The turkey found that, on his first morning at the turkey farm, he was fed at 9 a.m. Being a good inductivist turkey he did not jump to conclusions. He waited until he collected a large number of observations that he was fed at 9 a.m. and made these observations under a wide range of circumstances, on Wednesdays, on Thursdays, on cold days, on warm days. Each day he added another observation statement to his list. Finally he was satisfied that he had collected a number of observation statements to inductively infer that “I am always fed at 9 a.m.”.
However on the morning of Christmas eve he was not fed but instead had his throat cut.
It doesn’t matter how many cases we list during our inductivist reasoning, nothing guarantees that the next case will lay in this inference we deducted from our observations, as the possible experiments and observations are infinite by number and type.
The only valid scientific method is to test the theory using the assertions which can be deduced.
Group items matching
in title, tags, annotations or url
2More
2More
Bertrand Russell's Inductivist Turkey - 3 views
12More
Science Experiments Elementary - 61 views
www.easy-kids-science-experiments.com/ce-experiments-elementary.html
science experiment elementary experiments
shared by Derrick C on 04 Nov 10
- Cached
-
Cooling Soda Cans
-
Flowers In Water
-
Frozen Candles
- ...3 more annotations...
-
Make a Battery From Fruit
-
Moth Balls Dance
-
Sense of Smell
4More
What measures the best teacher? More than scores, study shows - 1450 WHTC Holland's Hom... - 138 views
-
researchers found they could pick out the best teachers in a school and even predict roughly how much their students would learn if they rated the educators through a formula that put equal weight on student input, test scores and detailed classroom observations by principals and peers
-
Judging teachers primarily by student performance on state tests, for instance, turned out to be highly unreliable, with little consistency from year to year. Judging them chiefly by a principal's observations failed to identify those teachers who could be counted on to boost student proficiency on state math and reading tests.
-
This should be a very big red flag to all those policy makers who think they can have test-based accountability be half or more of a teacher's evaluation
55More
The Coach in the Operating Room - The New Yorker - 37 views
-
I compared my results against national data, and I began beating the averages.
-
the obvious struck me as interesting: even Rafael Nadal has a coach. Nearly every élite tennis player in the world does. Professional athletes use coaches to make sure they are as good as they can be.
-
They don’t even have to be good at the sport. The famous Olympic gymnastics coach Bela Karolyi couldn’t do a split if his life depended on it. Mainly, they observe, they judge, and they guide.
- ...31 more annotations...
-
always evolving
-
no matter how well prepared people are in their formative years, few can achieve and maintain their best performance on their own.
-
For decades, research has confirmed that the big factor in determining how much students learn is not class size or the extent of standardized testing but the quality of their teachers.
-
So, instead of having students take test after test after test, why don't we just have coaches who observe and sit and discuss and offer suggestions and divide the number of tests we give students in half and do away with half? Are we concerned about student knowledge? student performance? student ability? student growth or capacity for growth? What we really need to identify is what we value!
-
-
California researchers in the early nineteen-eighties conducted a five-year study of teacher-skill development in eighty schools, and noticed something interesting. Workshops led teachers to use new skills in the classroom only ten per cent of the time. Even when a practice session with demonstrations and personal feedback was added, fewer than twenty per cent made the change. But when coaching was introduced—when a colleague watched them try the new skills in their own classroom and provided suggestions—adoption rates passed ninety per cent. A spate of small randomized trials confirmed the effect. Coached teachers were more effective, and their students did better on tests.
-
they did not necessarily have any special expertise in a content area, like math or science.
-
The coaches let the teachers choose the direction for coaching. They usually know better than anyone what their difficulties are.
-
The conversation with the coach and the coach listening and learning what the teacher would like to expand, improve, and grow is probably the most vital part! If the teacher doesn't have a clue, the coach could start anywhere and that might not be what the teacher adopts and owns. So, the teacher must have ownership and direction.
-
-
teaches coaches to observe a few specifics: whether the teacher has an effective plan for instruction; how many students are engaged in the material; whether they interact respectfully; whether they engage in high-level conversations; whether they understand how they are progressing, or failing to progress.
-
must engage in “deliberate practice”—sustained, mindful efforts to develop the full range of abilities that success requires. You have to work at what you’re not good at.
-
most people do not know where to start or how to proceed. Expertise, as the formula goes, requires going from unconscious incompetence to conscious incompetence to conscious competence and finally to unconscious competence.
