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Nathan Goodyear

Higher Free Thyroxine Levels Predict Increased Incidence of Dementia in Older Men: The ... - 0 views

jcem.endojournals.org/...E2230.abstract

thyroid free free T3 free T4 reverse T3 dementia

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 Dec 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 06 Dec 12
     
    what a silly study!  They look at free T4, the weakest thyroid hormone and found high levels to be associated with dementia.  However, they failed to assess free T3, the most biologically active, and reverse T3, inactive.  This study was like they intentionally blinded themselves of the body's physiology to study dementia.  This is the problem with a lot of research today: they have forgotten their foundation. Many older adults struggle with poor free T4 to free T3 conversion and high reverse T3 conversion.  So, without knowing what these clients were doing in these pathways makes their conclusion obsolete.
Nathan Goodyear

Type 1 5'-deiodinase activity is inhibited by oxidative stress and restored by alpha-li... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...26947333

thyroid T3 oxidative stress alpha lipoic acid deiodinase rT3 reverse T3 thyroid metabolites thyroid metabolism hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 28 Sep 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 28 Sep 16
     
    oxidative stress decreased type 1 deiodinase activity and thus T4 to T3 conversion, resulting in increased rT3 production.  Of interesting note, Alpha lipoic acid increased type I deiodinase activity and T4 to T3 conversion.
Nathan Goodyear

Full Text: Editorial - 0 views

jrheum.com/...419.html

aromatase activity testosterone estrogen autoimmune disease lupus RA inflammation inflammatory cytokines IL-6 TNF-alpha IL-1 men women hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 29 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 29 Apr 12
     
    high aromatase activity and conversion of testosterone to estrogen conversion plays a role in lupus and RA.  Inflammatory cytokines are shown to increase aromatase activity.
Nathan Goodyear

Sex hormones influence on the immune system: basic and clinical aspects in autoimmunity - 0 views

lup.sagepub.com/...635.short

aromatase testosterone estrogen estradiol IL-6 TNF-alpha IL-1 autoimmune disease inflammation inflammatory cytokines men hormones immune system

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 29 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 29 Apr 12
     
    high conversion of testosterone to estrogen conversion in men is from increased aromatase activity.  Inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, TNF-alpha, has been shown to increase aromatase activity and at the same time increase IL-6 and other inflammatory cytokines is the result of increased aromatase activity.
Nathan Goodyear

Does increased aromatase activity in adipose fibroblasts cause low sexual desire in pat... - 0 views

bmj-sti.highwire.org/...64.full

aromatase inflammation inflammatory cytokines IL-6 TNF inhibition testosterone estrogen hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 29 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 29 Apr 12
     
    increased testosterone to estrogen conversion, in part, stimulated by inflammatory cytokines: TNF, and IL-6.  They propose aromatase inhibition to decrease testosterone to estrogen conversion.  This study looked at individuals with HIV.
Nathan Goodyear

Progesterone metabolites in breast cancer - 1 views

erc.endocrinology-journals.org/...717.full

progesterone metabolism tumor tumorigenesis cancer risk growth hormone hormones 5-beta-pregnanediol 5-alpha-pregnanediol 4-pregnenediol 5-alpha reductase

