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bulelwa

The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century.pdf - 2 views

Anathi Johnson

shared by bulelwa on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • THE EAST AFRICAN IVORY TRADE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This suggests that East Africa may have killed many hypothalamus animals because their region had animals that had favorable traits when it comes to the ivory trade.
  • THE East African ivory trade i
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      The word "ancient" means a long time. This suggests that the ivory trade has been in practice in East Africa for a long time.
  • East African ivory is soft ivory and is ideal for carving. It was in keen demand in the Orient because of its superior quality and because it was less expensive than that from south-e
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This suggests that East Africa may have killed many hypothalamus animals because their region had animals that had favorable traits such as having quality when it comes to ivory. Carving means: fashioning an object.
  • ...26 more annotations...
  • But
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This shows that in nineteen century marked a good sharp increase in the ivory trade in East Africa. It may suggest that people started to be involved in the ivory trade if they were not involved.
  • But it was in the nineteenth century that the great development of the East African ivory trade took place. An
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This information shows that the involvement of Americans and Europeans resulted in the ivory trade increasing more. With an increase in the ivory trade meant that animals such as elephants, and rhinos were being killed in huge figures. This is what the author suggests when he/she says, "This led to extensive exploitation of ivory resources" America's involvement does not shock One that the ivory trade was increased to a point where resources got exploited. It is because America is advanced and it had more money or things that East Africans needed.
  • ncreased demand for ivory in America and Europe coincided with the opening up of East Africa by Arab traders and European explorers, and
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This information shows that the involvement of Americans and Europeans resulted in the ivory trade increasing more. With an increase in the ivory trade meant that animals such as elephants, and rhinos were being killed in huge figures. This is what the author suggests when he/she says, "This led to extensive exploitation of ivory resources" America's involvement does not shock one that the ivory trade was increased to a point where resources got exploited. It is because America is advanced and it had more money or things that East Africans needed.
  • this led to the intensive exploitation of the ivory resources of the interior. Thro
  • neteenth century, East Africa ranked as the foremost source of ivory in the world; ivory over-topped all rivals, ev
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This shows that East Africa was the best than other places in Africa that were competing with them when it came to the ivory trade.
  • ntil the early nineteenth century, ivory was obtained in suf
  • Until the early nineteenth century, ivory was obtained in sufficient quantity from the coast to meet demand,
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      key event. This event marked an increase in the amount of ivory being obtained to meet people who demanded it.
  • rade was lucrative,
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Defination producing a great deal of profit
  • The onslaught on the ivory reserves of the East African interior in the nineteenth century took the form of a two-way thrust, that from the north by the Egyptians under Muhammad Ali, which penetrated southwards into the Sudan and Equatoria, and that from the east coast by the Arabs under Sultan Said of Zanzibar, following the transference of the seat of his authority from Muscat to Zanzibar in I832. Within a decade of Said's move to Zanzibar and the Egyptian advance southwards, the ivory traders were out en masse.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Paraphrased to understand it The nineteenth-century onslaught on the interior of East Africa's ivory valuables took the form of a two-way
  • den may do it in four months.' The two great inland markets for ivory were Unyanyembe (Tabora) in what is now central Tanzania, and Ujiji on the east coast of Lake Tanganyika.1
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      These are the places where most of the time ivory trade took place.
  • Cameron, arriving here in i874, speaks of the 'special ornaments' here of 'beautifully white and wonderfully polished hippopotamus ivory'. These ivory carvings at Ujiji were exceptional
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This means that ivory was used to make nice products that are aesthetic.
  • The popular measurement of cloth in East Africa was the 'piece' or shukkah which, although varying in breadth, was always four cubits in lengt
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      I am confused why is the article talking about the popular measurement of cloth instead of dealing with the ivory trade? .
  • The ivory trader had to know his ivory, which varies from hard to soft. On the whole, the ivory of East Africa is of the soft variety. The d
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This idea is repeated, it allude that it was important to have soft ivory rather than hard because white ivory made more profit in sale.
  • vory is white, opaque, and smooth, it is gently curved, and easily worked, and has what might be called 'spring'. Har
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      The reader gets the image of how hard ivory looks.
  • ivory is white, opaque, and smooth, it is gently curved, and easily worked, and has what might be called 'spring'. Hard ivory, on the other hand, is translucent, glossy and of a heavier specific gravity than soft ivory; it is more subject to extremes of temperature and more difficult to carve.
  • is
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      I get an image of how white ivory looks like
  • Ivory tusks ranged in weight from the small tusks destined for the Indian market and weighing no more than a few pounds, to the huge tusks of 200 lb. and more which were regularly carried to the coast.13 Small
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This shows that there were different types of sizes tusks that were used for ivory. The small tusks allude that these rhinos or elephants were killed at a young age.
  • d. The task of removal was much facilitated by using a steel axe, which the Arabs usually possessed, but the natives rarely. Bargaining for ivory required infinite pati
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is animal abuse how can they use such This is animal abuse how can they use such dangerous objects on animals? A tool as an axe is dangerous it kills animals which may resulted in hypothalamus animals extinct. How can they use dangerous objects on animals? A tool as an axe is dangerous it kills animals which may resulted in hypothalamus animals extinct.
  • The value of ivory was calculated in different ways. The African estimated its value by its size and qua
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      These where two ways to calculate the worth of ivory.
  • ding. The price on the world market was remarkably free from fluctuations; no commodity retained such a stable price as did ivory in the nineteenth ce
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Nothing had a stable price like ivory in nineteenth, which means other products had increase and decrease over the price these times.
  • enya to trade for ivory. The original plans for an East African railway were based on the assumption that the haulage of ivory would be a valuable source of revenue.3
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This shows that East Africa first planned that Ivory will be their source of income.
  • '. The shooting of cow elephants was prohibited, and all ivory below io lb. weight (raised to 30 lb. in I905) was liable to confiscation. Demarcation of reserves also followed.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is good because if they give elephants a chance to grow they will be able to reproduce and maintain the population. Order to prevent elephants from being extinct.
  • a.40 Instances of infringement of the game laws and trading in illicit ivory continued to come before the courts throughout the earlier twentieth cen
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This means that in the late 19th century not much illegal ivory trade were reported.
  • Figures of ivory exports from East Africa during the early nineteenth century are not easy to obt
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Why is that so? was it because no one cared to calculate or there a many numbers of exports?
  • Various figures have been put forth to show the number of elephants killed to supply the above ivory exports. Baker's estimate that 3,000 elephants were killed annually, to supply the ivory transported down the Nile during the i86os, may not be far off the m
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is is sad ,many animals killed for their horns.
  • SUMMARY The East African ivory trade is an ancient one: East African ivory is soft ivory and is ideal for carving, and was always in great demand. It figures prominently in the earliest reference to trading activities on the East African Coast. But the great development came in the nineteenth century when an increased demand for ivory in America and Europe coincided with the opening up of East Africa by Arab traders and European explorers. The onslaught on the ivory resources of the interior took the form of a two-way thrust-from the north by the Egyptians who penetrated into the Sudan and E
  • bulelwa on 25 Apr 23
     
    This is a source from the J store it talks about ivory in the nineteenth century. There is a link below that proves I was able to get it on the UJ database. I could not annotate my PDF straight from the J store due to technical difficulties not because I do not know how to annotate from the J store. My tutor said I should add a link to my source. This is my link below https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/179483.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Afb9e9b59532f72e2bb9a12ae108a610a&ab_segments=&origin=&initiator=
amahlemotumi

Full article: 'Fighting Stick of Thunder': Firearms and the Zulu Kingdom: The Cultural ... - 7 views

www.tandfonline.com/...0729247314Z.00000000040

Amahle Motumi 220069900 History 2A

shared by amahlemotumi on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Anglo-Zulu War of 1879.
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      War between the Zulus and British because the Zulus did not want to submit to British law.
  • he iqungo’, he told Stuart, ‘affects those who kill with an assegai, but not those who kill with a gun, for with a gun it is just as if the man had shot a buck, and no ill result will follow
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      Singcofela who was part of the war between british and zulu explains that when killing with a gun a person does not get the insanity that one who kills with an assegai has an aftermath effect of war
  • ‘guns were useful commodities that people linked to new ways of thinking and behaving
  • ...55 more annotations...
  • A single technology such as that of firearms may be taken up and employed by different societies in a great variety of ways and with fluctuating levels of success.
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      societies used guns differently, some used them to gain more success in both political and economic ways.
  • The voracious one of Senzangakhona,Spear that is red even on the handle [...]The young viper grows as it sits,Always in a great rage
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      praise song
  • otho thoroughly embraced firearms, considerably modified their traditional methods of warfare, and successfully took on Boers and Britons alike, at the other extreme the Zulu only gingerly made use of firearms and did not permit them to affect their way of warfare to any marked degree.
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      Sothos changed the battle techniques upon having access to guns but the Zulu stuck to their old ways of fighting in battle but introduced a new weapon , the gun.
  • he battle of Isandlwana he killed a British soldier who fired at him with his revolver and missed:
  • By contrast, in South Africa, the spread of guns was far slower because of the sheer, vast extent of the sub-continent’s interior and its lack of ports. Although indigenous peoples like the Xhosa, Sotho, Pedi and Zulu gradually adopted firearms during the course of the nineteenth century, they did so with varying degrees of eagerness.
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      gun ownership spread in a slower pace in South Africa due to the lack of ports for ships to arrive in.
  • makhanda (military homesteads)
  • individuals in each of these companies (amaviyo)
  • ew ibutho (age-grade regiment)
  • amakhanda,
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      STATES WITH FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS
  • adets
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      OFFICER TRAINEE
  • to giya, or to perform a war dance,
  • In battle, the Zulu tactical intention was to outflank and enclose the enemy in a flexible manoeuvre, evidently developed from the hunt, which could be readily adapted to a pitched battle in the open field or to a surprise attack
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      the Zulu on battelfield resembled them hunting down prey. The same tactics to corner enemy
  • abaqawe [heroes or warriors of distinction]
  • he king ordered them to wear a distinctive necklace, made from small blocks of willow wood (known as an iziqu),
  • ormed Stuart that coward’s meat ‘would be roasted and roasted and then soaked in cold water. It was then taken out of the water and given to the cowards, while the king urged them on to fight. Upon this they would begin to steel themselves, saying, “When will there be war, so that I can leave off this meat?”’ If the coward was then reported to have acquitted himself fiercely in battle, the king ‘would then praise him and say, “Do not again give him the meat of the cowards; let him eat the meat of the heroes.”
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      any warrior who became cowardice was punished and made to eat of the deceased cowards who flunked in war, only if they excelled in war were they granted the opportunity to outgrow the roasted coward meat
  • he traders owed him military service, and it quickly came to Shaka’s attention that they possessed muskets
  • This stick which they carry, what is it for?
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      EARLY ZULU PEOPLE WERE NOT FAMILIAR WITH GUNS
  • deed, it was reportedly Shaka’s far-fetched intention ‘to send a regiment of men to England who there would scatter in all directions in order to ascertain exactly how guns were made, and then return to construct some in Zululand’
  • 1826, he used the limited but alarming firepower of the Port Natal traders and their trained African retainers against his great rivals, the Ndwandwe people, in the decisive battle of the izinDolowane hills; and in 1827, he again used their firepower in subduing the Khumalo peopl
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      SHAKA STARTED USING THE GUNS AS A WEAPON TO DEFEATED HIS ENEMIES
  • uring the 1830s, guns began to be traded into Zululand in greater numbers, much to the despair of the missionary Captain Allen Gardiner.
  • He saw in this incipient trade a Zulu threat to all their neighbours, and was much disheartened, in 1835, when the Zulu elite evinced no interest in the word of God, but only in his instruction in the best use of the onomatopoeic ‘issibum’, or musket
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      MISSIONARIES TRIED SPREADING THE WORD OF GOD BUT FAILED BECAUSE THE ZULU WERE ONLY INTERESTED IN GUNS
  • mercenaries
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      SOLDIERS PAID BY FOREIGN COUNTRY TO FIGHT IN ITS ARMY
  • emigrant farmers (or Voortrekkers)
  • ingane knew that they and their guns posed a deadly threat to his kingdom. Dingane’s treacherous attempt, early in 1838, to take the Voortrekkers unawares and destroy them, was only partially successfu
  • The Zulu discovered that, because of the heavy musket fire, in neither battle could they could get close enough to the Voortrekkers’ laager to make any use of their spears or clubbed sticks in the toe-to-toe fighting to which they were accustomed
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      THEY COULD ONLY ATTACK ENEMIES AT CLOSE RANGE BECASUE THEY HAD SPEARS AND STICKS
  • eadrick argued that colonial warfare only became truly asymmetric with the introduction between the late 1860s and 1880s of breech-loading rifles, quick-loading artillery and machine guns
  • The Zulus’ disastrous defeats at Voortrekker hands only confirmed the chilling efficacy of firearms and the need to possess the new weapons
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      BECAUSE OF THE MANY DEFEATS THE ZULU THOUGHT ABOUT POSSESING A NEW WEAPON, GUNS.
  • (isithunyisa is a Zulu word for gu
  • weapons technology could not be ignored. From the late 1860s, firearms began to spread rapidly throughout South Africa,
  • ince they were not in a position to obtain many through trade, young Pedi men (in what became a recognized rite of manhood) regularly made their way to the labour markets of Natal and the Cape and bought firearms from gun- traders with their earnings.
  • etshwayo had to import firearms thorough traders.
  • he enterprising hunter-trader John Dunn, who gained Cetshwayo’s ear as his adviser, cornered the lucrative Zulu arms market, buying from merchants in the Cape and Natal and trading the firearms (mainly antiquated muskets) in Zululand through Portuguese Delagoa Bay to avoid Natal laws against gun trafficki
  • ancillaries
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      supporting weapon
  • 20,000 guns entered Zululand during Cetshwayo’s reign
  • he Zulu army, or impi,
  • What this evidence makes clear is that firearms were not necessarily widely dispersed into the hands of ordinary warriors, and that many had little (if any) practical training in their use.
  • h the unskilled way in which they were maintained, with the often poor quality of their gunpowder and shot, and with shortages of percussion caps and cartridges.
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      zulus could not maitain the guns and had poor ammunition and skill of suing the gun
  • Put simply, most Zulu did not shoot well because they had scant practice in it
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      had little practice in shooting
  • he Zulu had their own names for each of the bewildering varieties of firearms of all sizes and shapes and degrees of sophistication that came into their hands
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      zulus named the guns according to the shapes and sizes
  • Xhosa were skilled in their use of firearms, and made for formidable foes.
  • the Zulu elite came to regard them as significant indicators of power and prestige, and recognized their efficacy in hunting and fighting
  • est firearms went to men of high status and, according to Bikwayo, double-barrelled ones seemed to have been the most prestigious
  • nceku, or personal attendan
  • aluable, dangerous, and exotic as they were, firearms inevitably conferred the mystique of power upon the possessor
  • sigodlo (or private household
  • ade all those with guns hold their barrels downwards on to, but not actually touching, a sherd containing some smoking substance, i.e. burning drugs, fire being underneath the sherd, in order that smoke might go up the barrel. This was done so that bullets would go straight, and, on hitting any European, kill him
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      ritual done to enhance the aim on European and kill him
  • the nineteenth century, firearms became increasingly essential for hunting, one of the most important economic activities in southern Africa because of the international value placed on tusks, hides, and feathers
  • ory, in particular, was equally a source of wealth for the Zulu king, who was no longer content with his men killing elephants (as described by the hunter, Adulphe Delagorgue) by stabbing them with spears and letting them bleed to death, or driving them into pits filled with stake
    • amahlemotumi
      amahlemotumi on 26 Apr 23
       
