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Nathan Goodyear

The Complex Role of Estrogens in Inflammation - 0 views

  • These studies suggest inflammation-dependent up-regulation of ERβ relative to ERα.
  • up-regulation of ERβ relative to ERα under hypoxic conditions, which might lead to a preponderance of signaling through ERβ pathways
  • it seems that E2 at periovulatory to pregnancy levels inhibited proinflammatory cytokines from PBMCs
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  • it is clear that E2 can stimulate antibody production by B cells, probably by inhibiting T cell suppression of B cells
  • In cycling women, the largest quantities of Ig were detected before ovulation
  • In contrast, E2 at high concentrations leads to a suppression of B-lymphocyte lineage precursors
  • E2 at periovulatory to pregnancy serum levels is able to stimulate antibody secretion under healthy conditions but also in autoimmune diseases, whereas similar serum levels of E2 lead to a suppression of bone marrow B cell lineage precursors
  • In chronic inflammatory disorders, where B cells play a decisive role, E2 would promote the disease when autoaggressive B cells are already present, whereas chronically elevated E2 would inhibit initiation of an autoimmune disease when no such B cells are available. This might be a good reason why particularly B cell-dependent diseases such as SLE, mixed connective tissue disease (Sharp syndrome), IgA nephropathy, dermatitis herpetiformis, gluten sensitive enteropathy, myasthenia gravis, and thyroiditis appear in women in the reproductive years, predominantly, in the third or fourth decades of life
  • Th17 cells are thought to be the main responsible cells for chronic inflammatory tissue destruction in autoimmune diseases
  • IFN-γ, IL-12, and TNF were allocated to Th1 reactions
  • IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 to Th2 responses
  • antiinflammatory T regulatory cells producing TGF-β and proinflammatory T helper type 17 cells (Th17) producing IL-17
  • no direct effects of estrogens on Th17 cells or IL-17 secretion have been described until now.
  • So-called Th17 cells producing IL-17 are the main T cells responsible for chronic inflammation.
  • Because IFN-γ has been allocated a Th17-inhibiting role (Fig. 1⇑), its increase by E2 at pregnancy doses and the E2-mediated inhibition of TNF must be viewed as a favorable effect in chronic inflammation
  • in humans and mice, E2 at periovulatory to pregnancy levels stimulates IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ but inhibits TNF from CD4+ T cells
  • In humans and mice, E3 and E2, respectively, at pregnancy levels inhibit T cell-dependent delayed type hypersensitivity
  • increased IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ in the presence of low TNF support an antiaggressive immune response
  • secretion of IL-1β is increased at periovulatory/proestrus to early pregnancy levels, whereas IL-1 secretion is inhibited at high pregnancy levels
  • The dichotomous effect of E2 on IL-1β and TNF at high and low concentrations is most probably due to inhibition of NF-κB at high concentrations
  • experiments with mouse and rat macroglial and microglial cells demonstrate that E2 at proestrus to pregnancy levels exerts neuroprotective effects by increasing TGF-β and by inhibiting iNOS and NO release, and reducing expression of proinflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E2 production.
  • E2 at periovulatory to pregnancy levels inhibits NF-κB activation, which must be viewed as an antiinflammatory signal
  • It was shown that E2 concentrations equal to or above 10−10 m are necessary to inhibit NF-κB activation
  • important proinflammatory cytokines are typically inhibited at periovulatory (proestrus) to pregnancy levels of E2, which is evident for IL-6, IL-8, and TNF
  • low E2 concentrations were demonstrated to have no or even stimulatory effects
  • This renders a woman in the postmenopausal phase to a more proinflammatory situation
  • most in vitro studies demonstrated a stimulatory effect of E2 on secretion of IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β typically at periovulatory to pregnancy levels
  • E2 at periovulatory to pregnancy levels has an ameliorating effect on chronic inflammatory diseases as long as B cell-dependent immunity or an overshooting fibrotic tissue repair process do not play a crucial pathogenic role. However, when the B cell plays an important role, E2 might even stimulate the disease process as substantiated by flare-ups in SLE during pregnancy
    • Nathan Goodyear
       