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 20 Feb 12 - No Cached
  • P metabolites produced within breast tissues might be independently active hormones functioning as cancer-promoting or -inhibiting regulatory agents
  • these P metabolites function as independent pro-or anti-cancer autocrine/paracrine hormones that regulate cell proliferation, adhesion, apoptosis and cytoskeletal, and other cell status molecules via novel receptors located in the cell membrane and intrinsically linked to cell signaling pathways
  • only a fraction of all breast cancer patients respond to this estrogen-based therapy and the response is only temporary
  • ...30 more annotations...
  • P serves as the precursor for the major steroid hormones (androgens, estrogens, corticosteroids) produced by the gonadal and adrenal cortical tissues.
  • 5α-pregnane, 5β-pregnane, and 4-pregnene metabolites of P
  • These P-metabolizing enzymes included 5α-reductase, 5β-reductase, 3α-hydroxysteroid oxido-reductase (3α-HSO), 3β-HSO, 20α-HSO, 20β-HSO, 6α(β)-, 11β-, 17-, and 21-hydroxylase, and C17–20-lyase
  • Reduction of P to 5α-pregnanes is catalyzed by 5α-reductase and the direct 5α-reduced metabolite of P is 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione (5αP). The 5α-reductase reaction is irreversible
  • The two 4-pregnenes resulting from direct P conversion are 4-pregnen-3α-ol-20-one (3αHP) and 4-pregnen-20α-ol-3-one (20αHP), catalyzed by the actions of 3α-HSO and 20α-HSO respectively
  • the P-metabolizing enzyme activities identified in human breast tissues and cell lines were: 5α-reductase, 3α-HSO, 3β-HSO, 20α-HSO, and 6α-hydroxylase
  • In normal breast tissue, conversion to 4-pregnenes greatly exceeded the conversion to 5α-pregnanes, whereas in tumorous tissue, conversion to 5α-pregnanes greatly exceeded that to 4-pregnenes
  • The results indicated that P 5α-reductase activity is significantly higher, whereas P 3α-HSO and 20α-HSO activities are significantly lower in tumor than in normal tissues
  • he results showed that production of 5α-pregnanes was higher and that of 4-pregnenes was lower in tumorigenic (e.g. MCF-7) than in nontumorigenic (e.g. MCF-10A) cells (Fig. 3c⇑), while differences in ER/P status did not appear to play a role
  • The 5α-pregnane-to-4-pregnene ratios were 7- to 20-fold higher in the tumorigenic than in the nontumorigenic cell lines
  • altered direction in P metabolism, and hence in metabolite ratios, was due to significantly elevated 5α-reductase and depressed 3α- and 20α-HSO activities in breast tumor tissues and tumorigenic cells. It appeared, therefore, that changes in P-metabolizing enzyme activities might be related to the shift toward mammary cell tumorigenicity and neoplasia
  • In vivo, changes in enzyme activity can result from changes in levels of the enzyme due to changes in expression of the mRNA coding for the enzyme, or from changes in the milieu in which the enzyme operates (such as temperature and pH, and concentrations of cofactors, substrates, products, competitors, ions, phospholipids, and other molecules)
  • Overall, the enzyme activity and expression studies strongly suggest that 5α-reductase stimulation and 3α- and 20α-HSO suppression are associated with the transition from normalcy to cancer of the breast
  • The level of expression of 5α-reductase is up-regulated by estradiol and P in the uterus (Minjarez et al. 2001) and by 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the prostate
  • 3αHP inhibited whereas 5αP-stimulated proliferation
  • Stimulation in cell numbers was also observed when cells were treated with other 5α-pregnanes, such as 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one, 5α-pregnan-20α-ol-3-one, and 5α-pregnane-3α,20α-diol, whereas other 4-pregnenes such as 20α-HP and 4-pregnene-3α,20α-diol resulted in suppression of cell proliferation
  • Stimulation of cell proliferation with 5αP and inhibition with 3αHP were also observed in all other breast cell lines examined, whether ER/P-negative (MCF-10A, MDA-MB-231) or ER/P-positive (T47D, ZR-75-1) and whether requiring estrogen for tumorigenicity (MCF-7, T47D) or not (MDA-MB-231), or whether they are nontumorigenic (
  • αHP resulted in significant increases in apoptosis and decreases in mitosis, leading to significant decreases in total cell numbers. In contrast, treatment with 5αP resulted in decreases in apoptosis and increases in mitosis.
  • The opposing actions of 5αP and 3αHP on both cell anchorage and proliferation strengthen the hypothesis that the direction of P metabolism in vivo toward higher 5α-pregnane and lower 4-pregnene concentrations could promote breast neoplasia and lead to malignancy.
  • he effects on proliferation and adhesion were not due to P, but due to the 5α-reduced metabolites
  • The studies showed that binding of 5αP or 3αHP occurs in the plasma membrane fractions, but not in the nuclear or cytosolic compartments
  • separate high-specificity, high-affinity, low- capacity receptors for 5αP and 3αHP that are distinct from each other and from the well-studied nuclear/cytosolic P, estrogen, and androgen and corticosteroid receptors
  • The studies thus provided the first demonstration of the existence of specific P metabolite receptors
  • the receptor results suggest that the putative tumorigenic actions of 5αP may be significantly augmented by the estradiol-induced increases in 5αP binding and decreases in 3αHP binding.
  • Estradiol and 5αP resulted in significant dose-dependent increases, whereas 3αHP and 20αHP each resulted in dose-dependent decreases in total ER
  • In combination, estradiol + 5αP or 3αHP + 20αHP resulted in additive increases or decreases respectively in ER numbers.
  • The data suggest that the action of 5αP on breast cancer cells involves modulation of the MAPK signaling pathway
  • current evidence does not appear to support the notion that increased 5α-reductase activity/ expression might significantly alter androgen influences on breast tumor growth.
  • both testosterone and DHT inhibit cell growth more or less to the same extent
  • Note that 5α-reductase reaction is not reversible
  • Nathan Goodyear on 20 Feb 12
     