      guns were used to kill elephants and it was easier to obtain ivory
  • weapons themselves still had to be incorporated into the ceremonies of ritual purification and strengthening that preceded battle.
  • inyanga, or war doctor,
  • rince Cetshwayo ‘succeeded in killing someone there, by shooting him when he was in caves among the rocks [...] on the hillsid
  • Mystical forces, in other words, would compensate for lack of practical skill in hitting a target, just as they would protect a man from wounds and death.
  • tshelele ka Godide told Stuart of a hunter who accidentally shot himself in the stomach and died when the butt of his cocked gun touched the ground. Cetshwayo ordered his izangoma (diviners) to hold a ‘smelling out’ (umhlahlo) and they pronounced that the victims’ brother ‘had worked evil (lumba) on the gun’.
  • e Zulu adoption of firearms was partial and imperfect, hedged about by all sorts of hindrances, both practical and essentially cultural. Only a handful of men who had close contact with white hunters and traders were easily familiar with firearms, and knew how to use them.
  • e bulk of amabutho continued to treat their guns like throwing spears, to be discarded before the real hand-to-hand fighting began. Why, we might ask, did they not make more effective use of them in 1879,
  • spheleletembe on 25 Apr 23
     
    John Laband's article explores the cultural complexities of the transfer of firearms technology to the Zulu Kingdom in the 19th century. While initially resistant to firearms due to their reliance on traditional close combat tactics, the Zulu eventually embraced the technology and incorporated it into their military strategies. However, Laband argues that the adoption of firearms was not a straightforward adoption of Western technology, but rather a complex process of cultural adaptation and appropriation. Despite relying on firearms, the Zulu continued to value traditional warrior virtues, resulting in a hybridization of Zulu and Western military traditions. This unique blend of traditions played a significant role in the Zulu's success in battle against colonial powers. The article highlights the nuanced and complex nature of cultural exchange and technological transfer, and how these processes are shaped by cultural values and traditions.
xsmaa246

untitled.pdf - 3 views

Asmaa Al-Helou 221178198

shared by xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ‘Fighting Stick of Thunder’: Firearms and the Zulu Kingdom: The Cultural Ambiguities of Transferring Weapons Technology
    • xsmaa246
      xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23
       
      this article also speaks on firearms in southern Africa specifically south africa, however, this time unlike the other source it focuses on firearms in accordance with the Zulu kingdom and how they are used as the previous article from Taylor and Francis generally talked about it in south africa and how they used it for trade and hunting.
  • This paper investigates the reluctance of the nineteenth-century Zulu people of southern Africa fully to embrace fi rearms in their war-making, and posits that this was an expression of their military culture
    • xsmaa246
      xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23
       
      basically saying that the paper will talk about why south africans did not embrace using guns in their wars.
  • ecause fi rearms were prestigious weapons, monopolized by the elite, or professional hunters, Zulu commoners had little opportunity to master them and continued to rely instead on their traditional weapons, particularly the stabbing-spear
    • xsmaa246
      xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23
       
      because firearms were only owned and used by the elite or professional hunters it was hard for Zulu commoners to get their hands on them and so used their traditional weaponry.
  • ...27 more annotations...
  • n so, cultural rather than practical reasons were behind the rank and fi le’s reluctance to upgrade fi rearms to their prime weapon.
  • to unpack the Zulus’ own perception of their heroic military culture, it is argued that, because of the engrained Zulu cultural consensus that only hand-to-hand combat was appropriate conduct for a true fi ghting-man, killing at a distance with a fi rearm was of inferior signifi cance, and did not even entail the ritual pollution that followed homicide and the shedding of human blood. Only close combat was worthy of praise and commemoration.
    • xsmaa246
      xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23
       
      in the zulu culture, it is of inferior significance that zulu fight with firearms as they believe that they should fight through hand to hand
  • In his recent, richly nuanced study, Guns, Race, and Power in Colonial South Africa, William Kelleher Storey argues that, in the context of growing colonial cultural and economic infl uence, as well as of expanding political control in South Africa, ‘guns were useful commodities that people linked to new ways of thinking and behaving’. 2
    • xsmaa246
      xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23
       
      this here helps link my Taylor and Francis article which is the one that is highlighted. in this line taken from the article is says that the way in which guns were used by the South Africans affects how they behave for instance in this passage they used guns to kill in wars or fights whereas, in the other article, it talked about the usage of guns for trade and hunting.
  • By contrast, in South Africa, the spread of guns was far slower because of the sheer, vast extent of the sub-continent’s interior and its lack of ports
  • The Zulu required some time to become accustomed to the white’s fearsome muskets.
  • So, if we are to attempt to grasp what Zulu military culture entailed, and the tentative part fi rearms played in it, we must approach the matter as best we can from the Zulu perspective
  • As we have already learned from Singcofela, killing at a distance with a gun was of quite a different order from killing with an ‘assegai’, the short-hafted, long-bladed iklwa or stabbing-spear. The iklwa was used only at close quarters, when an underarm stab — normally aimed at the abdomen — was followed, without withdrawing, by a rip. In 1929, Kumbeka Gwabe, a veteran of the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879, remembered how at the battle of Isandlwana he killed a British soldier who fi red at him with his revolver and missed: ‘I came beside him and stuck my assegai under his right arm, pushing it through his body until it came out between his ribs on the left side. As soon as he fell I pulled the assegai out and slit his stomach so I knew he should not shoot any more of my peop
    • xsmaa246
      xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23
       
      this tells us that in the zulu perspective, the guns did not work the same as the Assegai that allowed the veteran to strike the enemy with it .
  • This was the weapon of the hero, of a man who cultivated military honour or udumo (thunder), and who proved his personal prowess in single combat
    • xsmaa246
      xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23
       
      it was more honorable for the veteran to use traditional weapons than a gun to kill and that is why south Africans had reluctance to use firearms.
  • These too were integral to the ethos of Zulu masculinity, but overt courage and insatiable ferocity were the hallmarks of the great warrior.
    • xsmaa246
      xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23
       
      using guns basically affected a man's masculinity and status.
  • As such, the traders owed him military service, and it quickly came to Shaka’s attention that they possessed muskets.
  • Consequently, whereas at one extreme the Sotho thoroughly embraced fi rearms, considerably modifi ed their traditional methods of warfare, and successfully took on Boers and Britons alike, at the other extreme the Zulu only gingerly made use of fi rearms and did not permit them to affect their way of warfare to any marked degree.
  • ‘This stick which they carry, what is it for?’ (This was said by the earliest Zulus of the gun that was carried, for they did not know that it was a weapon.) Tshaka then wanted the carrier (a European) to aim at a vulture hovering above with this stick of theirs. The European did so, and fi red, bang! The sound caused all round about to fall on hands and knees. The bird was brought down. Wonderful!
    • xsmaa246
      xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23
       
      description of what South Africans knew about a gun
  • Shaka, as Makuza indicated, was very much taken up with muskets and their military potential. Jantshi ka Nongila, who was born in 1848 and whose father had served as a spy under Shaka, described how Shaka was remembered as testing the power of muskets by having the white traders aim at cattle at different distances.
  • 16 In 1826, he used the limited but alarming fi repower of the Port Natal traders and their trained African retainers against his great rivals, the Ndwandwe people, in the decisive battle of the izinDolowane hills; and in 1827, he again used their fi repower in subduing the Khumalo people.
    • xsmaa246
      xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23
       
      this is an indicator that Shaka used guns on his enemies.
  • In part, the Zulu reluctance to take up fi rearms lay in the initial diffi culty in obtaining them
  • had bartered fi fty stands of arms and a quantity of gunpowder. He warned that, hitherto, the Zulu ‘had used them only in their little wars but the king stated to me that should he fi nd himself unable to overcome his enemies by the weapons most familiar to his people he would then have recourse to them’. 19
    • xsmaa246
      xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23
       