-
The coach provides the outside eyes and ears, and makes you aware of where you’re falling short.
-
So coaches use a variety of approaches—showing what other, respected colleagues do, for instance, or reviewing videos of the subject’s performance. The most common, however, is just conversation.
-
“What worked?”
-
“What else did you notice?”
-
something to try.
-
Good coaches, he said, speak with credibility, make a personal connection, and focus little on themselves.
-
“listened more than they talked,” Knight said. “They were one hundred per cent present in the conversation.”
-
trying to get residents to think—to think like surgeons—and his questions exposed how much we had to learn.
-
one twenty-minute discussion gave me more to consider and work on than I’d had in the past five years.
-
watch other colleagues operate in order to gather ideas about what I could do.
-
routine, high-quality video recordings of operations could enable us to figure out why some patients fare better than others.
-
It’s teaching with a trendier name. Coaching aimed at improving the performance of people who are already professionals is less usual.
-
modern society increasingly depends on ordinary people taking responsibility for doing extraordinary things
-
We care about results in sports, and if we care half as much about results in schools and in hospitals we may reach the same conclusion.
2More
Biodiversity Snapshots | Home - 60 views
-
Biodiversity Snapshots will help you to learn more about the animals around us every day by combining mobile technology and science. We provide you with a field guide, identification tool and way to record your observations all on a mobile device - your phone, netbook, or tablet. You make the observations and participate as a citizen scientist.
-
Also take a look at the Encyclopedia of Life eol.org and their associated podcasts. There are efforts to create comprehensive collections in several places. There is even a game that helps classification efforts for children that want to add to the sum of human knowledge.
2More
The 8 Minutes That Matter Most | Edutopia - 79 views
-
I start my English classes with "Observations". Students can state anything they have observed since the last class (as long as it's appropriate). We then explore how the observation can be used in writing. Not just as plot/narrative, but any aspect of English- as a metaphor, a character note- whatever we want to emphasize, and that the observation suggests. It not only gets kids past writer's block, but it promotes a mindset of finding the unique in the ordinary.
30More
Educational Leadership:Feedback for Learning:Seven Keys to Effective Feedback - 87 views
-
Whether the feedback was in the observable effects or from other people, in every case the information received was not advice, nor was the performance evaluated. No one told me as a performer what to do differently or how "good" or "bad" my results were. (You might think that the reader of my writing was judging my work, but look at the words used again: She simply played back the effect my writing had on her as a reader.) Nor did any of the three people tell me what to do (which is what many people erroneously think feedback is—advice). Guidance would be premature; I first need to receive feedback on what I did or didn't do that would warrant such advice.
-
Decades of education research support the idea that by teaching less and providing more feedback, we can produce greater learning (see Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 2000; Hattie, 2008; Marzano, Pickering, & Pollock, 2001).
- ...25 more annotations...
-
remember that feedback does not need to come only from the teacher, or even from people at all. Technology is one powerful tool—part of the power of computer-assisted learning is unlimited, timely feedback and opportunities to use it.
-
learners are often unclear about the specific goal of a task or lesson, so it is crucial to remind them about the goal and the criteria by which they should self-assess
-
I recommend that all teachers videotape their own classes at least once a month. It was a transformative experience for me when I did it as a beginning teacher.
-
Even if feedback is specific and accurate in the eyes of experts or bystanders, it is not of much value if the user cannot understand it or is overwhelmed by it.
-
Adjusting our performance depends on not only receiving feedback but also having opportunities to use it.
-
Clearly, performers can only adjust their performance successfully if the information fed back to them is stable, accurate, and trustworthy. In education, that means teachers have to be on the same page about what high-quality work is. Teachers need to look at student work together, becoming more consistent over time and formalizing their judgments in highly descriptive rubrics supported by anchor products and performances.
-
Score student work in the fall and winter against spring standards, use more pre-and post-assessments to measure progress toward these standards, and do the item analysis to note what each student needs to work on for better future performance.
-
Effective supervisors and coaches work hard to carefully observe and comment on what they observed, based on a clear statement of goals. That's why I always ask when visiting a class, "What would you like me to look for and perhaps count?"
-
. Less teaching, more feedback. Less feedback that comes only from you, and more tangible feedback designed into the performance itself.