    Fantastic read on the effects of progesterone metabolism on tumor and cancer growth.  Tumorigenesis is not just about the hormone, hormone balance, but about the metabolism of hormones.  This is why premarin is so carcinogenic: it is primarily metabolized by the 4-OH estrone pathway.
Nathan Goodyear

Tissue-Specific Dysregulation of Cortisol Metabolism in Human Obesity - 0 views

jcem.endojournals.org/...1418.short

11-betaHSD cortisone cortisol men obesity overweight fat adipose tissue adiposity

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 13 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 13 Mar 12
     
    dysregulated cortisol metabolism plays a role in obesity.  This study looked at obese men.  Decreased liver 11-betaHSD1 activity was found in the liver, with decreased cortisone to cortisol conversion.  Additionally, increase cortisol metabolites were found.  However, there was found to be an increase in 11-betaHSD1 activity in the adipose tissue increasing the cortisone to cortisol conversion indicating an increase in peripheral cortisol production.
Nathan Goodyear

Extrathyroidal Conversion of Thyroxine to 3,3',5'-Triiodothyronine (Reverse-T3)and to 3... - 0 views

jcem.endojournals.org/...733

reverse T3 free T4 hypothyroid hypothyroidism extrathyroidal conversion

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 08 Mar 11
     
    reverse T3 comes from peripheral conversion from free T4
Nathan Goodyear

Potential Prostate Cancer Drug Target: Bioactivation of Androstanediol by Conversion to... - 0 views

clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/...5844.full

prostate cancer DHT metabolite metabolites men male hormone hormones 3-alpha-diol 3-alpha androstanediol

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 03 Feb 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 03 Feb 14
     
    Article discusses the the conversion of 3-alpha-diol back to DHT and this role in prostate cancer in androgen deprivation therapy.  What we now know is that this metabolite interacts with ER alpha receptor to promote proliferation.  Carcinogenesis appears to be primarily an estrogen driven process and her in prostate cancer, the androgen metabolites are promoting proliferation through estrogen receptors.
Nathan Goodyear

Impaired Peripheral Conversion of Thyroxine to Trhodothyronine - Annual Review of Medic... - 0 views

www.annualreviews.org/...annurev.me.28.020177.000421

hypothyroid hypothyroidism thyroxine t4 reverse t3

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 08 Mar 11
     
    peripheral conversion of t4 to reverse t3
Nathan Goodyear

Histidine suppresses food intake through its conversion into neuronal histamine. - PubM... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...11788786

histidine histamine leptin metabolism

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 13 Jan 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 13 Jan 16
     
    neuronal histidine to histamine conversion suppresses appetite via leptin feedback signaling.  
Nathan Goodyear

Testosterone supplementation in aging men and women: possible impact on cardiovascular-... - 0 views

ajprenal.physiology.org/...F941.full

low T low testosterone kidney kidneys therapy testosterone hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 05 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 05 Mar 13
     
    This study proposes that testosterone therapy aids in renal dysfunction in men.  However, they document that IL-6 and TNF-alpha and oxidative stress are a part of this process. What they fail to mention is that aromatase activity and conversion of T to E in men increases IL-6 and TNF-alpha.  Studies have also shown that T decreases TNF-alpha. Very likely, it is high aromatase activity causing the effects documented by this study.
Nathan Goodyear

inhibition of estradiol synthesis attenuates renal injury in male streptozotocin-induce... - 0 views

ajprenal.physiology.org/...F634.full.pdf

testosterone hormone hormones kidney kidneys diabetes DM renal system aromatase

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 05 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 05 Mar 13
     