      it seems that king Dingane has gotten arms and stated that he would use them on his enemies if he is unable to defeat them. this is a note that guns were used in wars by south africans.
  • In his praises Dingane was celebrated as ‘Jonono who is like a fi ghting-stick of thunder [a gun]!’
  • Dingane appreciated the power of fi rearms.
  • During the 1830s, guns began to be traded into Zululand in greater numbers, much to the despair of the missionary Captain Allen Gardiner. He saw in this incipient trade a Zulu threat to all their neighbours, and was much disheartened, in 1835, when the Zulu elite evinced no interest in the word of God, but only in his instruction in the best use of the onomatopoeic ‘issibum’, or musket. 21
  • Thus, when the Voortrekkers came over the Drakensberg passes in late 1837 and encamped in Zululand, Dingane knew that they and their guns posed a deadly threat to his kingdom. Dingane’s treacherous attempt, early in 1838, to take the Voortrekkers unawares and destroy them, was only partially successful.
    • xsmaa246
      xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23
       
      they were unable to fight back because the Voortrekkers had more gun advantage and were able to kill Zulus under shelter. this is another indictor of the usage of guns in south africa
  • The Zulus’ disastrous defeats at Voortrekker hands only confi rmed the chilling effi cacy of fi rearms and the need to possess the new weapons.
  • Yet the new weapons technology could not be ignored. From the late 1860s, fi rearms began to spread rapidly throughout South Africa, thanks in large part to the mineral revolution, and the need for African labour
  • young Pedi men (in what became a recognized rite of manhood) regularly made their way to the labour markets of Natal and the Cape and bought fi rearms from guntraders with their earning
  • White hunters sold these items on the world markets and recruited and trained Africans in the use of fi rearms to assist them in obtaining them. 48 Ivory, in particular, was equally a source of wealth for the Zulu king, who was no longer content with his men killing elephants (as described by the hunter, Adulphe Delagorgue) by stabbing them with spears and letting them bleed to death, or driving them into pits fi lled with stakes. 49 The king required fi rearms for the task.
    • xsmaa246
      xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23
       
      this also shows that they used firearms for hunting
  • As we have seen, the Zulu adoption of fi rearms was partial and imperfect, hedged about by all sorts of hindrances, both practical and essentially cultural. Only a handful of men who had close contact with white hunters and traders were eas
  • with fi rearms, and knew how to use them
  • Otherwise, as we have seen, the bulk of amabutho continued to treat their guns like throwing spears, to be discarded before the real hand-to-hand fi ghting began.
siphesihle26

'Butchering the Brutes All Over the Place': Total War and Massacre in Zululand, 1879.pdf - 2 views

Siphesihle Dlamini

shared by siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • e historiog
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      historiography- history of another history
  • and the dead were
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      killed brutally
  • annexation involving acts of barbarism by the British.2 The init
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      in a lot of writings about Africans and the Europeans, people of color the ones to be given inhumane descriptions but in this context it is the British being labelled otherwise.
  • ...18 more annotations...
  • ar was t
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the war was indeed extreme and that has helped, considering that there is not a lot of white people populating the Kwa-Zulu Natal province yet South Africa was colonized by Britain
  • ined: 'obviously the British troops, after the savageries inflicted on their comrades at Isandlwana, felt justified in taking a leaf out of the Zulu book of total war, and felt no compassion for the defeated enemy.'
  • t was a spl
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      there were a lot of people who dies dies at the war in topic but the man has the audacity to call it a fight like it was some sort of fist fight it is however good that he gives some credit to the Zulu people
  • enemy after battle was not, as most historians, who have noticed it, suggest, simply an over-reaction by white troops or the uncontrollable behaviour of native levies, but became an essential though unacknowledged part of British strategy which emerged necessarily from the pathology of empire when confronted with the possibility of d
  • Over 850 white and several hundred black soldiers were killed and most of the dead were ritually c
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      this needed bravery and not something revealed by most sources especially those accessible anywhere on the web. this could have been a ritual or for the Zulu people to satisfy themselves that they have won and conquered the enemy.
  • f two thousand volunteers, based on the Boer commando system, should 'go into the enemy's country without wagons or food, kill what oxen we want for meat, and eat what mealies we can, and destroy the rest; attack small bands of Kaffir, burn villages, and capture oxen wherever we can, and always avoid the large impis'.1
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      wants to avoid "IMPI" which is a war but goes into someone's territory destroying it and expect them to just sit back and not retaliate. The Zulu nation went to war in defense of their province and country
  • geant Ellis had written in a letter to his father on 31 December 1878: 'if Cetshwayo does not come to terms, we will demand his lands, kill his people as they come across our path and burn all his kraals.'14 In a further letter, once the invasion had started, Ellis wrote that 'we are about to capture all the cattle belonging to the Zulus and also to burn their kraals.'1
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the war was unfavorable and very brutal that one of the two nations had to succumb and surrender to avoid having one nation wiped out the by the other. There was no mercy and it was very inconsiderate of the British because they came with an ultimatum to a people's land expect them to just give in to their demand willingly and easily. Everyone and anyone would try and fight back if they had found themselves in such a situation before accepting loss
  • massacres:
  • be add
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      taken as evidence
  • the 'In
  • rrow and Lord Gifford, the large military Kraal of Empang weni one of Cetshwayo's c
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the best way to win over people is to get to their leader first. Cetshwayo was the leader and if he felt defeated and called his troops to surrender the war would have ended the very same day and if he calls for war and revenge with body count against the British because they had nothing that would be used as revenge or collateral by the zulu because all their assets were left in Britain.
  • strategic and psychological reasons; unles
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Psychology is the science of mind and behavior. it is a study of logic, it helps people think logically but there is no logic in this statement
  • ganized
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      only cattle can be slaughtered meaning the Zulu people are being compared to cattle in this context.
  • rent impression: 'We have much to avenge and please God we will do it. I pity the Zulus that fall into our hands. You would feel as I do if you had seen the awful scenes I did on the night of 22nd
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      they have the audacity to use the Lord's name in vain when they were the one who picked on the other nation.
  • bayon
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      A bayonet (from French baïonnette) is a knife, dagger, sword, or spike-shaped weapon designed to fit on the end of the muzzle of a rifle, musket
  • y imperial officers in the slaughter, their acquiescence in this operation is undoubted: the scene of
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      people meant to protect the community were the ones killing it and did not want to be hels accountable in anyway which was cowardness
  • Wood rejected the charges and claimed that prisoners were well treated: Ί believe no Zulus have been killed by white men except in action, and as I rewarded Wood's irregulars for every live Zulu brought in, I had many saved.'50 Though Wood was able to show that Private Snooks's dates were inaccurate (he had confused 30 March for 29 March), Wood's response appears to be a minor masterpiece of official evasio
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      this piece suggests that there were courts and government laws even during the war of 1879 but it looks like it was playing its part because the war would not have continued had it been handled amicably in court before even one person was killed from either troops.
  • heathe
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      a heathenis a person who does not belong to a widely held religion. and they could have been having long term issues where they would have disowned but him killing the other person must haven traumatic for the women because she gave life to this person and now a foreigner comes from nowhere and takes the person's life instantly. the lady is probably on the mountain because she was running away from them
makofaneprince

Use of guns in Zulu kingdom - 3 views

makofane Prince 221081879

shared by makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ‘The iqungo’, he told Stuart, ‘affects those who kill with an assegai, but not those who kill with a gun, for with a gun it is just as if the man had shot a buck, and no ill result will follow’
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      the zulu people believed that guns were interfering with their culture.
  • Zulu only gingerly made use of fi rearms and did not permit them to affect their way of warfare to any marked degree
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      even though the zulu people adopted the use of guns, they did so with great care that this practice doesn't disrupt their traditional methods used in wars. the zulu people still stand to be one of the tribes in South Africa that is proud of their culture.
  • In other words, as Lynn’s pithily expresses it, ‘armies fi ght the way they think’, and in the last resort that is more important in explaining their way of war than the weapons they might use. 3
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      this further elaborate the pride zulu people have in their culture and heritage.
  • ...24 more annotations...
  • The voracious one of Senzangakhona, Spear that is red even on the handle [. . .] The young viper grows as it sits, Always in a great rage, With a shield on its knees [. . .] 6
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      Shaka's words praising the use of spears as compared to guns.
  • Kumbeka Gwabe, a veteran of the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879, remembered how at the battle of Isandlwana he killed a British soldier who fi red at him with his revolver and missed: ‘I came beside him and stuck my assegai under his right arm, pushing it through his body until it came out between his ribs on the left side. As soon as he fell I pulled the assegai out and slit his stomach so I knew he should not shoot any more of my people’. 4 This was the weapon of the hero, of a man who cultivated military honour or udumo (thunder), and who proved his personal prowess in single combat
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      the use of a spear during wars symbolized braveness as compared to using a gun.
  • As we have already learned from Singcofela, killing at a distance with a gun was of quite a different order from killing with an ‘assegai’, the short-hafted, long-bladed iklwa or stabbing-spear
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      can it be that the zulu people saw this as an act of cowardness?
  • ‘The Zulu Nation is born out of Shaka’s spear. When you say “Go and fi ght,” it just happens’. 8
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      the quote explains how the Zulu men are fearless and always ready for a war.
  • As such, the traders owed him military service, and it quickly came to Shaka’s attention that they possessed muskets.
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      the period which Zulu people got exposed to firearms.
  • Shaka, as Makuza indicated, was very much taken up with muskets and their military potential.
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      Shaka was also impressed by the use of guns and the victories they can have in wars.
  • ‘to send a regiment of men to England who there would scatter in all directions in order to ascertain exactly how guns were made, and then return to construct some in Zululand’
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      Shaka did not only want to own guns but he also wanted his people to learn how to make them. this show the interest in learning new things and flexibility for innovation.
  • It suggests that the battle tactics the Zulu undoubtedly employed in the war of 1838 against the invading Voortrekkers, and against each other in the civil wars of 1840 and 1856, had already taken full shape during Shaka’s reign.
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      Shaka was the first zulu king to show blended tactics in his fighting strategies. he made use of guns at the same time planning his attack in a traditional way.
  • He warned that, hitherto, the Zulu ‘had used them only in their little wars but the king stated to me that should he fi nd himself unable to overcome his enemies by the weapons most familiar to his people he would then have recourse to them’.
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      Guns were also seen as alternatives and used also if the war is getting difficult.
  • Thus, when the Voortrekkers came over the Drakensberg passes in late 1837 and encamped in Zululand, Dingane knew that they and their guns posed a deadly threat to his kingdom. Dingane’s treacherous attempt, early in 1838, to take the Voortrekkers unawares and destroy them, was only partially successful. The Voortrekkers rallied, and proved their superiority over the Zulu army, as they had done previously over the Ndebele, when they repulsed them in major set-piece battles at Veglaer in August 1838, and Blood River (Ncome) in December, the same year. 23 The Zulu discovered that, because of the heavy musket fi re, in neither battle could they could
  • get close enough to the Voortrekkers’ laager to make any use of their spears or clubbed sticks in the toe-to-toe fi ghting to which they were accustomed. As Ngidi ka Mcikaziswa ruefully admitted to Stuart, ‘We Zulus die facing the enemy — all of us — but at the Ncome we turned our backs. This was caused by the Boers and their guns’. 2
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      after losing a war using guns the zulu people blamed the boers for exposing them to guns they believed if they sticked to their stick/spear methods they could have defeated their enemy.
  • The king ‘thereupon formed a regiment which he called Isitunyisa’ (isithunyisa is a Zulu word for gun). 26 Even so, when in January 1840 King Dingane unsuccessfully faced his usurping brother Prince Mpande at the battle of the Maqongqo Hills, both armies of about fi ve thousand men each were armed (as far as we know) almost entirely with spears and shields, and fought a bloodily traditional battle following Shaka’s hallowed tactics.
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      in the 1840 all of the Zulu armies had guns to use in wars
  • Spear and shield had again won the day, reinforcing the traditionalist Zulu military ethos, and wiping away memories of the disastrous war against the Voortrekkers.
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      despite the use of guns the spear and shield of the Zulu proved to be the effective way to use in a war.
  • By the early 1870s, it seems that a good third of Pedi warriors carried a fi rearm of some sort. 33 The Zulu perceived that they should not fall behind their African neighbours such as the Pedi in the new arms race, not least because their kingdom seemed endangered in the late 1860s, and early 1870s. 3
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      there was also a competition between the Kingdoms on which one have more guns, and possession of many guns in one kingdom meant power and a threat to other kingdoms.
  • However, because no Zulu man was permitted to leave the kingdom as he had to serve the king in his ibutho, Cetshwayo had to import fi rearms thorough traders. The enterprising hunter-trader John Dunn, who gained Cetshwayo’s ear as his adviser, cornered the lucrative Zulu arms market, buying from merchants in the Cape and Natal and trading the fi rearms (mainly antiquated muskets) in Zululand through
  • Portuguese Delagoa Bay to avoid Natal laws against gun traffi cking. 35 The Zulu paid mostly in cattle, which Dunn then sold off in Natal. 36
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      the zulu man were not allowed to leave their kingdom to work in the diamonds fields to buy more guns like other tribes. they had to serve their kingdom as ibutho, this led to a shortage of guns in the zulu kingdom
  • The Zulu had their own names for each of the bewildering varieties of fi rearms of all sizes and shapes and degrees of sophistication that came into their hands, and, in 1903, Bikwayo ka Noziwana recited a long list to Stuart that ranged from the musket that reached to a man’s neck (ibala) to the short pistol (isinqwana).
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      the zulu people also gave different guns different names
  • In this the Zulu were very different, for example, from the Xhosa who, between 1779 and 1878, fought nine Cape Frontier Wars against colonizers bearing fi rearms. During the course of this century of warfare, the Xhosa went from regarding fi rearms as mere ancillaries to their conventional weapons (as the Zulu still did) to making them central to the guerrilla tactics they increasingly adopted. By the time the Cape Colonial Defence Commission was taking evidence in September–October 1876, most witnesses were agreed that the Xhosa were skilled in their use of fi rearms, and made for formidable foes. 43
  • the best fi rearms went to men of high status
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      guns also symbolized nobility
  • fi rearms became increasingly essential for hunting,
  • one of the most important economic activities in southern Africa because of the international value placed on tusks, hides, and feathers. White hunters sold these items on the world markets and recruited and trained Africans in the use of fi rearms to assist them in obtaining them. 48 Ivory, in particular, was equally a source of wealth for the Zulu king, who was no longer content with his men killing elephants (as described by the hunter, Adulphe Delagorgue) by stabbing them with spears and letting them bleed to death, or driving them into pits fi lled with stakes. 49 The king required fi rearms for the task.
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      guns made hunting more easy and ensured wealth and many kingdoms.
  • Following the battle of Isandlwana, in which the Zulu captured about eight hundred modern Martini-Henry rifl es, Zulu marksmen, familiar through hunting with modern fi rearms, were able to make effective use of them in a number of subsequent engagements.
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      use of guns in hunting made it easy for the Zulu kingdom to know how to use guns in a war.
  • The Zulu believed that an overlap existed between this world and the world of the spirits that was expressed by a dark, mystical, evil force, umnyama, which created misfortune and could be contagious. 54 The Zulu, accordingly, were convinced that, when malicious witches (abathakathi) harnessed umnyama through ritual medicines (muthi), guns too could be made to serve their wicked ends.
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 20 Apr 23
       
