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Nathan Goodyear

Effect of creatine supplementat... [Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2003] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...12945830

phosphocreatine LDM lean body mass muscle creatine sports sport

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 26 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 26 Jun 12
     
    phosphocreatine increases lead body mass.
Nathan Goodyear

Inflammation and insulin resistance 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.11.057 : FEBS Letters | Scie... - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S0014579307012082

inflammation insulin resistance IR PPAR TNF-alpha IL-6 IL-10 IL-1Beta JNK GLT-4 Resistin adiponectin Gherlin NF-kapppB iNOS lkkb obesity TLR-4

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 10 Jan 12 - No Cached
  • A subsequent study by Yuan et al. showed that Tnf treatment of 3T3L1 adipocytes induces insulin resistance and that this could be prevented by pretreatment of cells with aspirin
  • Activation of the Tnf receptor results in stimulation of NFκB signaling via Ikkb
  • Insulin is a pleiotropic hormone
  • ...25 more annotations...
  • the percentage of macrophages in a given adipose tissue depot is positively correlated with adiposity and adipocyte size
  • Il-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages and lymphocytes
  • Il-10 exerts its anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting Tnf-induced NFκB activation by reducing IKK activity [38]
  • adipose tissue macrophages are responsible for nearly all adipose tissue Tnf expression and a significant portion of Nos2 and Il6 expression
  • One theory holds that the expansion of adipose tissue leads to adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia and that large adipocytes outstrip the local oxygen supply leading to cell autonomous hypoxia with activation of cellular stress pathways
  • The use of the anti-inflammatory compounds, salicylate and its derivative aspirin, for treating symptoms of T2DM dates back over 100 years
  • elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin (IL-8) have all been reported in various diabetic and insulin resistant states
  • overnutrition and obesity are often accompanied by elevations in tissue and circulating FFA concentrations, and saturated FFAs can directly activate pro-inflammatory responses
  • Adipokines such as resistin, leptin and adiponectin, which are secreted by adipocytes, can also affect inflammation and insulin sensitivity
  • In skeletal muscle insulin promotes glucose uptake by stimulating translocation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter
  • macrophages are also capable of undergoing a phenotypic switch from an M1 state, which was defined as the “classically activated” pro-inflammatory macrophage, to the M2 state or the “alternatively activated” non-inflammatory cell
  • saturated fatty acids are the most potent inducers of this inflammatory response
  • Several inducers of insulin resistance, including FFAs, pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, activate the expression of Nos2, the gene that encodes iNOS (reviewed in [33]
  • Adipose tissue insulin signaling results in decreased hormone sensitive lipase activity and this anti-lipolytic effect inhibits free fatty acid (FFA) efflux out of adipocytes.
  • In the liver, insulin inhibits the expression of key gluconeogenic enzymes and, therefore, insulin resistance in liver leads to elevated hepatic glucose production
  • elevated JNK activity in liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of obese insulin resistant mice, and knockout of Jnk1 (Jnk1−/−) leads to amelioration of insulin resistance in high fat diet
  • Adipose tissue from obese mice contains proportionately more M1 macrophages, whereas, lean adipose tissue contains more M2 macrophages, and increased M1 content positively correlates with inflammation, macrophage infiltration and insulin resistance
  • C-reactive protein (CRP)
  • these studies highlight the possibility that increased iNOS activity plays a direct role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance
  • the important role of Ikkb in the development of obesity and inflammation-induced insulin resistance.
  • It is probable that local concentrations of inflammatory mediators, such as FFAs, Tnf or other cytokines/adipokines contribute to this polarity switch
  • Tnf and other cytokines/chemokines are symptomatic of inflammation, and while they propagate and/or maintain the inflammatory state, they are not the initial cause(s) of inflammation
  • Tlr4, in particular, is stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin released by gram-negative bacteria
  • Tlr4 belongs to the family of Toll-like receptors that function as pattern recognition receptors that guard against microorganismal infections as part of the innate immune system.
  • Tlr4 stimulation results in the activation of both Ikkb/NFκB and JNK/AP-1 signaling, culminating in the expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, including, Il1b, IL-6, Tnf, Mcp1, etc. (reviewed in [57
  • Nathan Goodyear on 10 Jan 12
     
    Great review of all the known components in the inflammation, insulin resistance link
Nathan Goodyear

alpha-Lipoic acid treatment decreases serum lactate and pyruvate concentrations and imp... - 0 views

care.diabetesjournals.org/...280.abstract

alpha-lipoic-acid alpha lipoic acid type II DM diabetes lactic lactate pyruvate ALA

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 02 Aug 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 02 Aug 12
     
    alpha lipoic acid improves glucose control in individuals with type II DM.  This study showed decreased lactic acid and pyruvate levels with alpha lipoic acid therapy.  Therapy in this study consisted of ALA of 600 mg twice daily.
Nathan Goodyear