-
Wiggins Advice, evaluation, grades-none of these provide the descriptive information that students need to reach their goals. What is true feedback-and how can it improve learning? Who would dispute the idea that feedback is a good thing? Both common sense and research make it clear: Formative assessment, consisting of lots of feedback and opportunities to use that feedback, enhances performance and achievement. Yet even John Hattie (2008), whose decades of research revealed that feedback was among the most powerful influences on achievement, acknowledges that he has "struggled to understand the concept" (p. 173). And many writings on the subject don't even attempt to define the term. To improve formative assessment practices among both teachers and assessment designers, we need to look more closely at just what feedback is-and isn't.
2More
Gaming Gains Respect | District Administration Magazine - 17 views
-
If what most observers say is true, we’re at the beginning of a serious shift in the way we think about and employ video games and simulations in learning situations. Students will learn not just the content of the traditional curriculum, but, more importantly, the skills and learning dispositions they need to create, to solve problems, and to collaborate throughout their lives.
-
" If what most observers say is true, we're at the beginning of a serious shift in the way we think about and employ video games and simulations in learning situations. Students will learn not just the content of the traditional curriculum, but, more importantly, the skills and learning dispositions they need to create, to solve problems, and to collaborate throughout their lives."
39More
Role and Function of Theory in Online Education Development and Delivery - 3 views
-
According to Bonk and Reynolds (1997), to promote higher-order thinking on the Web, online learning must create challenging activities that enable learners to link new information to old, acquire meaningful knowledge, and use their metacognitive abilities; hence, it is the instructional strategy and not the technology tha
-
According to Bonk and Reynolds (1997), to promote higher-order thinking on the Web, online learning must create challenging activities that enable learners to link new information to old, acquire meaningful knowledge, and use their metacognitive abilities; hence, it is the instructional strategy and not the technology that influences the quality of learning.
-
However, it is not the computer per se that makes students learn, but the design of the real-life models and simulations, and the students' interaction with those models and simulations. The computer is merely the vehicle that provides the processing capability and delivers the instruction to learners (Clark, 2001).
- ...35 more annotations...
-
Online learning allows for flexibility of access, from anywhere and usually at anytime—essentially, it allows participants to collapse time and space (Cole, 2000)—however, the learning materials must be designed properly to engage the learner and promote learning.
-
Cognitive psychology claims that learning involves the use of memory, motivation, and thinking, and that reflection plays an important part in learning.
-
The development of effective online learning materials should be based on proven and sound learning theories.
-
Early computer learning systems were designed based on a behaviorist approach to learning. The behaviorist school of thought, influenced by Thorndike (1913), Pavlov (1927), and Skinner (1974), postulates that learning is a change in observable behavior caused by external stimuli in the environment (Skinner, 1974).
-
Therefore, before any learning materials are developed, educators must, tacitly or explicitly, know the principles of learning and how students learn.
-
Constructivist theorists claim that learners interpret information and the world according to their personal reality, and that they learn by observation, processing, and interpretation, and then personalize the information into personal knowledge (Cooper, 1993; Wilson, 1997).
-
The design of online learning materials can include principles from all three. According to Ertmer and Newby (1993), the three schools of thought can in fact be used as a taxonomy for learning. Behaviorists' strategies can be used to teach the “what” (facts), cognitive strategies can be used to teach the “how” (processes and principles), and constructivist strategies can be used to teach the “why” (higher level thinking that promotes personal meaning and situated and contextual learning).
-
The behaviorist school sees the mind as a “black box,” in the sense that a response to a stimulus can be observed quantitatively, totally ignoring the effect of thought processes occurring in the mind.
-
Learners should be told the explicit outcomes of the learning so that they can set expectations and can judge for themselves whether or not they have achieved the outcome of the online lesson. 2. Learners must be tested to determine whether or not they have achieved the learning outcome. Online testing or other forms of testing and assessment should be integrated into the learning sequence to check the learner's achievement level and to provide appropriate feedback. 3. Learning materials must be sequenced appropriately to promote learning. The sequencing could take the form of simple to complex, known to unknown, and knowledge to application. 4. Learners must be provided with feedback so that they can monitor how they are doing and take corrective action if required.
-
Cognitivists see learning as an internal process that involves memory, thinking, reflection, abstraction, motivation, and meta-cognition.