      SLE, mixed connective tissue disease (Sharp syndrome), IgA nephropathy, dermatitis herpetiformis, gluten sensitive enteropathy, myasthenia gravis, and thyroiditis
  • Short-term administration of E2 at pregnancy levels was shown to induce an inflammatory response specific to the lateral prostate of the castrated male rat
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    great review of the complex interaction between Estrogens and inflammation.  Reference here is in females.
topshealthy

Best Homemade Pregnancy Test - Topshealthy.com - 0 views

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    Many people are probably wondering what is homemade pregnancy test. Pregnancy is normal for women. Giving birth has been done for a couple of thousands of years. There are a couple of options of going to doctor or purchasing pregnancy test from pharmacy that were not available to the modern women ancestors. They used homemade pregnancy test and you can still use their traditional methods nowadays.
fnfdoc

Pregnancy Calculator Guide For Pregnant Women | Health Blog - 0 views

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    Pregnancy calculator guide or how to use pregnancy calculator? There are some questions which you are curious to find the answer about these. We covered briefly this topic for you. You will get the answer here also, What are pregnancy symptoms and due date calculation procedures?
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    After getting married, every couple certainly wants to have a baby. So, when a wife gets pregnant, both she and the husband want to know as soon as possible when she will give birth. Usually, a married couple will go to a hospital and follow USG test to know the predicted birth date. However, you can actually calculate it by your own. You should know when your last period was started so then you are able to find a due date. Today, there is what is called pregnancy calculator. It can be used by everyone. If you are curious about it, let's pay attention to the following discussion.
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    After getting married, every couple certainly wants to have a baby. So, when a wife gets pregnant, both she and the husband want to know as soon as possible when she will give birth. Usually, a married couple will go to a hospital and follow USG test to know the predicted birth date. However, you can actually calculate it by your own. You should know when your last period was started so then you are able to find a due date. Today, there is what is called pregnancy calculator. It can be used by everyone. If you are curious about it, let's pay attention to the following discussion.
Nathan Goodyear

Benefit of pregnancy in inflammatory arthritis -- Straub et al. 64 (6): 801 -- Annals o... - 0 views

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    Pregnancy shifts the immune system to a balance of Th2 expression.  Pregnancy is associated with decrease inflammation i.e. an immunosuppressive state.  Estriol and Progesterone are dominantly produced during pregnancy.   An associated decrease in autoimmune disease is present as a result of the immunosuppressive state of pregnancy.
Nathan Goodyear

Natural Killer Cells in Pregnancy and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Endocrine and Immunolog... - 0 views

