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Re-analysis of Carlsen's work on sperm count finds consistent decline in sperm count.  Swan and authors found a 1.5% decline in US men from 1934-1996 and 3% annual decline in European/Australian men over same time frame.  This was a meta-analysis of 101 studies from 1934-1996.  Yes, there is geographical variation, but the overall trend is one of decline.

Age induced decline in Testosterone is more associated with a decline in leydig cell function and thus elevated LH will be associated.  In contrast, obesity is more of a HPA axis disruption and thus LH may be normal to low.  The pulse amplitude is decrease.  No change in pulse frequency is noted.   With obesity, a decline in TT and fT was independent of SHBG. Aging is associated with a greater decrease in fT versus TT.

great review of hormone changes associated with aging in men.

increased estradiol and estrone levels in men associated with cognitive decline.  This was distinct from age, CVD, and APOE genotype.  This points to a clear association between increased aromatase activity and inflammation that contributes to cognitive decline in men.

26 year study of dogs finds declining sperm count equivalent to that in men.  The decline was found to occur at a rate of 1.2% to 2.5% annually over course of study.  The authors pointed to EDC's in food.

Postmenopausal cognitive decline is a common complaint.  Declining Estradiol and progesterone have been implicated, in part, to this cognitive decline.  This study finds that progesterone increases expression of Transthyretin, a protein that processes amyloid Beta protein.  This amyloid Beta protein is associated with damage found in Alzheimer's. 

Weak connection, but this study finds that Testosterone in post-menopausal women will reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women.  Their conclusion is based on the rise in CVD in post-menopausal women and the decline in Testosterone levels post-hysterectomy. That is the one instant where Testosterone levels do precipitously decline.  Contrast this with natural menopause where Testosterone does not appear to decline as precipitously.

Statin use found to be associated with cognitive decline.  The authors defined use as long-term, though 2 years of use was found to be associated with decline.   interestingly, metabolic syndrome was not found to be associated with cognitive decline.

Decline in concentration, function and morphological normal sperm in young men in Paris.  This was a 20 year study.  There was no reduction in semen volume.

Just the abstract here.  Declining estradiol production found to be associated with increased cognitive dysfunction or cognitive decline in those using aromatase inhibitor therapy.  Aromatase inhibition therapy is used to block Testosterone to Estradiol production in women with ER+ breast cancer.

Untold risk of early ovary removal appears to be cognitive decline and increased risk of dementia.  The earlier the age of removal, the more the increased risk of cognitive decline.  

Article highlights the problems with the definition of low T.  This article finds consistent decline in Total Testosterone and FAI with increasing age groups, with a significant portion of men > 60 meeting the required levels for "low T".  This study found a decrease in total T and FAI at a consistent rate independent of variables, such as BMI.    This study did find a decrease in SHBG and total T with obesity; in contrast to other studies.

Interesting read: study finds peak Testosterone at age 19 in men; Testosterone decline was see up to age 40 at which decline was variable beyond age 40

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Estrogen receptors alpha and beta show dominance in the proliferative phases, with alpha isoform predominating.  In the secretory phase, less expression of ER was present. ER alpha was predominantly expressed in the epithelial and stromal cells in the proliferative phase.  ER beta was predominantly expressed in glandular cells in the same proliferative phase.   in the luteal phase, ER alpha expression declined in the funtionalis layers.  ER alpha in the basalis remained unchanged.  ER beta in the functionalis layers also declined in the luteal phase.   No relative change was found in the weak expression of ER alpha/beta in the myometrium.

Finnish study of 3,271 men found that there was a decline in serum free testosterone levels in recently born boys compared to previous generations.  Additionally, they found inappropriate HPA response to this decline in testicular testosterone.

lower levels of SHBG and serum testosterone were found in more recently born men.  Preceding generations of men produced higher testosterone levels than men born in more recent generations.

This study found that in longitudinal studies, testosterone decline accelerated compared to cross sectional studies.  They concluded that decreasing health could be the explanation.  But, what if the decline in testosterone explained the decreasing health?

Retrospective study of 26,609 men found a 1.9% annual decline in sperm concentration, increase in abnormal morphology percentage.

Medical dogma tells us that menopause is simply an estrogen deficiency.  This new study points to correlation between progesterone decline and cognitive decline in menopausal women.

study finds no correlation between gonadotropin levels, increasing Testosterone levels and homocysteine levels.  The treatment group had significant decline in folic acid and B12 after 6 months of treatment and this correlated with the decline in homocysteine.