Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity.
Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Sep;72(3):690-3. Erratum in: Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 May;77(5):1342.
PMID: 10966885
Conclusions: Obesity-associated vitamin D insufficiency is likely due to the decreased bioavailability of vitamin D3 from cutaneous and dietary sources because of its deposition in body fat compartments.
Vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation: maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes from human and animal studies.
Kovacs CS.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Aug;88(2):520S-528S. Review.
PMID: 18689394
Dosing recommendations for women during pregnancy and lactation might be best directed toward ensuring that the neonate is vitamin D-sufficient and that this sufficiency is maintained during infancy and beyond. A dose of vitamin D that provides 25(OH)D sufficiency in the mother during pregnancy should provide normal cord blood concentrations of 25(OH)D. Research has shown that during lactation, supplements administered directly to the infant can easily achieve vitamin D sufficiency; the mother needs much higher doses (100 µg or 4000 IU per day) to achieve adult-normal 25(OH)D concentrations in her exclusively breastfed infant. In addition, the relation (if any) of vitamin D insufficiency in the fetus or neonate to long-term nonskeletal outcomes such as type 1 diabetes and other chronic diseases needs to be investigated.
Evidence for alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in obese subjects.
Bell NH, Epstein S, Greene A, Shary J, Oexmann MJ, Shaw S.
J Clin Invest. 1985 Jul;76(1):370-3.
PMID: 2991340
The results provide evidence that alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in obese subjects is characterized by secondary hyperparathyroidism which is associated with enhanced renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and increased circulating 1,25(OH)2D. The reduction of serum 25-OHD in them is attributed to feedback inhibition of hepatic synthesis of the precursor by the increased serum 1,25(OH)2D.
Fish consumption and risk of major chronic disease in men.
Virtanen JK, Mozaffarian D, Chiuve SE, Rimm EB.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;88(6):1618-25.
PMID: 19064523
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2007.25816
Conclusions: Modest fish consumption was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease, consistent with cardiac mortality benefits but not with total cancer or overall major chronic disease; n-6 fatty acid consumption did not influence these relations.
The hypoglycemic effect of fat and protein is not attenuated by insulin resistance.
Lan-Pidhainy X, Wolever TM.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19923374
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28125
Conclusions: The hypoglycemic effect of fat and protein was not blunted by insulin resistance. Protein increased insulin but had no effect on C-peptide or the insulin secretion rate, which suggests decreased hepatic insulin extraction or increased C-peptide clearance.
Low vitamin D status, high bone turnover, and bone fractures in centenarians.
Passeri G, Pini G, Troiano L, Vescovini R, Sansoni P, Passeri M, Gueresi P, Delsignore R, Pedrazzoni M, Franceschi C.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Nov;88(11):5109-15.
PMID: 14602735
We conclude that the extreme decades of life are characterized by a pathophysiological sequence of events linking vitamin D deficiency, low serum calcium, and secondary hyperparathyroidism with an increase in bone resorption and severe osteopenia. These data offer a rationale for the possible prevention of elevated bone turnover, bone loss, and consequently the reduction of osteoporotic fractures and fracture-induced disability in the oldest olds through the supplementation with calcium and vitamin D.
Effect of soy protein varying in isoflavone content on serum lipids in healthy young men.
McVeigh BL, Dillingham BL, Lampe JW, Duncan AM.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Feb;83(2):244-51.
PMID: 16469981
Conclusion: Soy protein, regardless of isoflavone content, modulates serum lipid ratios in a direction beneficial for cardiovascular disease risk in healthy young men.
Beneficial effects of virgin coconut oil on lipid parameters and in vitro LDL oxidation.
Nevin KG, Rajamohan T.
Clin Biochem. 2004 Sep;37(9):830-5.
PMID: 15329324
doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.04.010
Conclusion: The results demonstrated the potential beneficiary effect of virgin coconut oil in lowering lipid levels in serum and tissues and LDL oxidation by physiological oxidants. This property of VCO may be attributed to the biologically active polyphenol components present in the oil
Cardiovascular disease risk of dietary stearic acid compared with trans, other saturated, and unsaturated fatty acids: a systematic review1,3.