      guns were also associated with bad spirits. they believed those practicing witchraft could manipulate the guns.
  • He carried a breech-loading rifl e that he had taken at Isandhlwana [. . .] The Zulu army fl ed. He got tired of running away. He was a man too who understood well how to shoot. He shouted, ‘Back again!’ He turned and fi red. He struck a horse; it fell among the stones and the white man with it. They fi red at him. They killed him. 58
mehlomakhulu

Smith__K__0869818015__Section3.pdf - 1 views

Anathi Mehlomakhulu History 2A

shared by mehlomakhulu on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • eplaced by legitimate trade in vegetable products (palm oil in particular), in East and Central Africa the slave trade, which had not featured very prominently in the period before 1800, expanded rapidly in the first half of the century, and by 1880 was probably at its height. And although men like David Livingstone spoke of promoting the three Cs - Christianity, Commerce and Civilisation - there was very little that could be done to promote legitimate commerce to replace the trade in slaves. The one product that was available was ivory, but the expansion of trade in ivory went hand in hand with the growth of the slave trade
    • mehlomakhulu
      mehlomakhulu on 25 Apr 23
       
      further evidence to indicate that ivory trade was linked to slavery as slaves were used to transport ivory.
  • ior, and the sultan had no control over the actions of his subjects away from the coast. The East African slave trade across the Red Sea continued, as did the traffic on the mainland itself. The slave trade was an integral part of the arms and ivory trade and slaves and ivory were virtually unobtain­ able unless purchased with firearms.
    • mehlomakhulu
      mehlomakhulu on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is the reason why ivory and slavery work hand to hand because ivory and slaves were used in exchange of firearms. The slaves were however used in the production of oil seeds in Mozambique and it is evident that slaves played a significant role in trading.
  • There was a large internal market for slaves in the interior. There were many plantations that required slaves
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • for example in the produc­ tion of oil seeds in the northernmost part of Mozambique.
  • su
  • su
  • ccessors as sultans in the nineteenth century were bom of slave women.
  • ntil then ivory had been used simply as an ornament, a by-product of hunting phant elephants for meat or killing them because they were threa
  • phant elephants for meat or killing them because they were threatening
    • mehlomakhulu
      mehlomakhulu on 25 Apr 23
       
      Ivory was used as ornament. The elephants were killed for the benefit of ivory and meat and the aim was to kill many elephants as possible.
  • villages or crops.
  • lephants for meat or killing them because they were threatening villages or crops. hunting 'jraditionally elephants were hunted during the dry season by hunter bands consisting of between 20 to 30 men armed with bows and arrows, spears, clubs and axes. With the arrival of the coastal caravans this changed
  • Now the aim was to kill as many elephants as possible. There were more expeditions and hunting was no longer confined to traditional bands; new ways of ensnaring elephants were devised. The desire to sell ivory privately hastened the end of the community system of huntin
  • hose with access to imported articles gained influence at the expense of ordinary hunters and traditional religious leaders. Elephant hunters gained tremendous prestige in their societies and had more social
    • mehlomakhulu
      mehlomakhulu on 25 Apr 23
       
      elephant hunters gained status more than ordinary hunters as they brought ivory.
  • ained influence at the expense of ordinary hunters and traditional religious leaders. Elephant hunters gained tremendous prestige in their societies and had more social status than did ordinary hunters.
  • down very heavily in blaming the slave trade for retarding the region economically. The rural economy, so it has been argued, was violently disrupted, many of the most productive people were exported and contagious diseases that had hitherto been unknown in the interior of Central Africa, such as smallpox and cholera, wreaked havoc.
    • mehlomakhulu
      mehlomakhulu on 25 Apr 23
       
      Trading brought diseases as it caused the gathering and transporting of many people.
zenethian

'Butchering the Brutes All Over the Place': Total War and Massacre in Zululand, 1879.pdf - 2 views

Zenethian VanRoss

shared by zenethian on 21 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • lu king. The article concludes that these events resulted not from the actions of individuals but rather from the logic of European imperialism faced with the possibility of defeat by a black Afri
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      European imperialism was the ultimate cause of the Zulu-war in 1879.
  • the Zulu 'capital' of Ulundi. The
  • ing acts of barbarism by the British.2 The initial
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The British actions was merciless and inhumane.
  • ...25 more annotations...
  • the war came to be celebrated in Britain as an example of heroic warfare between well-matched warriors, a conflict given added excitement by the contrast between the (noble) savagery of the Zulus and the civilized discipline of the British. In popular histories, as well as in real-life adventure books for boys and in novels of imperial adventure, the war
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The British taught of their actions as heroic.
  • gh, in recent years, academic historians, many of them based at the University of Natal and writing in the Journal of Natal and Zulu History, have begun a critical reappraisal of the historical process of which the war was
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      African scholars has began to write on the Zulu-War.
  • vast audience through the films Zulu and Zulu
  • This perspective on events has, until recently, formed the basis of most interpretations of the war even in books which criticize the British commanders, the justice of the invasion or aspects of
  • itish troops; of the massacres of wounded Zulus after the British victories at Rorke's Drift, Khambula, Gingin dlovu and Ulundi; and of the systematic burning of kraals and confis cation of cattle, the economic basis o
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Highlights the ultimate defeat of the Zulus.
  • emerged necessarily from the pathology of empire when confronted with the possibility of def
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The British trough their worry of possible defeat by a native people worried them ,and caused them to become inhuman and merciless.
  • estroy their gardens'.26 The burning of kraals was matched by the systematic seizure of large numbers of Zulu
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The British seized the Zulu people cattle and burnt their kraals.
  • Before the war started Sir Bartle Frere, the high-commissioner, insisted to the Zulus that the war was to be fought against their tyrant
  • '.8 In this spirit Lord Chelmsford laid down guidelines for the conduct of the war, emphasizing to native regiments in particular that 'no prisoners, women or children were to be harmed in any way' and there i
  • The events at the start of the war dramatically altered British percep tions and policies. The British launched their invasion on 11 January 1879. Within two weeks a British column was annihilated at the battle of Isandlwana. Over 850 white and several hundred black soldiers were killed and most of the dead were ritually cut open, the Zulu custom in war: Zulus did not take prison
  • killing and, as the British saw it, mutilation of the dead, created a mood of revenge whi
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      A very ugly , inhuman revenge.
  • Zulus were represented as barely human.1 In opposition to this v
  • ts. Beyond this, Ashe assured his readers that the British army respected the dwellings of the Zulu people and insisted that, with regard 'to the farming and domestic kraals, it may without fear of contradiction be asserted, after minute and careful enquiries, that no single instance can be adduced in which her Majesty's troops ever attacked or molested such unless first attacked and
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The British were still cowards.
  • Thus, Norris-Newman wrote that 'the monotony of camp life was broken and varied by cavalry expeditions, in one of which ... under Major Barrow and Lord Gifford, the large military Kraal of Empang weni one of Cetshwayo's chief places, about fifteen miles away, was effectually destroyed, as well as all the kraals f
  • British waited for reinforcements to arrive, before they could launch a second invasion, the realization that the Zulus could not easily be tamed by a 'military promenade' rapidly produced alternative strategic proposals.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The British awaited to put into action a second invasion.
  • ore anxious will they be to see it brought to an end.'32 The result of this systematic strategy of the burning of homes, the seizure of cattle in areas which the Zulus had not evacuated and of the destruction of the economic foundations of Zululand was to reduce society to the brink of starvation in many areas, a feature recorded in various accounts of the aftermath o
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The aftermath is horrendous.
  • d said, "The English soldiers have eaten us up. I have lost my cattle, I have no mealies, I and my people are starving.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      A quote.
  • II It was a strategy increasingly backed up as the war progressed by the slaughter of those trying to surrender and of the wounded. T
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Again: it was utterly merciless and cowardly.
  • British heroic represen
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Even after this there was still heroic representations of Britain. INCREDIBLE!
  • were the actions of black levies but letters written at the time give a different impression: 'We have much to avenge and please God we will do it. I pity the Zulus that fall into our hands. You would feel as I do if you had seen the awful scenes I did on the night of 22nd
  • Hamilton-Browne's hearty tone and his use of the language of the grouse moor belies even his perfunctory regrets over the killing of the wounded. While it is true that Hamilton-Browne does not mention the involvement of any imperial officers in the sla
  • ver, that such defences are misconceived in the context of many incidents in 1879. Captain Hallam Parr, who was on Lord Chelmsford's staff, vehemently denied that British officers could be involved in su
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      They were certainly involved.
  • Hallam Parr was wrong about the aftermath of Rorke's Drift; but the behaviour of some British soldiers after that incident was to seem restrained compared to the massacres carried out later in
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The massacre demonstrates further the brutality of the British.
  • the British killed about 800 of t
  • en Zulu Army was chased like a floc
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The comparison, highlights my point that the Zulus were not treated as human. They only wanted to exploit Africa and its resources.
nkosinathi3

