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We concluded that low dosage GLP-1 improves the ability of the beta-cell to secrete insulin in both IGT and NIDDM subjects, but that the ability to sense and respond to subtle changes in plasma glucose is improved in IGT subjects, with only a variable response in NIDDM subjects. Beta-cell dysfunction was improved by GLP-1 infusion, suggesting that early GLP-1 therapy may preserve beta-cell function in subjects with IGT or mild NIDDM.

GS as a condition associated with prevalent gluten-induced activation of innate, rather than adaptive, immune responses in the absence of detectable changes in mucosal barrier function.

These changes were significantly correlated with a reduction in salivary cortisol following FO treatment.

6 wk of supplementation with FO significantly increased lean mass and decreased fat mass

his study revealed that long-term low-level lead exposure may lead to reduced FT4 level without significant changes in TSH and T3 levels in adolescents even at low Pb-B levels.

L-arginine supplementation further decreased FM (P < 0.05) and waist circumference (P < 0.0001), preserving FFM (P < 0.03), and improved mean daily glucose profiles (P < 0.0001) and fructosamine (P < 0.03). Moreover, change in area under the curve of cGMP (second messenger of nitric oxide; P < 0.001), superoxide dismutase (index of antioxidant capacity; P < 0.01), and adiponectin levels (P < 0.02) increased, whereas basal endothelin-1 levels (P < 0.01) and leptin-to-adiponectin ratio (P < 0.05) decreased in the L-arginine group.

Four studies have reported that the probability of GHD (peak GH criteria ranging from < 2.3 to < 5 μg/liter) in patients with three to four PHDs ranges from 91% to 100%

95% accuracy by the presence of either three or more PHDs or a serum IGF-I concentration less than 84 μg/lite

adult GHD could be predicted with 95% accuracy by the presence of either three or four PHDs or a serum IGF-I concentration less than 84 μg/liter

obesity has also been linked to preferential estrogen metabolism via the 16-alpha-hydroxylation pathway; thus, a prediction of the mechanism by which obesity could increase breast cancer risk would be through a lowering of the 2:16 ratio in favor of the 16 pathway

increased BMI was associated with a lower 2:16 OHE ratio

Our data show a significant association between alcohol use, defined as at least one drink per day or an average of seven per week, and 2:16 OHE ratio

Treatment of exercise-associated hyponatremia with hypertonic IV infusion to correct plasma sodium levels is also a standard and accepted use of IV fluid infusions

athletes who present for medical care with hypernatremia who cannot tolerate oral fluids can benefit from IV fluids

Vaporization of sweat accounts for 80% of heat loss in hot, dry atmospheric conditions. This mechanism of water loss is the major contributor for exercise-associated dehydration

2.1 standard deviations in total testosterone was associated with a 25% increase in mortality

Erectile dysfunction is an established marker for future cardiovascular risk and the major presenting symptom leading to a diagnosis of low testosterone

There is a considerable body of evidence that low testosterone is associated with increased cardiovascular and cancer mortality

Among postmenopausal women, serum T was elevated in hypertensive participants [9, 11, 12], and total T, free T, and DHEA were positively correlated with SBP

T and DHEA were attenuated by adjustment for BMI, reflecting either a confounding or a mediating effect of obesity

SHBG concentration was inversely associated with risk of hypertension and longitudinal rise of BP over time

subjects with hyperandrogenemic phenotypes displayed the greatest degree of hyperinsulinemia, β-cell function, and chronic inflammation

The rise in serum androgens is accompanied by excess insulin secretion, suggesting that insulin directly stimulates ovarian androgen production

The degree of hyperinsulinemia does not seem to be directly correlated with the development of HS

Our data confirm that a low FT level is a significant predictor of a risk for loss of appendicular muscle

Total lean mass is associated with bioavailable T in postmenopausal women

Further studies are needed to determine the role of androgens in preserving muscle mass in women

A markedly increased risk of myopathy was observed

One cohort study (Women’s Health Initiative) of higher quality and larger sample size found stronger evidence of an increased risk of self-reported T2DM (OR=1.47; 95% CI 1.32 to 1.64) for the groups of women who reported statin use at baseline and three years later

Hippisley-Cox et al. found an increased risk of liver enzyme changes