-
Online instruction must use strategies to allow learners to attend to the learning materials so that they can be transferred from the senses to the sensory store and then to working memory.
-
Online learning strategies must present the materials and use strategies to enable students to process the materials efficiently.
-
Use advance organizers to activate an existing cognitive structure or to provide the information to incorporate the details of the lesson (Ausubel, 1960).
-
Use pre-instructional questions to set expectations and to activate the learners' existing knowledge structure.
-
Use prerequisite test questions to activate the prerequisite knowledge structure required for learning the new materials.
-
To facilitate deep processing, learners should be asked to generate the information maps during the learning process or as a summary activity after the lesson (Bonk & Reynolds, 1997).
-
The cognitive school recognizes the importance of individual differences, and of including a variety of learning strategies in online instruction to accommodate those differences
-
The Kolb Learning Style Inventory (LSI) (Kolb, 1984) looks at how learners perceive and process information, whereas the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (Myers, 1978) uses dichotomous scales to measure extroversion versus introversion, sensing versus intuition, thinking versus feeling, and judging versus perception. In the following discussion, we consider the Kolb Learning Style Inventory.
-
Attention: Capture the learners' attention at the start of the lesson and maintain it throughout the lesson. The online learning materials must include an activity at the start of the learning session to connect with the learners. Relevance: Inform learners of the importance of the lesson and how taking the lesson could benefit them. Strategies could include describing how learners will benefit from taking the lesson, and how they can use what they learn in real-life situations. This strategy helps to contextualize the learning and make it more meaningful, thereby maintaining interest throughout the learning session. Confidence: Use strategies such as designing for success and informing learners of the lesson expectations. Design for success by sequencing from simple to complex, or known to unknown, and use a competency-based approach where learners are given the opportunity to use different strategies to complete the lesson. Inform learners of the lesson outcome and provide ongoing encouragement to complete the lesson. Satisfaction: Provide feedback on performance and allow learners to apply what they learn in real-life situations. Learners like to know how they are doing, and they like to contextualize what they are learning by applying the information in real life.
-
Online strategies that facilitate the transfer of learning should be used to encourage application in different and real-life situations.
-
it is the individual learner's interpretation and processing of what is received through the senses that creates knowledge.
-
“the process of using a prior interpretation to construe a new or revised interpretation of the meaning of one's experience in order to guide future action” (p. 12).
-
Learning should be an active process. Keeping learners active doing meaningful activities results in high-level processing, which facilitates the creation of personalized meaning. Asking learners to apply the information in a practical situation is an active process, and facilitates personal interpretation and relevance.
-
Collaborative and cooperative learning should be encouraged to facilitate constructivist learning (H
-
When assigning learners for group work, membership should be based on the expertise level and learning style of individual group members, so that individual team members can benefit from one another's strengths.
-
Learning should be made meaningful for learners. The learning materials should include examples that relate to students, so that they can make sense of the information.
-
Learning should be interactive to promote higher-level learning and social presence, and to help develop personal meaning. According to Heinich et al. (2002), learning is the development of new knowledge, skills, and attitudes as the learner interacts with information and the environment. Interaction is also critical to creating a sense of presence and a sense of community for online learners, and to promoting transformational learning (Murphy & Cifuentes, 2001). Learners receive the learning materials through the technology, process the information, and then personalize and contextualize the information.
-
Behaviorist strategies can be used to teach the facts (what); cognitivist strategies to teach the principles and processes (how); and constructivist strategies to teach the real-life and personal applications and contextual learning. There is a shift toward constructive learning, in which learners are given the opportunity to construct their own meaning from the information presented during the online sessions. The use of learning objects to promote flexibility and reuse of online materials to meet the needs of individual learners will become more common in the future. Online learning materials will be designed in small coherent segments, so that they can be redesigned for different learners and different contexts. Finally, online learning will be increasingly diverse to respond to different learning cultures, styles, and motivations.
-
Online instruction occurs when learners use the Web to go through the sequence of instruction, to complete the learning activities, and to achieve learning outcomes and objectives (Ally, 2002; Ritchie & Hoffman, 1997).
3More
Journey North: A Global Study of Wildlife Migration: Monarch Butterfly - 56 views
-
stories, photos, videos, and slide shows from the natural world build observation skills, inspire scientific thinking, and create fertile ground for discussions and new questions!