  • NK cells have been the cells most extensively studied, primarily because they constitute the predominant leukocyte population present in the endometrium at the time of implantation and in early pregnancy
  • parental chromosomal abnormalities, uterine anatomic anomalies, endometrial infections, endocrine etiologies (luteal phase defect, thyroid dysfunction, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus), antiphospholipid syndrome, inherited thrombophilias, and alloimmune causes
  • estrogen
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  • progesterone
  • prolactin
  • In summary, in vivo animal experiments have shown an inhibitory role of estrogen on peripheral NK cell lytic activity, which is partly due to suppression of NK cell output by the bone marrow and partly due to suppression of individual NK cell cytotoxicity. However, in vitro studies so far have failed to show conclusively a direct effect of estrogen on NK cells.
  • At the progesterone concentrations believed to be present in the uterus [up to 10−5 m at the maternal-fetal interface (35)], studies consistently show inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation (33) and inhibition of NK cytolytic activity in vitro
  • The exact role of prolactin in NK cell regulation is unknown.
  • The overall effects of estrogen on NK cells are likely multifactorial, therefore, and depend on the type of cell affected as well as the kind of ER expressed by that cell.
  • It is known that progesterone can directly affect T cell differentiation in vitro, suppressing development of the Th1 pathway and enhancing differentiation along the Th2 pathway (44)
  • Th1 cells predominantly produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-2, and TNF-β and are involved in cell-mediated immunity. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13 and stimulate humoral immunity
  • Furthermore, in response to progesterone, γδ T cells produce progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF) (54
  • A defining characteristic of NK cells is their ability to lyse target cells without prior sensitization and without restriction by HLA antigens.
  • NK cell function is mainly regulated by IL-2 and IFN-γ
  • IL-2 causes both NK cell proliferation and enhanced cytotoxicity. IFN-γ augments NK cytolytic activity, but does not cause NK proliferation. The two cytokines act synergistically to augment NK cytotoxicity (6).
  • The largest leukocyte population in the endometrium consists of NK cells named large granulated lymphocytes
  • there is a significant increase in the number of uNK cells throughout the secretory phase, which peaks in early pregnancy when uNK cells comprise about 75% of uterine leukocytes (62)
  • Second, uNK cell phenotype changes during the normal menstrual cycle and early pregnancy (68)
  • general proinflammatory effect of estrogen, causing an influx of macrophages and neutrophils, which is antagonized by progesterone through its receptor (70, 71).
  • The mechanism of such a progesterone-induced local immunosuppression is unclear.
  • progesterone plays an important role in proliferation and differentiation of uNK cells (32).
  • Through promotion of a uterine Th2 environment, progesterone could indirectly affect uNK cell function
  • The mechanism of this increase in uNK cell numbers has been addressed in both human and mouse models, and is likely the result of: 1) recruitment of peripheral NK cells to the uterus, and 2) proliferation of existing uNK cells
  • prolactin system plays an important role in implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
  • the exact pathways of hormonal regulation of NK cells remain to be delineated.
  • The exact function of uNK cells has not yet been unequivocally determined
  • uNK cells express a different cytokine profile, compared with resting peripheral NK cells. mRNAs for granulocyte CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF, TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β, and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) have been found in decidual CD56+ cells
  • Their increased numbers in early pregnancy, their hormonal dependence, and their close proximity to the infiltrating trophoblast all suggest that they play an important role in the regulation of the maternal immune response to the fetal allograft and the control of trophoblast growth and invasion during human pregnancy
  • role of uNK cell-derived cytokines on trophoblast growth and differentiation (114, 115, 116, 117).
  • Th1 immunity to trophoblast is associated with RPL, whereas Th2 immunity is associated with a successful pregnancy
  • RPL is associated with Th1 immunity, for which NK cells are partly responsible.
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    dysregulated immune system plays role in recurrent miscarriage.  Specifically, this article discusses natural killer cells (NK).
olivehealthcare

Pregnancy Tests - Olive Health & Travel Clinic in Ilford, London - 0 views

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    We offer pregnancy tests at our Clinic by a choice of blood test and urine test. All pregnancy tests measure the amount of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), the pregnancy hormone, in your body.
Nathan Goodyear

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition - Effect of maternal n-3 long-chain polyunsatura... - 0 views

  • It is estimated that approximately 30% of children and adolescents in the United States and about 15–30% of those in Europe can be classified as overweight or obese
  • An increasing body of evidence now suggests that the nutritional environment encountered in utero and the early postnatal life may elicit permanent alterations in adipose tissue structure or function and, thereby, programme the individual’s propensity to later obesity
  • The composition of fatty acids in the Western diets has shifted toward an increasing dominance of n-6 relative to n-3 LCPUFAs over the past decades.9,10 This shift is also reflected in the fatty acid composition of breast milk
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  • Evidence from animal studies suggests that the n-6 LCPUFA arachidonic acid promotes adipose tissue deposition, whereas the n-3 LCPUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid seem to exert an opposite effect
  • Overall, no effect of supplementation was found on BMI in preschool (<5 years) and school-aged (6–12 years) children
  • increased adiposity, once established in childhood, tends to track into adulthood
  • Many studies have shown that even children <2 years with a high BMI are at increased risk of developing obesity later in life
  • The acquisition of fat cells early in life appears to be an irreversible process
  • Evidence from cell culture and animal studies suggests that early exposure to n-3 LCPUFAs has the potential to limit adipose tissue deposition mainly by attenuating the production of the arachidonic acid metabolite prostacyclin, which has been shown to enhance adipogenesis
  • In conclusion, there is currently no evidence to support that maternal n-3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation exerts a favourable programming effect on adiposity status in childhood
  • our systematic review highlights that most of the trials reviewed were prone to methodological limitations
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    Literature review finds limited data (9 studies, only 6 RCTs) of omega-3 during pregnancy.  No data was found that supported reduced obesity in children by mothers taking n-3 during pregnancy.  No harm was found either.  Data was sparse.   Take home: not enough data, no harm to pregnancy, children, thus if indications are present for mother, then recommend n-3.  At this point not studies have pointed to reduced obesity in children.
Nathan Goodyear