    Study finds that inhibition of aromatase activity in diabetic male rats provided renal protection. There has been debate about the effects of testosterone therapy on the renal system. However, I propose that aromatase activity and conversion to estrogen is the negative effects of Testosterone. Other than over dosing men. Though this is a rat study, this study does support the theory.
Nathan Goodyear

Relations between sex hormone levels and sexu... [Arch Sex Behav. 1986] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...3789906

men male libido orgasm estradiol estrogen aromatase testosterone hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 Jun 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 08 Jun 13
     
    Estradiol levels significantly negatively correlated libido and orgasm frequency in men.  Conversely, free levels of testosterone positively correlated with libido and orgasm frequency.
Nathan Goodyear

Testosterone: a metabolic hormone in health and disease - 0 views

joe.endocrinology-journals.org/...R25.full

male hormone hormones testosterone hypogonadal-obesity-adipocytokine hypothesis

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 May 13 - No Cached
  • E2 and the inflammatory adipocytokines tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL6) inhibit hypothalamic production of GNRH and subsequent release of LH and FSH from the pituitary
  • Leptin, an adipose-derived hormone with a well-known role in regulation of body weight and food intake, also induces LH release under normal conditions via stimulation of hypothalamic GNRH neurons
  • In human obesity, whereby adipocytes are producing elevated amounts of leptin, the hypothalamic–pituitary axis becomes leptin resistant
  • ...39 more annotations...
  • there is evidence from animal studies that leptin resistance, inflammation and oestrogens inhibit neuronal release of kisspeptin
  • Beyond hypothalamic action, leptin also directly inhibits the stimulatory action of gonadotrophins on the Leydig cells of the testis to decrease testosterone production; therefore, elevated leptin levels in obesity may further diminish androgen status
  • increasing insulin resistance assessed by glucose tolerence test and hypoglycemic clamp was shown to be associated with a decrease in Leydig cell testosterone secretion in men
  • ADT for the treatment of prostatic carcinoma in some large epidemiological studies has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of developing MetS and T2DM
  • Non-diabetic men undergoing androgen ablation show increased occurrence of new-onset diabetes and demonstrate elevated insulin levels and worsening glycaemic control
  • Prostate cancer patients with pre-existing T2DM show a further deterioration of insulin resistance and worsening of diabetic control following ADT
  • The response to testosterone replacement of insulin sensitivity is in part dependent on the androgen receptor (AR)
  • Low levels of testosterone have been associated with an atherogenic lipoprotein profile, characterised by high LDL and triglyceride levels
  • a positive correlation between serum testosterone and HDL has been reported in both healthy and diabetic men
  • up to 70% of the body's insulin sensitivity is accounted for by muscle
  • Testosterone deficiency is associated with a decrease in lean body mass
  • relative muscle mass is inversely associated with insulin resistance and pre-diabetes
  • GLUT4 and IRS1 were up-regulated in cultured adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells following testosterone treatment at low dose and short-time incubations
  • local conversion of testosterone to DHT and activation of AR may be important for glucose uptake
  • inverse correlation between testosterone levels and adverse mitochondrial function
  • orchidectomy of male Wistar rats and associated testosterone deficiency induced increased absorption of glucose from the intestine
  • (Kelley & Mandarino 2000). Frederiksen et al. (2012a) recently demonstrated that testosterone may influence components of metabolic flexibility as 6 months of transdermal testosterone treatment in aging men with low–normal bioavailable testosterone levels increased lipid oxidation and decreased glucose oxidation during the fasting state.
  • Decreased lipid oxidation coupled with diet-induced chronic FA elevation is linked to increased accumulation of myocellular lipid, in particular diacylglycerol and/or ceramide in myocytes
  • In the Chang human adult liver cell line, insulin receptor mRNA expression was significantly increased following exposure to testosterone
  • Testosterone deprivation via castration of male rats led to decreased expression of Glut4 in liver tissue, as well as adipose and muscle
  • oestrogen was found to increase the expression of insulin receptors in insulin-resistant HepG2 human liver cell line
  • FFA decrease hepatic insulin binding and extraction, increase hepatic gluconeogenesis and increase hepatic insulin resistance.
  • Only one, albeit large-scale, population-based cross-sectional study reports an association between low serum testosterone concentrations and hepatic steatosis in men (Völzke et al. 2010)
  • This suggests that testosterone may confer some of its beneficial effects on hepatic lipid metabolism via conversion to E2 and subsequent activation of ERα.
  • hypogonadal men exhibiting a reduced lean body mass and an increased fat mass, abdominal or central obesity
  • visceral adipose tissue was inversely correlated with bioavailable testosterone
  • there was no change in visceral fat mass in aged men with low testosterone levels following 6 months of transdermal TRT, yet subcutaneous fat mass was significantly reduced in both the thigh and the abdominal areas when analysed by MRI (Frederiksen et al. 2012b)
  • ADT of prostate cancer patients increased both visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat in a 12-month prospective observational study (Hamilton et al. 2011)
  • Catecholamines are the major lipolysis regulating hormones in man and regulate adipocyte lipolysis through activation of adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP
  • deficiency of androgen action decreases lipolysis and is primarily responsible for the induction of obesity (Yanase et al. 2008)
  • may be some regional differences in the action of testosterone on subcutaneous and visceral adipose function
  • proinflammatory adipocytokines IL1, IL6 and TNFα are increased in obesity with a downstream effect that stimulates liver production of CRP
  • observational evidence suggests that IL1β, IL6, TNFα and CRP are inversely associated with serum testosterone levels in patients
  • TRT has been reported to significantly reduce these proinflammatory mediators
  • This suggests a role for AR in the metabolic actions of testosterone on fat accumulation and adipose tissue inflammatory response
  • testosterone treatment may have beneficial effects on preventing the pathogenesis of obesity by inhibiting adipogenesis, decreasing triglyceride uptake and storage, increasing lipolysis, influencing lipoprotein content and function and may directly reduce fat mass and increase muscle mass
  • Early interventional studies suggest that TRT in hypogonadal men with T2DM and/or MetS has beneficial effects on lipids, adiposity and parameters of insulin sensitivity and glucose control
  • Evidence that whole-body insulin sensitivity is reduced in testosterone deficiency and increases with testosterone replacement supports a key role of this hormone in glucose and lipid metabolism
  • Impaired insulin sensitivity in these three tissues is characterised by defects in insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity, in particular into skeletal muscle, impaired insulin-mediated inhibition of hepatic glucose production and stimulation of glycogen synthesis in liver, and a reduced ability of insulin to inhibit lipolysis in adipose tissue
  • Nathan Goodyear on 08 May 13
     