Metabolic effects of testosterone replacement therapy on hypogonadal men with type 2 di... - 0 views

www.ajandrology.com/article.asp

Testosterone therapy diabetes lipids glucose triglycerides men male hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 17 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • up to 40% of men with T2DM have testosterone deficiency
  • Among diabetic patients, a reduction in sex hormone binding globulin levels induced by insulin resistance leads to a further decline of testosterone levels
  • low bioavailable testosterone concentration was related to decreased lean body mass and muscle strength
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • Testosterone deficiency has a high prevalence in men with T2DM, and it is also associated with impaired insulin sensitivity, increased percentage body fat, central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
  • A meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showed that TRT seemed to improve glycemic control as well as fat mass in T2DM subjects with low testosterone levels and sexual dysfunction.
  • testosterone administration could increase muscle mass and strength
  • Insulin stimulates glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissue via the Glut4 glucose transporter isoform. When insulin activates signaling via the insulin receptor, Glut4 interacts with insulin receptor substrate 1 to initialize intracellular signaling and facilitate glucose transportation into the cell
  • The benefits of TRT on glucose metabolism can mainly be explained by its influence on the insulin signaling pathway
  • Insulin resistance as assessed by, which is calculated from the equation (If*Gf/22.5, where If is fasting insulin and Gf is fasting glucose), was definitely improved by TRT after testosterone administration in three studies
  • Testosterone was observed to elevate the expression levels and stimulate translocation of Glut4 in cultured skeletal muscle cells and to upregulate Glut4 by activating insulin receptor signaling pathways in neonatal rats
  • These effects were inhibited by a dihydrotestosterone (DHT) blocker, indicating that glucose uptake may correlate with conversion of testosterone to DHT and activation of the androgen receptor.
  • TRT reduced triglyceride levels
  • TRT has been reported to have a positive effect in the decrease of total and LDL cholesterol levels and triglycerides in hypogonadal men
  • a recent meta-analysis showed that statins could significantly lower testosterone concentrations.
  • Epidemiological studies have found a negative relationship between testosterone levels and typical cardiovascular risk markers, such as body mass index, waist circumference, visceral adiposity and carotid intima-media thickness.
  • Testosterone treatment was shown to raise hemoglobin, hematocrit and thromboxane, all of which might give rise to CVD
  • Nathan Goodyear on 17 Jan 14
     
    Low Testosterone is a very significant problem in men with type II Diabetes.  Estimated to reach 40%, likely much higher.  They based these estimates only on T levels and sexual symptoms. Testosterone improves glycemic control primarily through Increased transcription and transloction of GLUT4 insulin receptors to the cell surface.  Inflammation reduction is also a mechanism.  Testosteorne lowers Triglycerides in the traditional lipid profile.  Studies are mixed on the other aspects of  lipids.  
Nathan Goodyear

Lowered testosterone in male obesity: Mechanisms, morbidity and management Tang Fui MN,... - 0 views

www.ajandrology.com/article.asp

Testosterone male obesity overweight men hormone hormones low T Low T

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 15 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • The number of overweight people is expected to increase from 937 million in 2005 to 1.35 billion in 2030
  • Similarly the number of obese people is projected to increase from 396 million in 2005 to 573 million in 2030
  • By 2030, China alone is predicted to have more overweight men and women than the traditional market economies combined
  • ...37 more annotations...
  • diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), mechanistically implicated in this differential storage, [10] is regulated by dihydrotestosterone, [11] suggesting a potential role for androgens to influence the genetic predisposition to either the MHO or MONW phenotype.
  • bariatric surgery achieves 10%-30% long-term weight loss in controlled studies
  • The fact that obese men have lower testosterone compared to lean men has been recognized for more than 30 years
  • Reductions in testosterone levels correlate with the severity of obesity and men
  • epidemiological data suggest that the single most powerful predictor of low testosterone is obesity, and that obesity is a major contributor of the age-associated decline in testosterone levels.
  • healthy ageing by itself is uncommonly associated with marked reductions in testosterone levels
  • obesity blunts this LH rise, obesity leads to hypothalamic-pituitary suppression irrespective of age which cannot be compensated for by physiological mechanisms
  • Reductions in total testosterone levels are largely a consequence of reductions in sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) due to obesity-associated hyperinsulinemia
  • although controversial, measurement of free testosterone levels may provide a more accurate assessment of androgen status than the (usually preferred) measurement of total testosterone in situations where SHBG levels are outside the reference range
  • SHBG increases with age
  • marked obesity however is associated with an unequivocal reduction of free testosterone levels, where LH and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels are usually low or inappropriately normal, suggesting that the dominant suppression occurs at the hypothalamic-pituitary level
  • adipose tissue, especially when in the inflamed, insulin-resistant state, expresses aromatase which converts testosterone to estradiol (E 2 ). Adipose E 2 in turn may feedback negatively to decrease pituitary gonadotropin secretion
  • diabetic obesity is associated with decreases in circulatory E 2
  • In addition to E 2 , increased visceral fat also releases increased amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines, insulin and leptin; all of which may inhibit the activity of the HPT axis at multiple levels
  • In the prospective Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS), moving from a non-obese to an obese state resulted in a decline of testosterone levels
  • weight loss, whether by diet or surgery, increases testosterone levels proportional to the amount of weight lost
  • fat is androgen-responsive
  • low testosterone may augment the effects of a hypercaloric diet
  • In human male ex vivo adipose tissue, testosterone decreased adipocyte differentiation by 50%.
  • Testosterone enhances catecholamine-induced lipolysis in vitro and reduces lipoprotein lipase activity and triglyceride uptake in human abdominal adipose tissue in vivo
  • in men with prostate cancer receiving 12 months of androgen deprivation therapy, fat mass increased by 3.4 kg and abdominal VAT by 22%, with the majority of these changes established within 6 months
  • severe sex steroid deficiency can increase fat mass rapidly
  • bidirectional relationship between testosterone and obesity
  • increasing body fat suppresses the HPT axis by multiple mechanisms [30] via increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance and diabetes; [19],[44] while on the other hand low testosterone promotes further accumulation of total and visceral fat mass, thereby exacerbating the gonadotropin inhibition
  • androgens may play a more significant role in VAT than SAT
  • men undergoing androgen depletion for prostate cancer show more marked increases in visceral compared to subcutaneous fat following treatment
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 16 Jan 14
       