Exercise during pregnancy in normal-weight women and risk of preterm birth: a... - 0 views

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    Exercise is not only safe in pregnancy, it is good for the pregnancy and the baby. This idea that pregnancy is a disease or a condition has got to stop; science continues to prove that is not the case.
Nathan Goodyear

Effects of Ginger for Nausea and Vomiting in Early Pregnancy: A Meta-Analysis - 0 views

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    Meta-analysis of 6 studies finds that ginger is useful therapy for nausea in pregnancy.  But, obviously its use is not confined to just pregnancy.  Therapeutic benefit with avoidance of side effects--novel concept.  Compare this to the class C drugs commonly used for nausea in pregnancy.
Nathan Goodyear

The risks of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use in infertile women: a review of... - 0 views

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    There is just no reason to take SSRIs during pregnancy.  SSRIs increase risk of miscarriage, birth defects, preterm birth, newborn behavior problems, pulmonary hypertension...All women considering pregnancy should removed, yet SSRIs are prescribed as if they are candy.
Nathan Goodyear

Progesterone Receptor-A and -B Have Opposite Effects on Proinflammatory Gene Expression... - 0 views

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    Progesterone is known to have anti-inflammatory action.  This study looked at the anti-inflammatory action of progesterone on the myometrium of the uterus during pregnancy.  The anti-inflammatory effect, in this study, was through Progesterone Receptor B.  There was a change in the dominance to PR A late in pregnancy.  This would promote inflammatory signaling and thus contractions with the onset of labor.
Nathan Goodyear

Symposium 3: Vitamin D and immune function: from pregnancy to adolescence - 0 views

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    Good article on the immunomodulation effect of vitamin D.  The importance of vitamin D goes back to pregnancy.   Vitamin D deficiencies during pregnancy inhibit appropriate invariant Natrual killer cells, which play important regulatory effect in autoimmune disease.  Even with restoration of vitamin D levels with replacement, the full positive effects of vitamin D are not seen due to limited iNKT potential.
Nathan Goodyear

A Case of Colorectal Cancer during Pregnancy: A Brief Review of the Literature - 0 views

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    This case study reveals the complexity of cancer.  HRT and pregnancy have generally been shown to be protective against the incidence of colorectal cancer in women.  Yet, here colorectal cancer was diagnosed in the postpartum period.  Whether the high estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy played a role here is difficult to determine.
Nathan Goodyear

ScienceDirect - Obstetrics & Gynecology : Low whole blood glutathione levels in pregnan... - 0 views

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    glutathione low in pregnancies complicated by PIH and HELLP syndrome. Every woman should have her detoxification capacity evaluated prior to pregnancy.
Nathan Goodyear

Multiple sclerosis and pregnancy. [Neurol Clin. 2004] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

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    Pregnancy has a neutral to likely positive effect during pregnancy.  This is due to the high E3 production.
Nathan Goodyear

Pregnancy-Specific Down-Regulation of NF-κB Expression in T Cells in Humans I... - 0 views

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    this article discusses how progesterone protects the developing pregnancy.  Progesterone down regulates NF-kappaB and thus downregulates Th1 activity.
Nathan Goodyear

Luteal start vaginal micronized progesterone improves pregnancy success in women with r... - 0 views

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    Recurrent early pregnancy losses can be prevented not with provera, not with progestin, but with progesterone. The use of progesterone by the functional medicine movement has long been advocated and supported in the science; now the allopathic medicine will try to claim it as its own.
Nathan Goodyear

Pregnancy Outcome After Intralipid Infusion Among Women Experiencing Recurrent Pregnanc... - 0 views

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    no abstract, but intralipid therapy was shown to improve pregnancy rate.
Nathan Goodyear

Cambridge Journals Online - Abstract - Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregn... - 0 views

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    Vitamin D3 during pregnancy shown to have only positive effects on pregnancy.  Granted this is a small study with only 3 doses of small amounts of vitamin D3.  But still positive.
Nathan Goodyear

Nutrition Journal | Full text | Consumption habits of pregnant women and implications f... - 0 views

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    Prenatal counseling must include nutritional counseling prior to pregnancy.  The key window to act is prior to pregnancy.  That is a reactive posture.  
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