F. O. 881/2000 - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 1 views

go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=NCCO&u=rau_itw&id=GALE|AOSUQW509166629&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-NCCO&sPage=2&asid=6d44448e

Excellent Nkosinathi Ndlovu 222147238

shared by nkosinathi3 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • nkosinathi3 on 26 Apr 23
     
    The primary source is a list of letters from Dr Livingstone, one of history's greatest explorers, to his associates. In these letters he describes in great detail his adventures and explorations all around central Africa. These letters and the contents in them prove he was a really great explorer. In my diigo assignment I will be using one of the letters, the first one, in this primary source as evidence of his great adventures, though there is much more adventures written down in the rest of the letters. The first letter describe Livingstone's journey from Ujiji, following the great rivers and lakes of the area. The most noticeable rivers was the Lualaba. The journey was to reach the residence of the Manyema, which had a reputation of cannibalism around the area. Before reaching Bamabarre, the residence of the manyema, they came across a company of slaves carrying ivory. The slaves had had a very bad encounter with the manyema and as such, they described them as very evil people to Dr. Livingstone and his company. The letter also describes Dr Livingstone's company's encounter with another tribe in the are which was maltreated by slave owners and who were very wary of Dr Livinstone and his company since he had the same skin colour as the people that mistreated them, but the worst they did to Livingstone was to escort him out of the settlement with their shields and spears. The second part of the letter describes Dr Livingstone's journey North of Bmbarre, along the Lualaba river to buy a canoe. The letter describes the treacherous and yet beautiful journey across the forest. The letter gives detailed descriptions of the landscape and the vegetation of the area they were traveling through. These are all important parts of the source because they highlight the conditions Dr Livingstone experienced but never stopped In his explorations. The letter also describes the rush for buying cheap ivory along his journey with his company. He describes the events explici
mphomaganya

Elephants are the latest conflict resource | Africa Renewal - 1 views

www.un.org/...s-are-latest-conflict-resource

Mpho Maganya 219105796

shared by mphomaganya on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • An average of about 45 elephants per day were illegally killed in 2011 in every two of five protected sites holding elephant populations in Africa, thanks to the growing illegal trade in ivory, which continues to threaten the survival of elephants on the continent. A joint report by four international conservation organizations says that 17,000 elephants were killed in 2011 alone and the amount of ivory seized has tripled over the last decade.
    • mphomaganya
      mphomaganya on 26 Apr 23
       
      the trade in ivory has not ended although it was banned and declared illegal to kill an elephant. Thousands of elephants have been found dead which is a threat to their existence. if the killing does not stop,in a decade or century to come they will be extint
dlangudlangu

The Relationship between Trade in Southern Mozambique and State Formation: Reassessing ... - 1 views

Anakho Dlangudlangu 221107980

shared by dlangudlangu on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • This theory centres on a cattle trade that came to replace the ivory trade from the late 18th century onwards, and was based on the demand for fresh meat by whaler
  • The Portuguese ivory trade at Delagoa Bay started in 1545, when a sporadic trade based on the monsoon seasons laid the foundation for the export of ivory that would boom in the latter half of the 18th century
  • although Hedges acknowledged the high value of copper and brass to Nguni society, he neglected the importance of brass jewellery as an indicator of political authority, while emphasising its importance in terms of its exchange value for cattle
  • ...30 more annotations...
  • sporadic
  • he traders from the north traded along the Nkomati river, bringing ivory in exchange for black cloth, and the abundance of brass offered along the Maputo river attracted the supply from the south, from the area beyond the Mkuze river, today known as northern KwaZulu-Natal.
  • Hedges modified Smith’s trade theory by suggesting that a cattle trade replaced a sharply dwindling ivory trade during the late 18th century, and argued that it was this change that influenced the development of state formatio
  • Hedges proposed that the boom in the ivory trade created a greater need for labour, which in turn led to chiefs drawing on regiment age sets, or amabutho, to facilitate hunting elephant in order to deliver a constant supply of ivory to the market
  • Hedges claimed that the ivory trade had rapidly declined by the end of the 18th century, and was replaced by a substantial cattle trade based on whalers’ need for fresh mea
  • The characteristic feature of trade during most of the 18th century was its sporadic nature, maintained ever since the establishment of the Portuguese ivory trade in the 16th century
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 26 Apr 23
       
      ivory has been traded for many centuries and at the beggining it was a popular or consistent trade
  • t was under these favourable circumstances that Edward Chandler and his experienced crew made their way to Delagoa Bay with an official licence to exploit the ivory market from 1756.
  • Besides the limited political interference displayed by Europeans at this time, the greater level of ivory supply to the coast can be attributed to the ample supply of brass
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 26 Apr 23
       
      there was a high demand of brass in the african societies and there was also a high demand for ivory in Europeans
  • he demand for ivory at Delagoa Bay was nothing new and was the reason for the Portuguese trade initiative in 154
  • During the Dutch era, ivory traders from the north-west interior in search of dark blue glass beads approached the coast to trade, but because these beads were always in short supply, the ivory trade faltered
  • And although they paid lower prices and were officially absent for three years after the French destroyed their fort in 1796, the ivory trade remained significant in terms of supplying imported goods to the northern Nguni
  • It was the abundant and constant supply of brass that determined the volume of ivory delivered to Europeans along the Maputo river, and I suggest that it was this factor, the ample supply of brass, that was the first in a sequence of events that led to state formation among the Nguni.
  • The average weight of Austrian exports alone, other than the continuing country trade, amounted to an average of 75,000 lb per annum. 36 This figure translates to 6,250 lb of ivory per month, representing the slaughter of over 160 elephants per month for the sake of the trade. This number assumes a conservative average of 39 lb of ivory per elephant, based on the ivory provided to the Dutch over the period 1 November 1731–8 January 1732. 37 The heaviest tusks that the Dutch traded weighed 80 lb, and if the Austrians traded exclusively in heavier tusks, hunters needed to kill at least one elephant a day to meet the demand. 38
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 26 Apr 23
       
      the Australian demand for ivory was higher than the Dutch demand for ivory and that meant that many elephants were killed each and every day to meet the demand. also the demand fro brass and cloth among the african societies was high which can also explain the high killings of elephants for their tusks
  • Hedges also stressed the external demand for ivory as the reason for the ivory boom, rather than, as I claim, the internal demand for brass as the reason for the ivory boom
  • Elephant hunting in Africa was almost always done in large groups and needed great skill and planning. 40 Methods commonly used in Africa to kill elephant included using spears, or bows and poisoned arrows; digging pitfalls and deadfalls, perching in trees over elephant paths in order to plunge spears into animals passing underneath, and severing the hamstring tendon with a light axe
  • The basis of this assumption is the reach of the intermediary kingdom of Mabudu, which stretched to this river – and it was here that brass, a trade item almost as popular as beads, was in high demand
  • the Dutch traded copper bangles for ivory during the early stages of their trading post
  • 1 Further south, in Terra Natal, copper and, later, brass played a significant role in designating rank within the small chiefdoms of the early Nguni-speaking people. 52 Early observers noted the importance of dress and ornaments to distinguish rank. In a hierarchical society such as that of the Nguni, objects such as beads and metal jewellery, along with dressed skins, created a visual reminder of the status and prestige of the elite
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 26 Apr 23
       
      brass was used for many things in the African societies and represented power. This explains why it was mostly the chiefs who were trading ivory in exchange for brass
  • Chiefs wore flat neck rings, while men and women of high rank wore neck rings made up out of one or more brass rings. Chiefs’ wives had solid brass balls threaded on to a string and worn around their necks, and small cast-brass buttons or studs decorated their skin garments
  • Traders like Chandler had easy access to brass because, by the late 17th century, British copper and brass dominated markets worldwide because of regulatory and technological developments
  • The significance of brass lay in its power to enhance chiefly prestige, signifying chiefs’ status as effective political leaders, with the
  • resources to attract and maintain a following. Brass, as copper, symbolised power, illustrated by Livingstone’s anecdote: ‘[w]hen [the chief] had finished his long oration he rose up, and in going off was obliged by such large bundles of copper rings on his ankles to adopt quite a straddling walk.
  • Elephant hunting was labour intensive: men needed to locate, track, pursue and bring down animals, cut out tusks and carry their spoils long distances to collection points along the upper reaches of the Maputo river. 3
  • Whalers created a significant trade in replenishing food supplies rather than dealing in ivory – which seems to point to the ‘sharp decline’ in the ivory trade, a factor that Hedges posits as the reason for the rise of a cattle trade to replace the ivory trade. 73 But, as we shall see later, he overestimated both the decline in the ivory trade and the volume of the cattle trade
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 26 Apr 23
       
      during the Whalers time ivory demand and trade declined as Whalers were mostly interested in food supply. trading brass and cloth for food, vegetables and meat. in this time cattle trading kept on increasing
  • Whalers supplied goods – brass, cloth and beads – generously in exchange for food. 7
  • He hypothesises that the whalers needed great quantities of meat, which, in turn, required large numbers of cattle on the hoof to be imported to Delagoa Bay. Y et the number of whalers was not as large as Hedges supposed, and the relatively small number of men was there for a limited time
  • But by the mid 18th century, the provision of meat and vegetables, particularly onions, increasingly became the domain of the Tembe chief. 90 The growing fresh-food sector of the market enabled the Tembe chief to increase his authority over his territory, evident in the appointment of the ‘King of the Water’ from at least 1784
  • Although it had fallen to lower levels, the ivory trade remained significant to the south-east African trade network.
  • the sharp decline of the ivory trade by 1814, compared to the period of 1802– 1803, was not concurrent with the presence of large numbers of whalers at Delagoa Bay. There was a reduction in whaling activity globally from the beginning of the 19th century
  • The comparative decline in the ivory trade from 1781, when the Portuguese re-established their authority over trade, diminished the flow of brass into the interior. As a sumptuous item, brass demanded stricter control over its redistribution, forming the pressing motive for the conflict among the northern Ngun
munarinimuwanwa

Trade and Transformation Participation in the Ivory Trade in Late 19th Century East and... - 0 views

Munarini Muwanwa 221079083 History 2A

shared by munarinimuwanwa on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Rather, the assumption is that ivory production neces- Studies sarily moved through space, continually driven by the need to find more elephants to kill.
    • munarinimuwanwa
      munarinimuwanwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      As a result of the shortages of elephants it was seen that there was a need to find more elephants to kill because it was resulting in the shortage of ivory wherein trade had to stop because there was no ivory to trade. however, it also disturbed the wealth of most of the empires.
  • The changes brought by the trade, whether negative or positive, are assumed to be irreversible.
    • munarinimuwanwa
      munarinimuwanwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      All the changes made by the ivory trade cannot be changed because it is irreversible as killed elephants cannot be brought back, same as the wealth that it brought people can not reverse that. furthermore, the ivory trade has contributed a lot to boosting the economy.
  • Fourth, several important works on the ivory trade assume that there was no demand for ivory within Africa.
    • munarinimuwanwa
      munarinimuwanwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Several important works state that there was not much demand for ivory in Africa. The reason was that the ivory trade was regarded as illegal and it was going to be banned.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • disjuncture
    • munarinimuwanwa
      munarinimuwanwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Disjuncture refers to a separation or disconnection.
  • revi-
  • sionist
    • munarinimuwanwa
      munarinimuwanwa on 25 Apr 23
       