8More
If you want to innovate like Da Vinci, education is overrated | TechRepublic - 46 views
-
Thiel is a venture capitalist and the game that VCs play is to invest in 10 different ideas with the hope that one of them hits it big, while the other nine are likely to fail, morph into something different, or simply fade away.
-
Bill Gates (Microsoft) and Mark Zuckerberg (Facebook). Yes, both dropped out of Harvard to start a company and eventually became billionaires, but before they went to college both of them got an outstanding education that was certainly a springboard to their later achievements.
-
A college education trains and teaches students how to best plug themselves into the current civilization. Education helps you plug into the things society already needs, to plug into society as it is today. It’s not about tomorrow
- ...3 more annotations...
-
Da Vinci basically out-observed everyone in his generation? That was critical. He spent a lot of time observing and figuring out where there were important problems and pain points that could be improved by either iterating or innovating. It’s a simple but powerful formula. Lots of organizations could do a better job of carefully observing the best opportunities to target, and then attacking the opportunity with their best ideas.
-
Innovation is about what’s next. To pull off a big innovation, you almost always have to take a big risk. You have to try something different.
-
-
Thiel is a venture capitalist and the game that VCs play is to invest in 10 different ideas with the hope that one of them hits it big, while the other nine are likely to fail, morph into something different, or simply fade away.
-
In reference to Gates and others who have shined, according to Gladwell's "Outliers" they have also most likely put in the time (10,000 plus hours) practicing, envisioning, and imagining what they want to create. Innovation takes time input, imagination, desire, and risk...
12More
Making the Most Out of Teacher Collaboration | Edutopia - 42 views
www.edutopia.org/...oration-strategies-ben-johnson
SDW PLC teacher collaboration teachers teacher collaboration Professional Development professionallearning
shared by Sharin Tebo on 02 Jul 15
- No Cached
- ...8 more annotations...
-
preparation sparks much deeper conversation, more complete answers and better solutions. For informal collaborations, before I attempted to try out any new idea, I would ask one of my esteemed colleagues what they thought of it. In terms of assessments, the easiest way to improve the validity of the assessment is to have a colleague or group of colleagues review it.
-
develop a list of "how to" and "why for" questions regarding student data, instruction, discipline, etc.
-
bring my list of questions pertinent to the agenda in order to pick the groups' collective brain for answers.
-
one of the reasons that schools do not improve as fast as we would like them to is that when teachers get together for a purpose, rarely has research been done by the teachers, neither have ideas been mapped out prior to the meeting.
22More
Distracted Minds: Why You Should Teach Like a Poet - 4 views
www.chronicle.com/...y-you-should-teach-like-a-poet
education higher ed students engagement focus build zoom learning
shared by Martin Leicht on 11 Jan 21
- No Cached
-
When you follow the same routines at home, folding the laundry or doing the dishes, your mind goes on automatic pilot.
-
same generic suite of teaching activities: listen to a lecture, take notes, ask some questions, talk in groups.
- ...17 more annotations...
-
Through the creative turns of language they use to describe the world and our experiences, the familiar becomes unfamiliar again, and we discover in the everyday world fresh food for insight and reflection.
-
We want them to pay attention to course content, to be astonished by what they find there, and to report back to us and the world what they have discovered.
-
Find an everyday object that connects to your discipline, or a photograph or image that accompanies an article or book in your field.
-
in which practitioners slowly read the sacred scriptures of Judaism aloud to one another, pausing and discussing and questioning at every turn.
-
asked what they had learned from the experience, and especially what they had noticed about the text that they hadn’t perceived before
-
For 13 consecutive weeks, she asked students to leave the campus and make a visit to the nearby Worcester Art Museum in order to spend time in front of the same work of art.
-
As they learned to train their attention on a work of art, their attention brought them insights. They saw more clearly, developed new ideas, and wrote creatively about what they observed.
1More
What 6 Years of Study Says About Using Clickers in the Classroom | edcetera - Rafter Blog - 2 views
1More
Education | Project Noah - 3 views
-
Project Noah was created to provide people of all ages with a simple, easy-to-use way to share their experiences with wildlife. By encouraging your students to share their observations and contribute to Project Noah missions, you not only help students to reconnect with nature, you provide them with real opportunities to make a difference.
Parasitic Worm Eggs Ease Intestinal Ills by Changing Gut Macrobiota | Observations, Sci... - 15 views
1More