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Nathan Goodyear

The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and ... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3735932

SCFA gut gut health diet nutrition metabolism gut flora gut microbiota

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Nov 16 - No Cached
  • Acetate, propionate, and butyrate are present in an approximate molar ratio of 60:20:20 in the colon and stool
  • SCFAs might play a key role in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome, bowel disorders, and certain types of cancer
  • SCFA administration positively influenced the treatment of ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • Gut bacteria in the cecum and large intestine produce SCFAs mainly from nondigestible carbohydrates that pass the small intestine unaffected
  • plant cell-wall polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and resistant starches
  • inulin shifted the relative production of SCFAs from acetate to propionate and butyrate
  • age of approximately 3–4 years, when it becomes mature
  • SCFAs affect lipid, glucose, and cholesterol metabolism
  • colonocytes, the first host cells that take up SCFAs and which depend largely on butyrate for their energy supply
  • the microbiota educate the immune system and increase the tolerance to microbial immunodeterminants
  • the microbiota act as a metabolic organ that can break down otherwise indigestible food components, degrade potentially toxic food compounds like oxalate, and synthesize certain vitamins and amino acids
  • a large part of the SCFAs is used as a source of energy
  • The general idea is that colonocytes prefer butyrate to acetate and propionate, and oxidize it to ketone bodies and CO2
  • Exogenous acetate formed by colonic bacterial fermentation enters the blood compartment and is mixed with endogenous acetate released by tissues and organs (103, 104). Up to 70% of the acetate is taken up by the liver (105), where it is not only used as an energy source, but is also used as a substrate for the synthesis of cholesterol and long-chain fatty acids and as a cosubstrate for glutamine and glutamate synthesis
  • SCFAs regulate the balance between fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, and lipolysis in the body.
  • Fatty acid oxidation is activated by SCFAs, while de novo synthesis and lipolysis are inhibited
  • obese animals in this study showed a 50% reduction in relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes (i.e., acetate and propionate producers), whereas the Firmicutes (i.e., butyrate producers) were proportionally increased compared with the lean counterparts.
  • increase in total fecal SCFA concentrations in obese humans.
  • In humans the distinct relation between the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio and obesity is less clear.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Nov 16
     
    Great review of the role of SCFA in gut health and body metabolism
Nathan Goodyear

Combined oral sodium butyrate and mesalazine treatment compared to oral mesalazine alon... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...10795763

butyrate ulcerative colitis colitis UC gut

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 20 Feb 17 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 20 Feb 17
     
    4 grams of daily butyrate found to be a goo adjunct in therapy for ulcerative colitis.
Nathan Goodyear

Role of Gut Microbiota and Short Chain Fatty Acids in Modulating Energy Harvest and Fat... - 0 views

press.endocrine.org/...jc.2016-1797

obesity gut gut flora gut microbiome gut microbiota butyrate firmicutes_bacteroidetes firmicutes bacteroidetes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 22 Sep 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 22 Sep 16
     
    gut bacteria differentiate obese versus non-obese.  Association found b/t firmicutes:bacteroidetes, increased Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria; in addition, acute, propionate, and butyrate (all medium chain fatty acids) were found to be associated with obesity.
Nathan Goodyear

Clinical significance of colonic fermenta... [Am J Gastroenterol. 1990] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...2220719

n-butyrate inflammation inflammatory bowel disease IBD ulcerative colitis Chron's cancer

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Sep 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Sep 11
     
    low n-butyrate implicated in inflammatory bowel conditions
Nathan Goodyear

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1027123/pdf/gut00037-0069.pdf - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...gut00037-0069.pdf

SCFA ulcerative colitis UC n-butyrate butyrate butyrate enema

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 Mar 17 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 06 Mar 17
     