      Revisionist refers to an advocate of a policy.
ipeleng

A Brief History of the Ivory Trade in Africa - 0 views

www.thoughtco.com/ivory-trade-in-africa-43350

ipeleng Sitwe 222054131

shared by ipeleng on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  •  Ivory has been desired since antiquity because its relative softness made it easy to carve into intricate decorative items for the very wealthy
  •  Ivory has been desired since antiquity because its relative softness made it easy to carve into intricate decorative items for the very wealthy
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      The demand was high for ivory because it was used for products like jewelry and religious art pieces
  • As Portuguese navigators began exploring the West African coastline in the 1400s, they soon entered into the lucrative ivory trade, and other European sailors were not far behind.
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ivory worth more in value and it was easy to make money. A lot of countries from surrounding and others from different continents participated in the ivory trade to enrich themselves
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • During the days of the Roman Empire, the ivory exported from Africa largely came from North African elephants
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ivory trade was one of the contributions why elephants went extinct. There was a large demand of ivory and that contributed to a lot of elephants getting killed in large numbers.
  •  In West Africa, trade focused on numerous rivers that emptied into the Atlantic, but in Central and East Africa, there were fewer rivers to use.
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      Shipping was one of the mode of transport for transporting ivory to other parts of Africa. But it had a limitation because there was no reliable route to use and there were few rivers that that went to the Central and East Africa
  • people were the primary movers of goods.
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      Since there was no suitable mode of transport for transporting the ivory, this only meant that people themselves will have to deliver the ivory to the buyers. This would need a lot of people who are going to be moving the goods to cover the demand.
  • The need for human porters meant that the growing trade of ivory and enslaved people went hand-in-hand, particularly in East and Central Africa.
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      This was when the introduction of slavery to the ivory trade came about. Since there was shortage of porters, this would mean that traders have to find slaves that are going to be the one doing the moving of the goods.
  • In the 1800s and early 1900s, European ivory hunters began hunting elephants in greater numbers. As demand for ivory increased, elephant populations were decimated. In 1900, several African colonies passed game laws that limited hunting, though recreational hunting remained possible for those who could afford the expensive licenses. 
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      As time went by and the demand for ivory increased, elephants were killed in large proportions leading to game laws being passed that limited people from hunting.
  • Poaching and the ivory trade continued, however.
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      The game laws did not stop people from illegally hunting elephants for ivory and they continued their trade by illegally obtaining the ivory
  • Many argue, though, that any legitimate trade in ivory encourages poaching and adds a shield for it since illegal ivory can be publicly displayed once purchased. It looks the same as legitimate ivory, for which their continues to be relatively high demand for both Asian medicine and decorative objects.
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      Legitimate or not, elephant killing is wrong on many levels because at the end the elephant population decreases leading to extinction of the elephants with no memory of existence
lidya-2

Zulu War | National Army Museum - 5 views

www.nam.ac.uk/zulu-war

lidya demssie babore 222217401 HISTORY 2A

shared by lidya-2 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Zulu War
    • xsmaa246
      xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23
       
      will find the annotations when you scroll down a bit
  • Formidable enemy
    • xsmaa246
      xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23
       
      although I did not find an article that talks about firearms and south africa specifically (since there is not much about it) these highlighted passages link to my secondary articles( and primary) by showing that south africans did use guns
  • Fearing British aggression, Cetshwayo had started to purchase guns before the war. The Zulus now had thousands of old-fashioned muskets and a few modern rifles at their disposal. But their warriors were not properly trained in their use. Most Zulus entered battle armed only with shields and spears. However, they still proved formidable opponents. They were courageous under fire, manoeuvred with great skill and were adept in hand-to-hand combat. Most of the actions fought during the war hinged on whether British firepower could keep the Zulus at bay.
    • xsmaa246
      xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23
       
      this passage is about how King Cetshwayo had purchased guns before the Anglo-Zulu war as he feared the British would attack. after that the Zulus had old-fashioned muskets and just a few modern guns however, unfortunately, they did not know how to use them and were at a disadvantage. also it says even when they did not use or were unable to use guns they were strong opponents.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • The Zulus earned their greatest victory of the war and Chelmsford was left no choice but to retreat. The Victorian public was shocked by the news that 'spear-wielding savages' had defeated their army.
  • Fearing British aggression, Cetshwayo had started to purchase guns before the war. The Zulus now had thousands of old-fashioned muskets and a few modern rifles at their disposal. But their warriors were not properly trained in their use. Most Zulus entered battle armed only with shields and spears. However, they still proved formidable opponents. They were courageous under fire, manoeuvred with great skill and were adept in hand-to-hand combat. Most of the actions fought during the war hinged on whether British firepower could keep the Zulus at bay.
    • lidya-2
      lidya-2 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the army had resources that they could have used effectively and this was the lack of skills when it came to guns. this also let to many people's death.
  • Formidable enemy Fearing British aggression, Cetshwayo had started to purchase guns before the war. The Zulus now had thousands of old-fashioned muskets and a few modern rifles at their disposal. But their warriors were not properly trained in their use. Most Zulus entered battle armed only with shields and spears. However, they still proved formidable opponents. They were courageous under fire, manoeuvred with great skill and were adept in hand-to-hand combat. Most of the actions fought during the war hinged on whether British firepower could keep the Zulus at bay.
    • lidya-2
      lidya-2 on 26 Apr 23
       
      South Africa, guns and colonialism went hand in hand. Starting with the earliest contacts between Africans and Europeans, guns became important commodities in frontier trade. trade took place between British settlers and locals. trade took place in exchange for resources like agriculture material for guns or even slaves during the 19th centuary
  • lidya-2 on 26 Apr 23
     
    "Fearing British aggression, Cetshwayo had started to purchase guns before the war. The Zulus now had thousands of old-fashioned muskets and a few modern rifles at their disposal. But their warriors were not properly trained in their use. Most Zulus entered battle armed only with shields and spears. However, they still proved formidable opponents. They were courageous under fire, manoeuvred with great skill and were adept in hand-to-hand combat. Most of the actions fought during the war hinged on whether British firepower could keep the Zulus at bay. 'March slowly, attack at dawn and eat up the red soldiers.' King Cetshwayo's orders to his troops at Isandlwana, 1879 View this object The Battle of Isandlwana, 22 January 1879 Defeat at Isandlwana On 22 January 1879, Chelmsford established a temporary camp for his column near Isandlwana, but neglected to strengthen its defence by encircling his wagons. After receiving intelligence reports that part of the Zulu army was nearby, he led part of his force out to find them. Over 20,000 Zulus, the main part of Cetshwayo's army, then launched a surprise attack on Chelmsford's poorly fortified camp. Fighting in an over-extended line and too far from their ammunition, the British were swamped by sheer weight of numbers. The majority of their 1,700 troops were killed. Supplies and ammunition were also seized. The Zulus earned their greatest victory of the war and Chelmsford was left no choice but to retreat. The Victorian public was shocked by the news that 'spear-wielding savages' had defeated their army. View this object This belt was taken from King Cetshwayo after his capture. It was probably worn by a soldier at Isandlwana. View this object Ntshingwayo kaMahole (right) led the Zulus at Isandlwana, 1879 View this object Rorke's Drift with Isandlwana in the distance, 1879 22-23 January Rorke's Drift After their victory at Isandlwana, around 4,000 Zulus pressed on to Rorke's Drift, w
  • lidya-2 on 26 Apr 23
     
    The British forces had experienced officers and NCOs and the men were well trained and disciplined; besides they had the well-made and sturdy Martini-Henry rifle. The Natal Native Contingent, however, were badly trained, undisciplined and bad shots, and had little experience of battle conditions. this also resulted in many men dying from using guns they were not ready for to use. this also puts British at a advantage or leverage over the Zulu people as they had more skill and training on using guns.
diegothestallion

The Ivory Trade and Political Power in Nineteenth-Century East Africa | SpringerLink - 11 views

link.springer.com/...978-3-030-42595-1_9

222058834 History 2A

shared by diegothestallion on 06 Mar 23 - No Cached
  • The Ivory Trade and Political Power in Nineteenth-Century East Africa | SpringerLink
  • Elephants from the East African interior were the innocent victims of their region’s increased connections to oceanic commerce during the nineteenth century. Americans, Europeans, and South and East Asians all demanded East African ivory in increasing quantities over the time-period, and elephants were killed to fuel their demand.
    • diegothestallion
      diegothestallion on 26 Apr 23
       
      The more ivory was demanded ,the higher elephant were killed to meet the required demanded ivories and to expand the ivory trade further.
  • This was part of a process through which ivory ceased being an object reserved for elites and became consumed by a wider stratum of society in the form of, for example, billiard balls, piano keys, and bangles.Footnote 1 Ivory’s increased commodification divorced elephants from most pre-existing cultural or symbolic associations that East Africans had of them, especially around prominent trade routes.
    • diegothestallion
      diegothestallion on 26 Apr 23
       
      This sentence provide examples of product that were produced using ivory, Namely Piano Keys and billiard ball. This are product produced using soft ivory that was found in East Africa
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • Elephants from the East African interior were the innocent victims of their region’s increased connections to oceanic commerce during the nineteenth century. Americans, Europeans, and South and East Asians all demanded East African ivory in increasing quantities over the time-period, and elephants were killed to fuel their demand.
  • elephants were hunted throughout East Africa since before the nineteenth century and elephants continued to survive in sheltered locales throughout the region, including in regions where ivory traders were long-known to frequen
    • diegothestallion
      diegothestallion on 26 Apr 23
       
      THIS SHOWS THAT EAST AFRICAN ECONOMY DEPEND MOSTLY IN IVORY TRADE BECAUSE ELEPHANT HUNTING DID NOT START IN 19TH CENTUARY BUT IT WAS TAKING PLACE BEFORE THAT, BUT DID NOT INTENSIFY COMPARED TO 19th CENTUARY.
  • South Asia was a major market for East African ivory by sometime in the seventh or eighth centuries and it was imported into China during the Song dynasty (960–1279).
  • Firstly, elephant hunters used and displayed ivory throughout the period, even though the demographic who comprised the primary elephant hunters shifted. During the first half of the nineteenth century, most East African elephant hunters were members of secret societies or part of age-grade systems that brought boys into manhood.
  • Elephant hunters also displayed and used ivory and other elephant products to distinguish themselves from other members of the population. Burton, for example, noted that Gogo ivory hunters’ wore ‘disks and armlets of fine ivory’ in 1858.
    • diegothestallion
      diegothestallion on 26 Apr 23
       
      THIS IS WHERE IVORY WAS USED AS A RITUAL TO SYMBOLISE THEIR BELIEVE OR TO BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY EACH OTHER IN IVORY MARKET OR IN OTHER COMMUNITIES.
  • The patterns of ivory consumption in nineteenth-century East Africa indicate that it became a product that was increasingly tied to chiefly status. Control of its distribution and trade were the functions of chiefs.
  • The importance of the ivory trade to political power in East Africa’s coastal and island regions has been interpreted though alternate dynamics to its importance in the interior. On the coast, access to and control of the ivory trade is often linked to understandings of the power dynamics between Omani and Rima populations.
  • In the interior, meanwhile, it has been seen to shape the relationships between pre-existing chiefs, rising militarised chiefs, and coastal traders.
  • The global ivory trade was increasingly integral to the construction of political power in nineteenth-century East Africa. In the interior of this region, chiefs, state-builders, warlords, and prominent traders sought control of ivory and its trade to buttress their political authority, symbolically, economically, and militarily.
  • This divergence was tied to East Africa being a global supplier rather than a consumer of ivory. Within East Africa itself, though, few members of the general populace sold ivory directly to the global market.
  • ujhistprof on 07 Mar 23
     
    Hi Micaela Will you edit your tag as follows: "Michaela Pillay" - use the inverted commas to make your name one tag. Thanks, Natasha
b_k_mposula

The Zulu kingdom as a genocidal and post-genocidal society, c. 1810 to the present 1.pdf - 1 views

shared by b_k_mposula on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • genocidal
    • b_k_mposula
      b_k_mposula on 26 Apr 23
       
      Relating to genocide which is a systematic killing of substantial numbers of people based on their ethnicity, religion and or belief.
  • genocidal society
    • b_k_mposula
      b_k_mposula on 26 Apr 23
       
      This highlights the fact the Zulu kingdom was a society that subjected its people, the commoners, to a systematic killing based on the opposite ideologies of those in ruling, which was the king and the kingdom.
  • Violence perpetrated by Africans against other Africans.
    • b_k_mposula
      b_k_mposula on 26 Apr 23
       
      internal conflict
  • ...18 more annotations...
  • preponderance
    • b_k_mposula
      b_k_mposula on 26 Apr 23
       