      Interesting: low T increases VAT, yet T therapy does not reduce VAT, yet T therapy reduces SAT.
  • irisin, derived from muscle, induces brown fat-like properties in rodent white fat
  • androgens can act via the PPARg-pathway [37] which is implicated in the differentiation of precursor fat cells to the energy-consuming phenotype
  • low testosterone may compound the effect of increasing fat mass by making it more difficult for obese men to lose weight via exercise
  • pro-inflammatory cytokines released by adipose tissue may contribute to loss of muscle mass and function, leading to inactivity and further weight gain in a vicious cycle
  • Sarcopenic obesity, a phenotype recapitulated in men receiving ADT for prostate cancer, [55] may not only be associated with functional limitations, but also aggravate the metabolic risks of obesity;
  • observational evidence associating higher endogenous testosterone with reduced loss of muscle mass and crude measures of muscle function in men losing weight
  • genuine reactivation of the HPT axis in obese men requires more substantial weight-loss
  • A number of intervention studies have confirmed that both diet- and surgically-induced weight losses are associated with increased testosterone, with the rise in testosterone generally proportional to the amount of weight lost
  • men, regardless of obesity level, can benefit from the effect of weight loss.
  • inconsistent effect of testosterone on VAT
  • Nathan Goodyear on 15 Jan 14
     
    to be read
Nathan Goodyear

Testosterone deficiency syndrome and cardiovascular health: An assessment of beliefs, k... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3929476

low T Testosterone cardiovascular disease physicians men male hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 03 Mar 14 - No Cached
  • The vast majority (88%) did not screen cardiac patients for TDS.
  • Testosterone deficiency has a prevalence of 7% in the general population, rising to 20% in elderly males
  • Males with CAD have lower testosterone levels than those with normal coronary angiograms of the same age,5 suggesting that the prevalence of testosterone deficiency is much higher in the CAD population
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • Men with hypertension, another established risk factor for CAD, have lower testosterone compared to normotensive men
  • Recent meta-analyses showed that testosterone levels are generally lower among patients with metabolic syndrome, regardless of the various definitions of metabolic syndrome that are used
  • Testosterone (total and bioavailable) and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) are inversely associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in men between the ages of 40 and 80, and this association persists across racial and ethnic backgrounds
  • ower levels of testosterone and SHBG predict a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome.
  • Low testosterone levels have been related to increased insulin resistance and cardiovascular mortality,12 even in the absence of overt type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  • testosterone levels (total and bioavailable) in middle-aged men are inversely correlated with insulin resistance
  • The Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS) demonstrated that low levels of testosterone and SHBG are independent risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes,
  • Andropausal men (age 58 ± 7 years) have a higher maximal carotid artery intima-media thickness
  • There is an inverse linear correlation between body mass index (BMI) and wait-to-hip ratio with testosterone and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels.
  • Testosterone supplementation for 1 year in hypogonadal men has been shown to cause a significant improvement in body weight, BMI, waist size, lipid profile, and C-reactive protein levels
  • TRT for 3 months in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes significantly improved fasting insulin sensitivity, fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin.
  • Testosterone replacement can improve angina symptoms and delay the onset of cardiac ischemia, likely through a coronary vasodilator mechanism
  • ADT is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality.
  • ADT significantly increases fat mass, decreases lean body mass,29,30 increases fasting plasma insulin and decreases insulin sensitivity31 and increases serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels
  • Nathan Goodyear on 03 Mar 14
     
    Startling study on the knowledge of Testosterone and cardiovascular disease in general practitioners and cardiologists in Canada.  Eight-eight percent did not screen patients with cardiovascular disease for low Testosterone.  A whopping 67% of physicians did not know that low T was a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, yet 62% believed Testosterone would increase exercise tolerance. The lack of knowledge displayed by physicians today is staggering and is an indictment of the governing bodies.  This was a survey conducted in Canada so there are obvious limitations to the strength/conclusion of this study.
Nathan Goodyear

