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Nathan Goodyear

Symposium 3: Vitamin D and immune function: from pregnancy to adolescence - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3733090

vitamin d vitamin immune function Natural killer cells invariant NKT iNKT pregnancy

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 12 Aug 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 12 Aug 13
     
    Good article on the immunomodulation effect of vitamin D.  The importance of vitamin D goes back to pregnancy.   Vitamin D deficiencies during pregnancy inhibit appropriate invariant Natrual killer cells, which play important regulatory effect in autoimmune disease.  Even with restoration of vitamin D levels with replacement, the full positive effects of vitamin D are not seen due to limited iNKT potential.
dr sullivan

Ultimate Diet Resource Or Myth - Water and Weight Loss - 0 views

Water assists the body in such a lot of ways in which. The predominant faculty of thought has invariably been that water is associate amazing weight loss tool, one that delivers as few alternative ...

male low hormones hormone Testosterone cancer men disease inflammation

started by dr sullivan on 31 Dec 14 no follow-up yet
Nathan Goodyear

Testosterone for the aging male; current evidence and recommended practice - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2544367

leptin Testosterone low T low Testosterone male hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • Total serum testosterone consists of free testosterone (2%–3%), testosterone bound to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) (45%) and testosterone bound to other proteins (mainly albumin −50%)
  • Testosterone binds only loosely to albumin and so this testosterone as well as free testosterone is available to tissues and is termed bioavailable testosterone
  • Testosterone bound to SHBG is tightly bound and is biologically inactive
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • Bioavailable and free testosterone are known to correlate better than total testosterone with clinical sequelae of androgenization such as bone mineral density and muscle strength
  • peak levels seen in the morning following sleep, which can be maintained into the seventh decade
  • Samples should always be taken in the morning before 11 am
  • The reliable measurement of serum free testosterone requires equilibrium dialysis. This is not appropriate for clinical use as it is very time consuming and therefore expensive.
  • With increasing age, a greater number of men have total testosterone levels just below the normal range or in the low-normal range. In these patients total testosterone can be an unreliable indicator of hypogonadal status.
  • It is advised that at least two serum testosterone measurements, taken before 11 am on different mornings, are necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
  • Patients with serum total testosterone consistently below 8 nmol/l invariably demonstrate the clinical syndrome of hypogonadism and are likely to benefit from treatment. Patients with serum total testosterone in the range 8–12 nmol/l often have symptoms attributable to hypogonadism and it may be decided to offer either a clinical trial of testosterone treatment or to make further efforts to define serum bioavailable or free testosterone and then reconsider treatment. Patients with serum total testosterone persistently above 12 nmol/l do not have hypogonadism and symptoms are likely to be due to other disease states or ageing per se so testosterone treatment is not indicated.
  • Total testosterone levels fall at an average of 1.6% per year whilst free and bioavailable levels fall by 2%–3% per year.
  • With advancing age there is also a reduction in androgen receptor concentration in some target tissues and this may contribute to the clinical syndrome of LOH
  • Metabolic clearance declines with age
  • Gonadotrophin levels rise during aging (Feldman et al 2002) and testicular secretory responses to recombinant human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) are reduced
  • There are changes in the lutenising hormone (LH) production which consist of decreased LH pulse frequency and amplitude, (Veldhuis et al 1992; Pincus et al 1997) although pituitary production of LH in response to pharmacological stimulation with exogenous GnRH analogues is preserved
  • the decreases in testosterone levels with aging seem to reflect changes at all levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis
  • Nathan Goodyear on 27 Oct 14
     
    Leptin inhibits male Testosterone production at the level of the hypothalamus and at the testicle level.
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