    Great review of the Hypogonadal-obesity-adipocytokine hypothesis.
Windows Customer Support Number

Windows technical support number 1-800-261-4071 - 0 views

sanjoseca.global-free-classified-ads.com/...-1-800-261-4071-it6632225.html

Windows technical customer services tech help support

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  • Windows Customer Support Number on 16 Jul 16
     
    Windows technical support number 1-800-261-4071 (, ) - Free Classified ads. For a moment answers for all Windows programming inquiries, converse with our professionals by dialing Our Windows technical support number 1-800-261-4071, we work at all day, every day premise,
Windows Customer Support Number

Windows tech support number 1-800-261-4071 - 0 views

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Windows customer support help technical services number

shared by Windows Customer Support Number on 22 Jul 16 - No Cached
  • Windows Customer Support Number on 22 Jul 16
     
    For a moment answers for all Windows programming inquiries, converse with our specialists by dialing Our Windows technical support number 1-800-261-4071, we work at day in and day out premise and we are constantly accessible amid the weekend or on vacations
Nathan Goodyear

Relation between markers of inflammation and e... [Med Sci Monit. 2010] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...21119577

estradiol aromatase testosterone inflammation CRP fibrinogen men male markers

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 24 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 24 Apr 12
     
    Estradiol found to be associated with elevated CRP and fibrinogen with men.  This association was not found between Testosterone and the same inflammatory markers.  This points to the conversion of Testosterone to estrogen as a contributor to inflammation and CVD in men.
Nathan Goodyear

Oestrogen and benign prostatic hyperplasia: effects on stromal cell proliferation and l... - 0 views

joe.endocrinology-journals.org/...483.full

prostate BPH Testosterone Estradiol aromatase

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 01 May 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 01 May 12
     
    this study finds aromatase presence in the stroma of the prostate and not the epithelium of the prostate.  This would support the thought that increased aromatase activity and thus conversion of Testosterone to Estradiol in the prostate stroma contributes to BPH.
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