Review of health risks of low testosterone and testosterone administration - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC4391003

low Testosterone low T Testosterone men male hormone hormones health

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 28 Apr 15 - No Cached
  • Hypogonadism may be defined either as serum concentration of T (either total T, bioavailable T or free T) or as low T plus symptoms of hypogonadism
  • The Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging reported the incidence of total serum T < 325 ng/dL to be 20% for men in their 60s, 30% for men in their 70s and 50% for men over 80
  • The Massachusetts Aging Male Study reported that 12.3% of men aged 40 to 70 had a total serum T of < 200 ng/dL with 3 or more symptoms of hypogonadism
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • The Boston Area Community Health Study reported that 5.6% of men aged 30 to 70 were hypogonadal, as defined by total serum T < 300 ng/dL; or, free serum T < 5 ng/dL plus 3 or more symptoms of hypogonadism
  • In a health screening project among 819 men in Taiwan, the prevalence of hypogonadism (total serum T < 300 ng/dL) ranged from 16.5% for men in their 40s, 23.0% for men in their 50s, 28.9% for men in their 60s, and 37.2% for men older than 70 years of age
  • The prevalence of hypogonadism among men in Taiwan is higher than the prevalence reported in the Massachusetts Male Aging Study
  • CAG repeat sequence, within the androgen receptor (AR). Rajender et al[12] reviewed over 30 studies on the AR trinucleotide repeat and infertility
  • suggestion that CAG repeat length may determine androgen responsiveness, this issue is not clearly settled
  • reported prevalence of low T in older men range from 5.6% to 50%
  • Those in the hypogonadal group (n = 4269) had direct health care costs, that exceeded the eugonadal group (n = 4269) by an average of $7100 over the course of the observation window
  • higher economic burden and presence of co-morbidities for hypogonadism
  • minor to moderate improvements in lean mass and muscle strength
  • increased bone mineral density
  • modest enhancement in sexual function
  • reduced adiposity
  • lessening of depressive symptoms
  • Meta-analyses of clinical TRT trials as of 2010 have identified three major adverse events resulting from TRT: (1) polycythemia; (2) an increase in prostate-related events; and (3) and a slight reduction in serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
  • polycythemia (> 3.5-fold increase in risk
  • TRT produced a 40% prostate enlargement in older hypogonadal male Veterans over 12 mo
  • no published analysis has reported measurable increases in prostate cancer risk or Gleason score in men undergoing TRT, or in hypogonadal men with a history of prostate cancer undergoing TRT
  • the prostate which highly expresses the type II 5α-reductase enzyme. Inhibition of this enzyme via finasteride (a type II 5α-reductase inhibitor) or dutasteride (a dual type I and II 5α-reductase inhibitor) reduces circulating DHT 50%-75% and > 90%, respectively[47], and reduces prostate mass[48] and prostate cancer risk
  • Normally estradiol partially regulates testosterone levels, at the hypothalamus, blunting LH and FSH release from the pituitary. As a selective estrogen receptor modulator, CC interrupts this pathway, and consequently there is a greater stimulation for the production of testosterone in Leydig cells
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 28 Apr 15
       
      this would only apply if E1 and/or E2 levels were elevated, which the authors make no mention of.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 28 Apr 15
     
    to be read
Nathan Goodyear

PLOS ONE: Probiotic Microbes Sustain Youthful Serum Testosterone Levels and Testicular ... - 0 views

journals.plos.org/...article

hormone hormones low T low Testosterone hypogonadism Testosterone probiotic L reuters probiotics Lactobacillus lactobacillus reuteri male aging