Hunter JE, Zhang J, Kris-Etherton PM.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Nov 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19939984
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27661
Conclusions: TFA intake should be reduced as much as possible because of its adverse effects on lipids and lipoproteins. The replacement of TFA with STA compared with other saturated fatty acids in foods that require solid fats beneficially affects LDL cholesterol, the primary target for CVD risk reduction; unsaturated fats are preferred for liquid fat applications. Research is needed to evaluate the effects of STA on emerging CVD risk markers such as fibrinogen and to understand the responses in different populations.
Treatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia with the natural plant alkaloid berberine.
Zhang Y, Li X, Zou D, Liu W, Yang J, Zhu N, Huo L, Wang M, Hong J, Wu P, Ren G, Ning G.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jul;93(7):2559-65. Epub 2008 Apr 8.
PMID: 18397984
doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2404
Conclusions: Berberine is effective and safe in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia.
Plasma selenium, manganese superoxide dismutase, and intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer.
Chan JM, Oh WK, Xie W, Regan MM, Stampfer MJ, King IB, Abe M, Kantoff PW.
J Clin Oncol. 2009 Aug 1;27(22):3577-83. Epub 2009 Jun 15.
PMID: 19528373
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2008.18.8938
Conclusion: These data suggest that the relationship between circulating selenium levels at diagnosis and prognostic risk of prostate cancer is modified by SOD2 genotype and indicate caution against broad use of selenium supplementation for men with prostate cancer.
Vitamin D and calcium insufficiency-related chronic diseases: molecular and cellular pathophysiology.
Peterlik M, Cross HS.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009 Dec;63(12):1377-86. Epub 2009 Sep 2.
PMID: 19724293
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.105
A compromised vitamin D status, characterized by low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)D) serum levels, and a nutritional calcium deficit are widely encountered in European and North American countries, independent of age or gender. Both conditions are linked to the pathogenesis of many degenerative, malignant, inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Studies on tissue-specific expression and activity of vitamin D metabolizing enzymes, 25-(OH)D-1alpha-hydroxylase and 25-(OH)D-24-hydroxylase, and of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) have led to the understanding of how, in non-renal tissues and cellular systems, locally produced 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) and extracellular Ca2+ act jointly as key regulators of cellular proliferation, differentiation and function. Impairment of cooperative signalling from the 1,25-(OH)2D3-activated vitamin D receptor (VDR) and from the CaR in vitamin D and calcium insufficiency causes cellular dysfunction in many organs and biological systems, and, therefore, increases the risk of diseases, particularly of osteoporosis, colorectal and breast cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type I, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus type II, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Understanding the underlying molecular and cellular processes provides a rationale for advocating adequate intake of vitamin D and calcium in all populations, thereby preventing many chronic diseases worldwide.
n-3 fatty acids and gene expression.
Deckelbaum RJ, Worgall TS, Seo T.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jun;83(6 Suppl):1520S-1525S. Review. Erratum in: Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Oct;84(4):949.
PMID: 16841862
Accumulating evidence in both humans and animal models clearly indicates that a group of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, the n-3 fatty acids (or omega-3), have distinct and important bioactive properties compared with other groups of fatty acids. n-3 Fatty acids are known to reduce many risk factors associated with several diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. The mechanisms whereby n-3 fatty acids affect gene expression are complex and involve multiple processes. As examples, n-3 fatty acids regulate 2 groups of transcription factors, such as sterol-regulatory-element binding proteins and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, that are critical for modulating the expression of genes controlling both systemic and tissue-specific lipid homeostasis. Modulation of specific genes by n-3 fatty acids and cross-talk between these genes are responsible for many effects of n-3 fatty acids.
Fish intake is associated with a reduced progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease.
Erkkilä AT, Lichtenstein AH, Mozaffarian D, Herrington DM.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Sep;80(3):626-32.
PMID: 15321802
Conclusions: Consumption of fish is associated with a significantly reduced progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in women with coronary artery disease.
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