Mabote HISTORY 2A

shared by mathapelo063 on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • mathapelo063 on 24 Apr 23
     
    The document shows the Arab invasion of Central Africa. It also includes information provided by eyewitnesses( travelers, colonizers, residents, etc.) where we see the population in the region beginning to decline due to the slave trade and the conquering of stateless societies by chiefdoms. Page 7 of this document shows that in the late 19th century, chiefdoms were raiding societies that had no leaders of chiefs. This was done to expand this chiefdoms and for military services. We can see that Chief Zappu Zapp traded with the Arabs who invaded Central Africa for guns, in exchange of slaves and ivory. Chief Zappu Zapp had an advantage as his soldiers were armed with guns in addition to bows and arrows, while other chiefdoms only had bows and arrows for protection.
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