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 29 Apr 15 - No Cached
  • Studies in both humans and rodents, however, suggest that low testosterone is due to age-related lesions in testes rather than irregular luteinizing hormone metabolism
  • Various dietary factors and diet-induced obesity have been shown to increase the risk for late onset male hypogonadism and low testosterone production in both humans and mice
  • Testosterone deficiency and metabolic diseases such as obesity appear to inter-digitate in complex cause-and-effect relationships
  • ...28 more annotations...
  • dietary supplementation of aged mice with the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri makes them appear to be younger than their matched untreated sibling mice
  • These results indicate that gut microbiota induce modulation of local gastrointestinal immunity resulting in systemic effects on the immune system which activate metabolic pathways that restore tissue homeostasis and overall health
  • all these studies we consistently observed that young and aged mice consuming purified L. reuteri organisms had particularly large testes and a dominant male behavior.
  • The testes of probiotic-fed aged mice were rescued from both seminiferous tubule atrophy and interstitial Leydig cell area reduction typical of the normal aging process. Preservation of testicular architecture despite advanced age or high-fat diet coincided with remarkably high levels of circulating testosterone. The beneficial effects of probiotic consumption were recapitulated by the depletion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine Il-17.
  • feeding of L. reuteri consistently increased the gonadal weights, consumption of a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) K12 organisms did not affect testicular weight
  • mice with dietary L. reuteri supplements were rescued from diet-induced obesity and had normal body weight and lean physique
  • Despite the comparable numbers of ST profiles, we determined that testes from L. reuteri-treated mice had increased ST cross-sectioned profiles
  • the probiotic organism induced prominent Leydig cell accumulations in the interstitial tissue between the ST's
  • The probiotic-associated increase of interstitial Leydig cell areas was sustained with advancing age at 7 (CD vs CD+LR, P = 0.0025; CD+E.coli vs CD+LR, P = 0.0251) and 12 months
  • mice eating L. reuteri had profoundly increased levels of circulating testosterone regardless of the type of diet they consumed
  • blocking pro-inflammatory Il-17 signaling entirely recapitulates the beneficial effects of probiotics
  • previous studies we found that dietary probiotics counteract obesity [19] and age-related integumentary pathology [18] at least in part by down-regulating systemic pro-inflammatory IL-17A-dependent signaling
  • Testes histomorphometry and serum androgen concentration data were both suggestive of a probiotic-associated up-regulation of spermatogenesis in mice
  • Lactobacillus reuteri we discovered that aging male animals had larger testes compared to their age-matched controls
  • xamined testes of probiotic microbe-fed mice and found that they had less testicular atrophy coinciding with higher levels of circulating testosterone compared to their age-matched controls
  • Similar testicular health benefits were produced using systemic depletion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine Il-17 alone, implicating a chronic inflammatory pathway in hypogonadism
  • One specific aspect of this paradigm is reciprocal activities of pro-inflammatory Th-17 and anti-inflammatory Treg cells
  • Feeding of L. reuteri organisms was previously shown to up-regulate IL-10 levels and reduce levels of IL-17 [19] serving to lower systemic inflammation
  • insufficient levels of IL-10 may increase the risk for autoimmunity, obesity, and other inflammatory disease syndromes
  • Westernized diets are also low in vitamin D, a nutrient that when present normally works together with IL-10 to protect against inflammatory disorders
  • Physiological feedback loops apparently exist between microbes, host hormones, and immunity
  • The hormone testosterone has been shown to act directly through androgen receptors on CD4+ cells to increase IL-10 expression
  • studies in both humans and rodents suggest that hypogonadism is due to age-related lesions in testes rather than irregular LH metabolism
  • We postulate that probiotic gut microbes function symbiotically with their mammalian hosts to impart immune homeostasis to maintain systemic and testicular health [34]–[35] despite suboptimal dietary conditions.
  • Dietary factors and diet-induced obesity were previously shown to increase risk for age-associated male hypogonadism, reduced spermatogenesis, and low testosterone production in both humans and mice [2]–[4], [8]–[11], [14]–[17], phenotypic features that in this study were inhibited by oral probiotic therapy absent milk sugars, extra protein, or vitamin D supplied in yogurt.
  • Similar beneficial effects of probiotic microbes on testosterone levels and sperm indices were reported in male mice that had been simultaneously supplemented with selenium
  • L. reuteri-associated prevention of age- and diet-related testicular atrophy correlates with increased numbers and size of Leydig cells
  • the initial changes of testicular atrophy begin to occur in mice from the age of 6 moths onwards [7] and indicates that the trophic effect of L. reuteri on Leydig cells is a key event which precedes and prevents age-related changes in the testes of mice. This effect is reminiscent of earlier studies describing Leydig cell hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in the mouse and the rat testis that were achievable by the administration of gonadotropins, including human chorionic gonadotropin, FSH and LH
  • Nathan Goodyear on 29 Apr 15
     
    Fascinating study on how the addition of Lactobacillus reuteri increased Testicular size, prevented testicular atrophy, increased serum Testosterone production and protected against diet-induced/obesity-induced hypogonadism.  This was a mouse model
Nathan Goodyear

Loss of lean body and muscle mass correlates with androgen levels in hypogonadal men wi... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...8923860

muscle loss Muscle mass Testosterone hormones AIDS AWS

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 15 Jun 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 15 Jun 15
     
    Only abstract available here, but muscle loss associated with low Testosterone in men with AWS.
wheelchairindia9

KM 7501 Wheelchair - 0 views

disabilityproduct.in/...Karma-Wheelchair-KM-7501

New Ergonomic Wheelchair Seats Allow for Greater User Movement correct height for workstation different sitting heights and postures allowing posture changes S shape of the spine when sitting machine washable cushion foldable and easy to store

shared by wheelchairindia9 on 02 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • wheelchairindia9 on 02 Sep 15
     
    Ergonomic Wheelchair often spend a lot of time leaning on armrests or a table exactly because they are not being supported with good posture in their chairs. This is a matter of seat angle and back angle, adjusting them according to body shape and degree of upper body balance. Poor seating makes slump, trying to get stable. The optimal posture is more upright, allowing spine to support. Ergonomic chairs are designed to confirm to a person's physical dimensions, allowing them to sit naturally and comfortably for long periods of time, while reducing the risk of pressure ulcers. Ergonomic system (Intelligent s-shaped ergonomic seating) provides efficient pressure relief by spreading weight over a greater area, at the same time provides stabilization and reduced sliding. With their lightweight frames and seats designed to reduce or prevent pressure points, ergonomic wheelchairs provide a comfortable option for mobility impaired users who have the upper body strength to propel themselves, or a caregiver strong enough to do so. Karma S Ergo 115 Wheelchair: This model features our S-Shape Seating System and is our number one best seller for many reasons. At a mere 11.3 kg in weight with detachable foot rest and many features such as removable machine washable and dry-able cushions treated by AEIGIS treated anti-microbial coated seating system. Karma S-Ergo 115 Wheelchair Features: Ergonomic Handrims & S-Shape Ergonomic Seating System Fixed armrest w/ wider concave armpads Swing In & Away Footrests Backrest Pouch attached to the upholstery 24" flat free polyurethane tires, high tread, flat free wheels Seat width: 16"x17" or 18"x17" or 20"x 17" Silver 1/4" Aegis Anti-Bacterial Upholstery, washable Folding backrest / folding seat for easy traveling "Tube-in Center" foot-plate, assures better side leg support High strength, starting weight at only 11.3 kg. (w/o footrests) 7×1" Polyurethane front casters Upholstery: Black breathable mesh bottom & t
wheelchairindia9