      Refers to superiority in number.
  • “character assassination,”
  • for centuries white writers have used the image of the violent African to justify racism, slavery, and colonialism.
    • b_k_mposula
      b_k_mposula on 26 Apr 23
       
      This links with Blyden's analysis of the Idea of Africa and how the white project their opinions of the continent, and they ended up justifying these institutions like colonialism, racism and the likes.
  • chiefdom
    • b_k_mposula
      b_k_mposula on 26 Apr 23
       
      Refers to an area or region governed by a chief.
  • Shaka,
    • b_k_mposula
      b_k_mposula on 26 Apr 23
       
      Known to be the founder of Southern Africa's Zulu empire.
  • 1828,
    • b_k_mposula
      b_k_mposula on 26 Apr 23
       
      Shaka was assisinated on this year. His half-brother took over the reigns the same year
  • He struck a deal with the Boers: the Boers would help Mpande take over the Zulu throne from Dingane, and in exchange Mpande would cede to the Boers all Zulu territory south of the Thuke
  • half of the kingdom’s total area.
  • Shaka and Dingane tended to be portrayed as unusually violent.
    • b_k_mposula
      b_k_mposula on 26 Apr 23
       
      what did shaka and his brother do that made them seem unusually violent? Shaka prohibited the wearing of sandals, toughened his warriors feet by making them run barefoot over rough thorny ground. Shaka centralized power in the person of the king and the court, collected tribute from regional chiefs, and placed regiments throughout his state to ensure compliance with his orders
  • The chiefs who ruled Zululand before Shaka
  • Other informants painted a similar picture: war was limited in every sense. It was a last resort, an option taken up only when peaceful means of conflict mediation had been exhausted. The causes were always specific and limited. Even combatants rarely died,
    • b_k_mposula
      b_k_mposula on 26 Apr 23
       
      other kings were not as brutal as Shaka
  • Dingiswayo later helped Shaka gain the Zulu chiefship. When Dingiswayo died, Shaka began to invade his neighbors, including Dingiswayo’s own Mthethwa and the Langa, or Langeni, another chiefdom that had served as a home for Shaka and his mother during their years of exile.
    • b_k_mposula
      b_k_mposula on 26 Apr 23
       
      On the death of Shaka's father.Dingiswayo lent his young protege the military necessary to oust and assainate his senior brother and make himself chieftain of the Zulu. The death of Dingiswayo led to shaka invading other neighbouring tribes including DIngiswayo's tribe
  • Shaka acted in a similar way against the Mthethwa themselves because some of them had treated him badly
    • b_k_mposula
      b_k_mposula on 26 Apr 23
       
      here we see Shaka abuse his power as he seeks out revenge against the people that have wronged him in his past
  • Shaka would call for the extermination of the subjects of many other chiefdoms. If genocide is defined as a state-mandated effort to annihilate whole peoples, then Shaka’s actions in this regard must certainly qualify.
  • Shaka had to rely on such genocidal policies to maintain his authority because he lacked legitimacy in the eyes of many of his subjects.
  • Like any other government, Shaka’s rewarded those who submitted to him and punished those who did not.
  • But however much Shaka was willing to reward and indulge those who obeyed him, he became increasingly severe against those he perceived as a threat. When members of the Thembu chiefdom defied him, he not only moved against the Thembu men, but the women and children as well:
    • b_k_mposula
      b_k_mposula on 26 Apr 23
       
      Shaka's Supremacy By then, Shaka had no major rival in the area of the present day KZN. during his reign, his regiments continuosly went to campaign, steadily extending their assaults further afield as the areas near at hand were stripped of their cattle.If a chiefdom resisted, it was conquered and either destroyed or like the thembu and chunu driven off as landless refugees. When chiefdom submitted he left local administration in the hands of the reigning chief or another memeber of the traditional ruling family appointed by himself
  • Dingane soon became as arbitrary as Shaka, for example by waging total war against the Amabaso because they had complained to Dingane about the chief he had appointed to rule over them.
    • b_k_mposula
      b_k_mposula on 26 Apr 23
       
      arbitrary=based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system We see how the Zulu Kingdom and not just Shaka was a genocidal society, we see how they fight and kill each other
terri-ann

secondary leadership and formation zulu kingdom.pdf - 1 views

Terri-Ann Naidoo 220151019

shared by terri-ann on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • THE RISE AND FALL OF THE ZULU KINGDOM3
  • Anglo-Zulu war of 1879
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      the Anglo-Zulu war was a war between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom
  • he Zulu Kingdom begins with the reign of Dingiswayo, chief of the Mthethwa, an Nguni-speaking group of the Bantu population in southeastern Africa
  • ...44 more annotations...
  • internecin
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      destructive to both sides in a conflict
  • 8
  • favorites
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      Dingiswayo was a very successful man regarding his military skills, with upgraded regiments as well as centralizing power over a conquered area.
  • 2,000
  • 2,000 member
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      the Zulu Kingdom did not have a vast amount of individuals however it did grow over time
  • Shaka an illegitimate son of the Zulu chief
  • subsumed the Mthethwa regiments under Zulu control and proclaimed himself the new ruler of the Zulu Kingdom
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      Shaka being the new leader of the Zulu people because he had killed the son of the Mthethwa tribe, and taking control of that community.
  • . He introduced the assegai (a short thrusting spear) and trained the army to encircle the enemy in a shield-to-shield formation so that rival warriors could be stabbed at the hear
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      development of strategy
  • nd e
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      mutiny means to evoke rebellion.
  • 300 formerly independent chiefdoms into the Zulu Kingdom.
  • royal kraal (a territorial dwelling unit with the house of the king located at the center
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      definition.
  • Further inland, however, areas of sweet grasses were well suited to cattle-herding and harbored the majority of the Zulu people (Gump 1989; Guy 1979:5-9, 1980).
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      the need for grass because of agriculture and cattle grazing.
  • lu po
  • . The death of Shaka had brought about a weakening of central political orde
  • During Shaka's regime, the British and Boer settlers in the area had not interfered with Zulu rul
  • d. The reign of Mpande was peaceful in comparison with his predecessors' regi
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      Mpande rule was more peaceful and did not inflict a reign of terro as his brother has created during the ruling time.
  • Cetshwayo
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      Mpande's son who inherited the Zulu kingdom.
  • In 1873, Theophilus Shepstone, Natal Secretary for Native Affairs, crowned Cetshwayo king of the Zulu, not, as Cetshwayo thought, to conf1rm his independe
  • royal authority but, on the contrary, because the sovereignty of the Zulu king was seen to be inconsistent with British colonial rule
  • When the Zulu king did not conform to these demands, a succession of bloody confrontations between the Zulu and the British ultimately led to the Anglo-Zulu war
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      The demands of missionaries being able to teach the young Zulu individuals. and the demand that the individuals be able to marry because of the previous rule of King Shaka that stated that individuals that were part of the military were not able to marry but were to live single independent lives.
  • 300
  • restraints, and Cetshwayo was again crowned king of the Zulu. A military confro
  • Zulu territory was declared a British protectorate, and in 1897 it became part of Natal.
  • Shaka were certainly the main driving force for the enormous territorial expansion of the Zulu Kingdom, bringing many previously independent chiefdoms under unified political rule.
  • 187
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      the year of the war between the British and the Zulu kingdom because they did not follow the commands of the British.
  • . While the Zulu Kingdom was constrained by physical boundaries, these limits at the same time designated divisions between distinct sociopolitical formations. The opportunities for free movement of the Zulu were limited by the presence of the Swazi and Tembe Thonga to the north, the Boers and Basuto to the west, and the British to the sou
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      Zulu people experience limitation and restriction.
  • Shaka's rule was centralized and authoritarian, but the local chiefs did retain some autonomous po
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      the sharing of power is wiser when ruling because there is room for disagreements and agreements and there is a higher chance of equality and betterment of ruling.
  • he Zulu Kingdom then had the beginnings of a central, politically controlled system of economy and law.
  • The terroristic Zulu regime (especially under Shaka) managed to maintain order not only by expansion but also by further consolidation of evolving political authorit
  • f1rst, the role of Shaka and the system of terror extended under his ru
  • the precise nature of Zulu political developments from dispersed tribes and chiefdoms to one unified state
  • Zulu kings indeed enjoyed such a powerful sociopolitical role.
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      power is desired in all nations amongst all tribes and individuals.
  • abanta be nlsosi (the people of the king)
  • rudimentar
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      basic
  • za latent homosexual and possibly psychotic
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      the manner in which King Shaka is described because of his ruthless ruling over the African kingdom
  • v
  • ambivalenc
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      an account of having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone .
  • zation still persisting, the Zulu Kingdom was essentially a political formation in transition, well underway to crystalizing into a fully consolidated state, yet still lacking the differentiation and specialization of complex political states which was characteristic for the British settlers who were therefore in a position to subsume it
  • n
  • rudimenta
  • ce. Most research indeed indicates that the military-political reorganizations initiated by the Zulu kings on the basis of indigenous systems' hunting practices were decisive for the further expansion and consolidation of the kingdom (Chanaiwa 1980:6-12; Stevenson 1968:33). Shaka, for instance, Elrmly established the age-graded military regiments, unified hundreds of tribes (in no more than ten years), weakened the power of elders and sorcerers, and controlled a standing army with the aid of loyal chiefs
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      Africa over the years had been underestimated. it is evident that Africa did have skills and governing methods. King Shaka had developed a political institution as well as developed their military base with defense mechanisms and strategies that ahve helped the Zulu kingdom to conquere other tribes . The Zulu people may have not won during the Anglo-Zulu war but they did have good defense strategies and did denfend their homelands, they did not simply go into the battle field without any information of defense. King Shaka may have been a horrible leader but there are so many things that he had taught the people that were beneficial to them after his death and during wars and tribal conflicts.
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      Shaka was a man of skill whereby he had joined chiefdoms together, whilst exerting immense power whilst stipulating limitation for those he allowed to have power. he annihilated all those that he found a threat or those who had stood in his way.
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      King Shaka was killed by his two brothers. his brother Dingane took over the kingdom by enforcing terror fort all those that did not comply to his rules. later on Dingane's brother Mpande joined forces with the Europeanans and eventually killed his brother to took control of the Zulu kingdom.
    • terri-ann
      terri-ann on 25 Apr 23
       
      basic.
nikilithandamase18

Taylor and Francis Article: 'Like the Wild Beast after the Taste of Blood': War, Huntin... - 1 views

Innocentia Yaka 222090651 guns

shared by nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • conques
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force
  • discourse
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      written or spoken communication or debate
  • conquest
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force
  • ...22 more annotations...
  • military
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. It is typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with its members identifiable by their distinct military uniform.
  • o
  • ethos
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The distinguishing character, sentiment, moral nature, or guiding beliefs of a person, group, or institutionethic sense
  • replete
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      filled or well-supplied with something
  • Cape Colony
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      It is also known as the Cape of Good Hope, and it was a British colony in present-day South Africa named after the Cape of Good Hope. It existed from 1795 to 1802, and again from 1806 to 1910, when it united with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa.
  • freebooters
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      someone who engages in an unauthorized military expedition into a foreign country or territory to foster or support a political revolution or secession. The term is usually applied to United States citizens who incited insurrections across Latin America, particularly in the mid-19th century, usually with the goal of establishing an American-loyal regime that could later be annexed into the United States.
  • annexation
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the action of invading something, especially territory.
  • coalesced
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      come together to form one mass or whole
  • burgher
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Burgher may refer to: Burgher (social class), a medieval, early modern European title of a citizen of a town, and a social class from which city officials could be drawn Burgher (Church history), a member of the First Secession Church who subscribed to the Burgher OathBurgher people.
  • paramilitary
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      A paramilitary is an organization whose structure, tactics, training, and function are similar to those of a professional military but is not part of a country's official or legitimate armed forces.
  • hegemony
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over others.
  • garrisoned
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      a military Posta permanent military installation the troops stationed at a garrison.
  • fauna
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Fauna is all of the animal life present in a particular region or time.
  • solace
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      comfort or consolation in a time of distress or sadness
  • eded territory
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      give up (power or territory)
  • warfare
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      engagement in or the activities involved in war or conflict.
  • decimated
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      kill, destroy, or remove a large proportion of.
  • remnant
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      a part or quantity that is left after the greater part has been used, removed, or destroyed.
  • strenuous
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      requiring or using great effort or exertion.
  • treacherous
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      guilty of or involving betrayal or deception.
  • conflated
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      combine or bring two things or more sets of information, texts, ideas, etc.) into one.
  • Xhosa made concerted efforts to obtain firearms and ammunition from travelling tr a de rs . 11 0 By the time of the 1846–7 war, the Xhosa were generally well armed, utilising both firearms and assegais in war .
    • nikilithandamase18
      nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This basically depicts how the Xhosa people were introduced to guns by the Dutch.
  • nikilithandamase18 on 26 Apr 23
     