    SCFA and ulcerative colitis
Nathan Goodyear

PLOS ONE: The Gut Microbiota and Developmental Programming of the Testis in Mice - 0 views

journals.plos.org/...article

hormone hormones Testosterone gut flora gut microbiome gut microbiota

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 30 Apr 15 - No Cached
  • The intra-testicular level of testosterone in GF mice was found to be significantly lower than in SPF and CBUT mice
  • This study establishes a novel role for the commensal gut microbiota in the regulation of testicular development and function
  • Absence of the normal microbiota influences the formation and the integrity of the BTB as well as the intra-testicular levels of testosterone and serum levels of LH and FSH.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • Nutritional, socioeconomic, lifestyle and environmental factors (among others) are involved in the regulation of normal spermatogenesis.
  • he gut microbiota is one such potential source of environmental factors/products that has developed an intimate symbiotic relationship with host's physiology.
  • Manipulation of the gut microbiotia through dietary modification, pre- and probiotics can therefore be beneficial for the host's reproductive health.
  • In the current study, colonizing GF mice with CBUT resulted in an increased sperm production, suggesting that bacterial products, e.g. of fermentation, directly or indirectly, can affect the testis.
  • the absence of gut microbiota influenced testosterone levels
  • A recent study demonstrated that dietary supplementation of the probiotics Lactobacillus reuteri increased and restored testosterone levels in aging mice
  • bacterial metabolites such as butyrate have been shown to increase the levels of LH [43] and FSH
  • This suggests that butyrate most likely regulates testosterone production at the testicular level by stimulation of gene expression in Leydig cells and with little or no effect at the pituitary- hypothalamic levels.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 30 Apr 15
     
    gut micro biome effects spermatogenesis, Testosterone production, and the brain-testicle-barrier.
Nathan Goodyear

Diet-Microbiota Interactions Mediate Global Epigenetic Programming in Multiple Host Tis... - 0 views

www.cell.com/...S1097-2765(16)30670-0

epigenetics diet nutrition SCFA gut gut bacteria gut flora gut microbiome gut microbiota

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 28 Nov 16 - No Cached
  • SCFAs play a dual role both as substrates for metabolism and as signaling molecules
  • SCFAs can be either directly converted (acetate) or oxidized (propionate and butyrate) to acetyl-Co
  • Here we demonstrate that microbial colonization regulates global histone acetylation and methylation in multiple host tissues in a diet-dependent manner
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • complex functional interactions between diet, gut microbiota, and host health.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 28 Nov 16
     
    diet changes gut microbiota, which changes genetic expression--it is called epigenetics.  This is an animal study.
Nathan Goodyear

Normal Flora - Medical Microbiology - NCBI Bookshelf - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...NBK7617

flora gut flora gut microbiome gut microbiota

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 05 May 15 - No Cached
  • Concentrations of 109 to 1011 bacteria/g of contents are frequently found in human colon
  • more than 400 species have been identified
  • 95 to 99 percent belong to anaerobic genera such as Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Peptostreptococcus, and Clostridium
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • hese genera proliferate, occupy most available niches, and produce metabolic waste products such as acetic, butyric, and lactic acids
  • Anaerobic bacteria can then deconjugate bile acids in this region and bind available vitamin B12 so that the vitamin and fats are malabsorbed
  • Nathan Goodyear on 05 May 15
     
    normal flora of the body
Nathan Goodyear

Metabolic Effects of Dietary Fiber Consumption and Prevention of Diabetes - 0 views

jn.nutrition.org/...439.long

soluble insoluble fiber dietary diet nutrition diabetes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 22 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • DF are highly complex substances that can be described as any nondigestible carbohydrates and lignins not degraded in the upper gut
  • Commonly, DF are classified according to their solubility in water, even though grading according to viscosity, gel-forming capabilities, or fermentation rate by the gut microbiota might be physiologically more relevant
  • Main sources of soluble DF are fruits and vegetables
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • n increased intake of total DF was inversely associated with markers of insulin resistance in several studies
  • consumption of insoluble DF increased whole body glucose disposal independent of changes in body weight in both short-term and more prolonged studies
  • Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate are produced by bacterial fermentation of indigestible DF polysaccharides in the colon
  • increased production of SCFA is assumed to be beneficial by reducing hepatic glucose output and improving lipid homeostasis
  • a high DF diet (oligofructose) reduced gram-negative bacterial content and body weight, whereas a high fat diet increased the proportion of a gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) containing microbiota in humans
  • Prospective cohort studies indicate that diets high in insoluble cereal DF and whole grains might reduce diabetes risk
  • soluble DF (i.e., pectin, inulin, and β-glucans)
  • cereal DF (i.e., cellulose and hemicelluloses)
  • Nathan Goodyear on 22 Oct 13
     