Ergonomic Lightweight Wheelchair - 0 views

disabilityproduct.in/...ERGONOMIC-WHEELCHAIR

Compact Design Ergo Lite 2501 Wheelchair strength and durability Ergonomic Lightweight Wheelchair strong and safe folding seat and backrest Karma Ergolite Km-2501 wheels and footrest removed

shared by wheelchairindia9 on 08 Aug 15 - No Cached
  • wheelchairindia9 on 08 Aug 15
     
    Pediatric wheelchairs enable child or teen to participate in all types of daily activities. Pediatric wheelchairs are lightweight, portable, and convenient for use at school, day programs, doctor visits, and recreation with family and friends. Pediatric wheelchairs comes in wide range of sizes and vibrant colors for every lightweight wheelchair. A variety of positioning options are also available. Pediatric wheelchairs are manufactured with unsurpassed quality and style, specializing in compact-folding, lightweight wheelchairs for children of all ages - from toddlers to teens! Custom built to child's specific needs, mobility aids offer rehabilitative benefits for physical disabilities from Cerebral Palsy to Autism. Pediatric, or child wheelchairs, are mobile aids designed for and used by children. Children require the use of a wheelchair for many different reasons, some may have suffered head injuries, some have muscular dystrophy or cerebral palsy, some are amputees, and others only have an occasional use of their wheelchairs in lieu of a walking device or crutches. Certain types of pediatric wheelchairs are built to expand in size to accommodate increased bulk and weight by altering a cross balance on the bottom of the chair. The front frames for the legs can be lengthened as child's legs grow longer. For a pediatrician seeking to prescribe a Pediatric Wheelchair, must be sure that the patient has the proper upper body strength to use one. If the patient is too weak for self movement, the practitioner would be better to consider a powered wheelchair for mobility. While Pediatric Wheelchairs are smaller and can be just as manuverable as scooters, that depends upon the patient's own abilities in steering the chair. These are factors that the doctor must think about before recommending what type of wheelchair a patient should get. Pediatric Wheelchair with a body contouring S-Shaped seat frame and contoured armrests provides the user with all day comfort an
Nathan Goodyear

Leptin and the pituitary-thyroid axis: a comparative study in lean, obese, hypothyroid ... - 0 views

onlinelibrary.wiley.com/...abstract

thyroid hypothyroid hypothyroidism leptin obesity overweight

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • The data are consistent with the hypothesis that leptin and the pituitary–thyroid axis interact in the euthyroid state, and that hypothyroidism reversibly increases leptin concentrations
  • Nathan Goodyear on 08 Mar 11
     
    thyroid and leptin interact to control weight
Nathan Goodyear

Obesity - Abstract of article: Microbiota and SCFA in Lean and Overweight Healthy Subjects - 0 views

www.nature.com/...oby2009167a.html

SCFA obesity overweight bacteroidetes firmicutes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 25 Aug 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 25 Aug 11
     
    the balance of your gut and how they process dietary carbohydrates and amino acids
Nathan Goodyear

Effects of supplemental fish oil on resting metabo... [J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010] - P... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...20932294

saliva salivary cortisol hormone testing Omega-3 weight loss overweight obese

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 13 Jul 11 - No Cached
  • These changes were significantly correlated with a reduction in salivary cortisol following FO treatment.
  • 6 wk of supplementation with FO significantly increased lean mass and decreased fat mass
  • Nathan Goodyear on 13 Jul 11
     
    saliva cortisol evaluation reflective of decreased fat mass with Omega-3 supplementation
Nathan Goodyear

Testosterone restores insulin sensitivity in patients with diabetes and hypogonadism | ... - 0 views

www.healio.com/...with-diabetes-and-hypogonadism

testosterone insulin sensitivity diabetes resistance low T hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism GLUT4 DHT fat mass lean muscle inflammation men male hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 19 May 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 19 May 14
     
    This is the abstract from oral presentation at AACE in Las Vegas from May.  Small study finds reduction in fat mass, increase in muscle mass, increase in insulin sensitivity, and reduction in inflammation signaling with Testosterone therapy in men with low Testosterone.  These men were type 2 diabetics.  This is consistent with prior published literature.  However, men without diabetes, this association is hard to reproduce. The degree of glucose control also effects the response to Testosterone therapy i.e. the worse the glucose control, the more the response from Testosterone.   Also of note, those men with hypogonatrophic hypogonadism had decreased insulin receptor expression, decreased insulin sensitivity, and decreased GLUT-4 expression versus eugonadal men.  Remember from prior studies, it is the conversion of Testosterone to DHT that increases GLUT-4 transcription, translocation, and expression.
Nathan Goodyear