    Guns had a devastating impact in the Cape Colony during the Dutsch war, lives were lost and animals. The Cape was left dry without Lions, Giraffes, and other animals such as elephants. This shows that guns gave the Dutch people power to hunt and kill people in the Cape Colony. The Xhosa people used firearms to fight in the 1846-7 war. The military trend was begun by the Dutch colonists. The military not only had physical impact on the environment and on indigenous people but influenced how these were imagined in the broader colonial discourse.
Mnqobi Linda

Archaeology of Slavery in East Africa.pdf - 2 views

Mnqobi Linda 222051757

shared by Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Like Arab sources, European documents rarely refer to slaves and the slave trade during the sixteenth and seventeenth century. However, one German traveler, who accompanied Francisco d'Almeida to Mombasa and Kilwa, observed in Kilwa "more black slaves than white Moors" and in Mombasa all the 500 archers were "negro slaves of the white Moors" (Freeman-Grenville, 1965, p. 107, 109). Tom? Pires, the Portuguese ambassador to China described the Indian Ocean trade in the early sixteenth century. From the ports of Zeila and Berbera, he noted, Arabs obtained gold, ivory, and slaves (Freeman-Greenville, 1962, p. 125). A Franciscan Friar, who visited Mombasa in 1606, mentioned a boat arriving from Zanzibar with some slaves (Freeman-Grenville, 1962, p. 155). An English trading captain noted that the governor of Mombasa, Johan Santa Coba, would send small boats to Kilwa, Pemba, Zanzibar, and Mozambique to obtain gold, ambergris, elephant teeth, and slaves, apparently for himself (Freeman-Grenville, 1962, p. 190). Even when slaves are mentioned as part of cargo, their importance relative to ivory, gold, and iron was minimal.
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      Slavery, gold and Ivory trading which too place in the East of Africa.
  • rior; there is hardly evidence of expeditions inland until the nineteenth century." However, several hinterland com munities such as the Taita, Hadzabe, Iraqw, Makonde, and Oromo became victims of slave raiding and ethnic warfare for control of trading routes (Bagshawe, 1925; Obst, 1912). Others, like the Yao, Makua, Nyamwezi, and Akamba transformed
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is shocking because there are communities which became part of the hunting for Ivory to trade with the Europeans and used weapons which the got from the Europeans to get slaves for them.
  • hite Moors" a
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      White moors refers to the Muslim people of North Africa and Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • uropean demand for ivory and plantation labor affected communities as far as Central Africa and set in motion human and elephant depopulation (Alpers, 1975; Beachey, 1986; Newitt, 1987; Ringrose, 2001; Schweinfurth, 1874; Thorbahn, 1979). As early as AD 1770 slaves destined for the French plantation in their colonies were being procured from Nyasaland [Malawi] (Alpers, 1975; Nwulia, 1975; Sheriff, 1987, p. 159). Although Europeans initially confined their presence in Africa to coastal regions between the sixteenth to mid-nineteenth cen turies, their slave trading enterprise affected all African communities. Interestingly, Thornton (1992, p. 125) downplays the European impact by stating that the de velopment of slavery in its most repugnant forms was more a product of active African participation and desires for economic expansion because Europeans pos sessed no means, either economic or military, to compel African leaders to sell slaves
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      In the East of Africa many societies were affected by the demand of the Europeans for slaves to work in Sugarcane plantations. Many people lost their loved ones and there was a decrease in the number of people in communities. There was also a depopulation in Elephants because the of Ivory by the Europeans as many Elephants were killed. The development of slave on the East Coast of Africa was caused by the participation of the Kings and Leaders in the communities of Africa, but not because Europeans, bassically they were not forced to participate.
  • rchers were "negro slaves o
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      These archers were trained to be professional in using bow and arrows
  • hemselves into professional ivory and slave hunters, raiders, and traders (Alpers, 1969,1975; Klein and Robertson, 1983; Lovejoy, 2000; Mutoro, 1998; Robertson, 1997). Ivory trade with overseas markets introduced guns to African societies that helped facilitate slave raids as well as "trade goods that sometimes sharpened the appetite of Africans for additional slave raiding and tradin
  • ; Lugard, 1968; New, 1874; Thomson, 1885). Slave and cattle raiding had forced Tsavo and Taveta peoples to move to fortified localities in the hills and mountains (Bravman, 1998; French-Sheldon, 1892; Merritt, 1975; Wray, 1912). Migration and relocation created subsistence insecurities and made people vulnerable to famine and disease. The
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      Many communities went to live in mountains to be safety from slavery and made fenced areas to hide, this led to starvation as people were unable to produce food and they were prone to disease form the wild and its animals.
  • fortified localities i
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      A Fortified area is a strong defenses, usually a massive wall structure and inner citadels or strongholds.
  • ad occurred in Taita in the 1880s reported by Hobley (1895) is a case in point. Starving Taita emigrated to Taveta, Chagga, Pare, and Ukambani, only to find their residents similarly afflicted. Parents reportedly sold children into slavery for food. People starved to death in houses, on roadsides, in gardens, everywhere and were left unburied for no one had strength to dig graves; the number of bodies was too numerous to be disposed by hyena or other scavengers. Sagala area in Tsavo was one of the earliest and hardest hit areas. People killed one another in competition for food and many Sagala emigrated to Giriama for relief. Abandoned settlements reverted to wilderness. At the end of the famine, after the rains returned, only 1000 of the estimated 10,000 Taita people survived (Merritt,
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      Slavery led to hunger and hunger led to competition of food which eventually caused parents trade their own children for food and people killing each other for food.
tendaim

Guns, Race, and Skill in Nineteenth-Century Southern Africa.pdf - 2 views

Tendai Mangena History 2A 221060211

shared by tendaim on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Guns, Race, and Skill in Nineteenth-Century Southern Africa
  • it seems. South Africa's "gun society" originated in the seventeenth century, when the Dutch East India Company encouraged the European settlers of the Cape of Good Hope to procure firearms and to serve in the
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 25 Apr 23
       
      how colonial South Africa got access to guns
  • uring the early
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • through the encouragement of traders and missionaries, more Africans took up firearms. They did so for many reasons, most prominently to gain sec
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 25 Apr 23
       
      real reasons for africans procuring guns
  • ill. Relying on colonial descriptions of African peoples of the region, they characterized the Khoisan and Griqua as skilled with weapons, a facility that enabled them to resist colonialism for a while. The Xhosa were both good and bad marksmen, while the Mfengu were skilled and dangerous. The Sotho were "indifferently armed and were poor shots" before the 1870s, when they became "crack marksmen." The Zulu never integrated firearms completely into their military tactics, but by the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 some Zulu shot well because, according to a British government source, they had received instruction from redcoat deserters.4
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 25 Apr 23
       
      africans were labeled according to their efficacy with firearms this is how colonial rulers categorized them by level of threat to skill
  • By juxtaposing Gramsci's theory and extensive historical evidence the Comaroffs explored the ways the Tswana debated customs, techniques, and habits that missionaries were promoting. The Comaroffs argue that the Tswana recognized that by accepting British dress, agricultural practices, and literacy they were accepting aspects of colonialist hegemony ranging from racial arrangements to epistemology and ontology. Perceptions of the world and the self, as well as perceptions of power, were bound up in everyday practice just as much as they were related to professing the Christian faith or pledging loyalty to the queen.8
  • ys the Tswana debated customs, techniques, and habits that missionaries were promoting. The Comaroffs argue that the Tswana recognized that by accepting British dress, agricultural practices, and literacy they were accepting aspects of colonialist hegemony ranging from racial arrangements to epistemology and ontology. Perceptions of the world and the self, as well as perceptions of power, were bound up in everyday practice just as much as they were related to professing the Christian faith or pledging loyalty to the qu
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 25 Apr 23
       
      above all they wished to convert africans to thie way of euro standards
  • earlier part of the nineteenth century, people living in remote areas killed wildlife for food. At the same time, hunting was an important economic activity, as ivory, hides, and ostrich feathers commanded high prices on world markets. Hunting could even provide a better income than cattle farmin
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 25 Apr 23
       
      again at first guns offered a way for people to find food to eat and survive as well as an "income" to be earned by trading certain commodities
  • more numerous were the guns and the hunters, the sooner would the game be destroyed or driven out of the coun
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 25 Apr 23
       
      competition would have started and i believe that the white settlers wanted to be the only ones who benefitted from this hunting
  • Beginning about the 1860s, skilled labor became so scarce that southern African gunsmiths ceased assembling imported parts and began to import complete guns from Britain
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 25 Apr 23
       
      at some point the white settlers used black labour (slavery) in order to fulfill their demand for guns
  • ry, frontiersmen like Africander were hired to hunt and track for European ivory merch
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 25 Apr 23
       
      enro settlers used african labour to source their commodities (in a way this improved africans use and ability with and of guns)
  • There were other reasons why old guns retained their appeal in southern Africa longer than they did in other parts of the world. On the nineteenth-century southern African frontier, capital was scarce and game was plentiful; so long as plenty of game could be killed with primitive weapons, there was little incentive to adopt new guns such as the paper-cartridge breechloaders that became available in the 1850s and 1860s.25 Older weapons were a more adaptable and flexible technology than the new rifles, and happened to be less expensive, to
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 25 Apr 23
       
      guns stayed an important piece of trade and value due to the nature of SA, there was much to hunt and kill which also didnt need newer better guns, so the guns in SA stayed "old styled"
  • n, Dutch farmers who migrated from the Cape northward in the early nineteenth century, gained a reputation as highly skilled marksm
  • noticeable characteristic of the period I allude to (say, twenty years ago), and at the time of the Boer war with us [the First Anglo-Boer War, 1880-81 ] all the middle-aged men, and a good many of the youngsters, were as a rule, and as compared with trained soldiers, very efficient shots." Nicholson added that as late as the 1890s some of the best shots still preferred flintlock muzzle loaders over modern breechloaders
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 25 Apr 23
       
      the Boer had good shooters which were mostly middle aged and young men, i wonder who fought for the africans side and what weapons did they have access to?
  • out the Boer marksmen. Of the 24,238 men eligible to be called up for militia service, 9,996 did not own a rifle. Those who did tended to own Martini-Henrys, which were inferior to the British army's new magazine rifles, the Lee-Metford and the Lee-Enfield. The revived Boer reputation for marksmanship during the war of 1899-1902 was due in good part to Kruger's wise decision, shortly before the war, to buy thirty-seven thousand Mauser rifles, which were superior to the British weapons.29
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 25 Apr 23
       
      because of the decrease of animals and africans to hunt less and less Boers had practice or use for guns and so when they were called up it was hard as only a small percentage of them had the necessary marksmanship and skill to shoot
  • mong the English-speaking settlers of the Eastern Cape in the 1870s, many of whom worried that they, too, were insufficiently skilled with weapons. Their claims were ideologically charged and closely related to their efforts to dispossess and disenfranchise Africans.
  • tendaim on 25 Apr 23
     
    this article goes in depth in discussing how firearms reached and stayed in South Africa and why they were such a welcomed commodity and how it turned to war and the idea to take firearms away from Africans
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