    Good discussion of dietary fiber intake and Diabetes.  
Nathan Goodyear

Dietary Fiber - 0 views

advances.nutrition.org/...151.full

dietary fiber

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 28 Apr 11 - No Cached
  • decreased risk of coronary heart disease with dietary fiber consumption
  • Good sources of dietary fiber include whole grains, legumes, vegetables, nuts and seeds, and fruits
  • most experts recommend that fiber should be obtained through the consumption of foods, because this form allows consumption of many micronutrients and bioactive compounds contained in high-fiber foods, which provide their own nutritional benefits.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • increase in the consumption of foods containing fiber to reduce obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers.
  • One of the products of fermentation, butyrate, is able to regulate gene transcription through its actions as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, which affects cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of colon cells
  • Nathan Goodyear on 28 Apr 11
     
    Great short review on Fiber and health benefits
Nathan Goodyear

Advances in treatment of ulcerative colitis with herbs: From bench to bedside - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC4202341

curcumin natural therapies wheat grass butyrate aloe vera aloe ulcerative colitis UC IBD inflammatory bowel disease herbs

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 25 Jan 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 25 Jan 16
     
    additional reviews of natural therapies and IBD.
Nathan Goodyear

The implication of neuroactive steroids in Tourette syndrome pathogenesis: a ... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3849218

tourette's syndrome hormones 5-alpha reductase

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 Dec 15 - No Cached
  • The typical onset of TS occurs at 6–7 years of age and is characterized by the appearance of simple, recurrent motor tics, followed by the manifestation of phonic tics after several months [12]. In most children, TS symptoms undergo a progressive exacerbation, which reaches its zenith at the beginning of puberty (11–12 years of age), and is then followed by a gradual remission in the majority of patients
  • 30–40% of TS-affected children retain their symptoms in adulthood
  • Multiple neurotransmitters have been implicated in TS, including dopamine (DA), serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, glutamate and γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA)
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • female gender may predict greater tic severity in adulthood
  • male gender is a major risk factor for TS (with a male:female prevalence ratio estimated at ~4:1)
  • the typical age of onset coincides with adrenarche (6–7 years old); symptoms increase in severity until the beginning of puberty (12 years old) and then undergo a spontaneous amelioration, which becomes apparent with the end of puberty (at 18–19 years of age)
  • TS is diagnosed later in females than males
  • ample evidence supports the involvement of DAergic dysfunctions in TS
  • a number of clinical observations showed that tics in TS patients could be exacerbated by anabolic androgens
  • steroidogenic enzymes and androgen receptors may serve as putative therapeutic targets for this disorder
  • Unlike males, tic severity is typically increased after puberty in females
  • 26% of females were found to experience exacerbation of tics in the estrogenic phase of the menstrual cycle, and this phenomenon was found to be correlated with increased tic severity at menarche
  • biochemical hallmark of adrenarche is the acquisition of 17,20 lyase activity by cytochrome P450 C17 (CYP17A1)
  • increased synthesis of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione, which leads to the growth of axillary and pubic hair as well as enhancement in the oiliness of the skin
  • Nathan Goodyear on 08 Dec 15
     
    interesting read on hormones and tourette's.. Proposed that 5 alpha reductase activity is involved in worsening of tics.  This makes sense as Testosterone in men with low T is known to increase dopamine and dopaminergic dysfunction is known to play a role in tourette's;  the clinical presentation of girls vs boys is very different.  The authors of this article propose that 5 alpha reductase activity controls a back door method where by progesterone is converted to androgens.
Nathan Goodyear

Variable responses of human microbiomes to dietary supplementation with resistant starc... - 0 views

microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/...s40168-016-0178-x

gut gut microbiome gut bacteria gut flora gut microbiota diet butyrate fiber

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 Jun 17 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 08 Jun 17
     
    Research suggests that the gut microbiome may determine the effectiveness of therapy.  The future may be to determine the gut micrboiome, which will then dictate therapy.
Nathan Goodyear

A survey on anticancer effects of artemisinin, iron, miconazole, and butyric acid on 56... - 0 views

www.cancerjournal.net/article.asp

artesunate artemisinin cancer Miconazole

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 14 Jun 19 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 14 Jun 19
     
    Miconazole found to augment artemisinin + fe in treatment of cancer.
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