Testosterone deficiency and cardiovascular mortality Morgentaler A, - Asian J Androl - 0 views

www.ajandrology.com/preprintarticle.asp

testosterone low t low Testosterone CVD cardiovascular mortality therapy

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 01 Dec 14 - No Cached
  • overall mortality and CV mortality were inversely associated with serum T concentrations.
  • men with low serum T, defined as < 8.7 nmol l−1 (250 ng dl−1 ), demonstrated significantly greater all-cause mortality than men with higher serum T (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.41-3.57), as well as greater CV mortality
  • lower T levels were significantly associated with the presence of any CV disease
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • more than 30 years of studies suggesting that low levels of T represent an increased risk for CV and overall mortality,
  • lower serum T concentrations also are associated with CV disease, including incident coronary artery disease [17],[18],[19] and atherosclerosis,
  • the actual rate of adverse events was only half as great in the T group (123 events in 1223 men at risk = 10.1%) as in the untreated group (1587 events in 7486 men = 21.2%)
  • The study by Vigen et al. [7] has already undergone two published corrections,
  • 29 medical societies have called for retraction of the article, asserting "gross data mismanagement and contamination," that rendered the study "no longer credible
  • Mortality in T-treated men was reduced by approximately half in treated men compared with untreated men, at 10.3% versus 20.7%, respectively
  • The mortality rate for men who received TTh was 3.4 deaths per 100 person-years, and 5.7 deaths per 100 person-years in untreated men
  • HR of 0.61 (95%CI: 0.42-0.88; P = 0.008), indicating a significant reduction in mortality with TTh
  • men in the highest prognostic MI risk quartile, treatment with TTh was associated with reduced risk
  • tripling in T prescriptions in the US over the last decade
  • a majority of observational studies have found that low endogenous serum T levels are associated with increased mortality.
  • Men who received TTh were able to exercise significantly longer without ischemia compared with men who received placebo
  • In men with congestive heart failure, those who received T demonstrated greater walking distance and other functional endpoints compared with those who received placebo
  • TTh has been shown uniformly and repeatedly to improve several known CV risk factors, including reduced fat mass, body fat percent, and waist circumference, and increased lean mass
  • improved glycemic control
  • reductions in insulin resistance.
  • the evidence strongly points to improved CV status with normal serum T or treatment with TTh in men with TD
  • analysis of health insurance claims data that reported a 36% increased rate of nonfatal MI in the 90d following receipt of a T prescription compared with the 12 prior months.
  • Comparison with men who received a prescription for a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) revealed no increased rate of MI following the prescription
  • Nathan Goodyear on 01 Dec 14
     
    Great review by Morgentaler of Testosterone and CVD.  He highlights the significant flaws in the JAMA and the NEJM articles of Testosterone therapy risks.  Morgentaler highlights the significant evidence that points to low T and increased risk of CVD. On contention I have, is Morgantaler seems to flip aside the massive uptick of Testosterone use in the US as compared to other countries.  The evidence definitely points to Testosterone therapy as being safe in those with low T, but there is definitely a problem of significant Testosterone doping that is taking place as well.
Nathan Goodyear

International Journal of Impotence Research - Obesity, low testosterone levels and erec... - 0 views

www.nature.com/...ijir200842a.html

low T low Testosterone men male hormone hormones ED erectile dysfunction Testosterone diabetes metabolic syndrome obesity

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jan 15 - No Cached
  • Studies have shown that ED may be an early biomarker of general endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and CVD
  • testosterone treatment of hypogonadal young and older men improves sexual function, increases lean mass and decreases fat mass
  • In men with low serum testosterone (for example, <8 or 230 nmol l−1) with obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus, treatment with testosterone is warranted
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • In obese middle-aged men, testosterone treatment reduced visceral adipocity, insulin resistance, serum cholesterol and glucose levels
  • testosterone replacement has a favorable impact on body mass, insulin secretion and sensitivity, lipid profile and blood pressure in hypogonadal men with the metabolic syndrome as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • Testosterone significantly inhibits lipoprotein lipase activity, which reduces triglycerides uptake into adipocytes in the abdominal adipose tissue
  • testosterone treatment decreased endogenous inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1β) and lipids (total cholesterol) and increased IL-10 in hypogonadal men
  • Testosterone treatment reduced leptin and adiponectin levels in hypogonadal type 2 diabetic men after 3 months of testosterone replacement
  • available data clearly show a relationship between obesity, low testosterone levels and ED
  • Obesity adversely affects endothelial function and lowers serum testosterone levels through the development of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome
  • Metabolic disturbances as well as production of cytokines and adipokines by inflamed fat cells may be causal factors in the development of ED
  • The onset of ED and the associated risk of CVD may be delayed through lifestyle modifications that affect obesity, such as diet and exercise
  • Very low testosterone levels contribute to the development of ED in obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • Obesity is associated with low total testosterone levels that can be explained at least partially by lower sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in obese men
  • epidemiological studies have shown a negative correlation between BMI and total testosterone and to a lesser extent with free and bioavailable (biologically active) testosterone levels
  • Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jan 15
     
    Obesity is associated with low Testosterone and ED in men.
Nathan Goodyear

Testosterone and metabolic syndrome Cunningham GR - Asian J Androl - 0 views

www.ajandrology.com/article.asp

Testosterone metabolic syndrome MetS TT total Testosterone SHBG men male hormone hormones Estradiol insulin resistance

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 02 Mar 15 - No Cached
  • The relationship of low testosterone to MetS often is considered to be bidirectional; however, the relationships probably are not direct
  • Many of the components of the MetS are recognized risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD)
  • Multiple cross-sectional studies have found low TT and low sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels in Caucasian and African-American men with the MetS, irrespective of age
  • ...20 more annotations...
  • Low TT and SHBG levels also are prevalent in Chinese [7],[8] and Korean [9] men with the MetS
  • Normally 40%-50% of TT is bound to SHBG, so reducing SHBG levels will decrease TT.
  • Hyperinsulinism suppresses SHBG synthesis and secretion by the liver
  • significant increase in SHBG levels occurred after acutely lowering insulin levels in obese men
  • Estradiol levels are increased in men with the MetS, and they are positively correlated with the number of abnormal components of the MetS.
  • Although it is known that estrogen will increase SHBG levels, apparently the hyperinsulinism associated with obesity has a greater effect on SHBG levels
  • Estradiol also can inhibit luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion
  • Inflammatory cytokines are thought to have a direct effect on the pituitary to reduce LH secretion [15] and also a direct effect on Leydig cell secretion of testosterone
  • Low TT Levels have been shown to predict development of the MetS in men with normal BMI
  • Men in the lowest quartiles of serum TT, calculated free testosterone (cFT) and SHBG at baseline had the highest odds ratios for developing the MetS or DM during the 11 years follow-up
  • More recently, investigators conducting population-based studies have reported that only SHBG is associated with future development of the MetS
  • Additional evidence that low TT increases the risk of MetS comes from androgen deprivation treatment of prostate cancer
  • Low TT and low bioavailable testosterone (bT) were each significantly associated with elevated 20 years risk of CVD mortality in an older population in which cause-specific mortality was age, adiposity, and lifestyle-adjusted.
  • combination of low bT and ATP III-defined MetS is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in men aged 40 years and above
  • in elderly men, testosterone may weakly protect against CVD. Alternatively, low TT may indicate poor general health
  • Muraleedharan and Jones [27] concluded that there is convincing evidence that low T is a biomarker for disease severity and mortality.
  • The evidence that TRT improves insulin sensitivity and glucose control is conflicted
  • It is widely recognized that testosterone treatment can reduce fat mass and increase lean body mass; however, until recently most reports have not been associated with much weight loss
  • Changes in body composition and weight loss are considered potential mechanisms by which testosterone treatment improves insulin sensitivity and glucose control in patients with diabetes. Effects on inflammatory cytokines [38] and changes in oxidative metabolism [39] also have been reported to improve glucose metabolism.
  • Testosterone replacement therapy has been reported to improve some or all of the components of the MetS.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 02 Mar 15
     
    To be read article on Testosterone and Metabolic Syndrome.
Nathan Goodyear

Relationship between Low Free Testosterone Levels and Loss of Muscle Mass : Scientific ... - 0 views

www.nature.com/...srep01818.html

muscle men male hormone Testosterone free Testosterone low T low Testosterone

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 05 Mar 15 - No Cached
  • Our data confirm that a low FT level is a significant predictor of a risk for loss of appendicular muscle
  • Total lean mass is associated with bioavailable T in postmenopausal women
  • Further studies are needed to determine the role of androgens in preserving muscle mass in women
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • Approximately 1% to 2% of T in the blood exists as FT
  • appendicular muscle loss was significantly associated with low levels of FT
  • These results suggest that a threshold level of FT exists for muscle loss, rather than a dose-response relationship
  • In the previous cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of French and American men, no dose-response relationships were reported between T and muscle mass
  • A minimal serum level of FT may be needed to preserve muscle mass in men, regardless of race/ethnicity.
  • Our result is in line with previous studies that reported a relationship between low FT and low muscle mass in men
  • T stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein degradation in muscle cells
  • T also increases satellite cell replication and activation in older men
  • In this study, no significant association between TT levels and muscle loss were observed
  • Although a progressive decrease in TT levels with ageing is observed in middle-aged and elderly American men16, 17, the TT levels do not change during ageing in Japanese men
  • FT levels may be a good marker for the loss of muscle mas
  • Nathan Goodyear on 05 Mar 15
     
    study of Japanese men finds that low free Testosterone was a predictor of decrease in muscle mass.
Nathan Goodyear

Hyperandrogenism sensitizes mononuclear cells to promote glucose-induced inflammation i... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3287360

inflammation glucose PCOS Testosterone DHEA women female hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 05 Aug 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 05 Aug 14
     
    Interesting study finds hyperandrogenism stimulates excessive inflammatory response to glucose intake.  This study was done in otherwise healthy women not in women with PCOS.  The inflammatory cytokine production was via NF-KappaB activation.  Again, this has negative implications in women being doped with Testosterone.
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