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Ivory.pdf - 2 views

Lesego Mlandu History 2A

shared by fortunatem on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • h e a p p r e h e n s i o n t h a t i v o r y w o u l d h e c o m e o n e o f t h e p I O ­ d u c t s o f t h e p a s t , a s w e h a v e o f t e n h e a r d o u r c u t l e r y a n d b i l l i a r d b a l l m a n u f a c t u r e r s m a i n t a i n , d o e s n o t s e e m t o h e j u s t i fi e d b y t h e f a c t s
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      British cutlery and billiard ball producers frequently claim that ivory will become a thing of the past but the facts do not seem to support their statements.
  • c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o l l o w i n g , f r o m t h e B T i t i 8 li M a i l , M e s s r s . L e w i s & P e a t , c o l o n i a l b r o k e r s , h a v e i s s u e d a v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g r e p o r t. o f t h e m o d e r n i v o r y t r a d e , w h i c h , t h o u g h s h o w i n g g r e a t i m p r o v e m e n t s i n c e 1 8 4 2 , i s a m e r e s h a d o w o f w h a t i t m u s t h a v e b e e n i n t h e a n c i e n t t i m e s .
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      According to a report by Peat and Lewis, the British mail Deliverers, the present ivory trade has greatly improved since 1875. 680nturns were imported into Great Britain in total in 1875 which was the most imports from that time until 1842.
  • T h e p r o b a b l e v a l u e o f t h e i v o r y i m p o r t e d l a s t y e a r c o u l d n o t b e l e s s t h a n $ 2 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 . A l a r g e r p o r t i o n c a m e t h r o u g h E g y p t t h a n i n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r , a n d l e s s f r o m Z a n z i b a r a n d B o m b a y , f r o m S o u t h A f r i c a a l i t t l e m o r e , a n d f r o m W e s t A f r i c a a l i t t l e l e s s
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      The imports for the previous year for the ivory trade were probably worth at least $2,500,000. More imports traveled through Egypt than the previous year, while fewer traveled through Zanzibar and Bombay. More traveled through South Africa and less traveled through East Africa
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ivory trade image and description - Google Search - 7 views

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Lesego Mlandu History 2A

shared by fortunatem on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
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      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      The elephant tusks were being carried by slaves in this image because it was difficult to transport the heavy goods before the early-modern slave trades from East and West Africa were established. Newly captured slaves were therefore used to transport the bulky tusks to the ports where both the tusks and their carriers were sold.
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Fossil ivory.pdf - 6 views

Lesego Mlandu History 2A

shared by fortunatem on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The ivory of ~Iammoth-tusks is an article of trade peculiar to Siberia. Although forming too slight an item to be taken into con- sideration in the statistical returns of the trade of Russia, still, as this ivory formed one of the earliest articles of export from Siberia to China, the few statistics I have been able to collect with reference to this curiosity of commerce may not be without interest.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      Siberian traders specialize in trading ivory from mammoth tusks. The few statistics that have been compiled regarding this curious of commerce may not be without interest, even though this ivory formed too small an item to be taken into consideration in the statistical returns of the trade of Russia. In addition, this ivory formed one of the first items exported from Siberia to China.
  • About 40,000 lbs. of fossil ivory (that is to say, the tusks of at least 100 mammoths) are bartered for every year in New Siberia, so
  • hat, in a period of BOO years of trade with that country, the tusks of 20,000 mammoths must have been disposed of, perhaps even twice that number, since only 200 lbs. of ivory is calculated as the average weight produced by a pair of tusks.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      Since the average weight produced by a pair of mammoth tusks is only 200 lbs. of ivory, over the course of BOO years of trade with that nation, 20,000 mammoths tusks must have been lost, possibly even twice that amount. Approximately 40,000 lbs. of fossil ivory are traded for annually in New Siberia.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • As many as ten of these tusks have been found lying together in the "Tundra," weighing from 150 to 300 lbs. each; the largest are rarely seen out of the country, many of them being too rotten to be made use of, while others are so large that they cannot be carried away, and are sawn up in blocks or slabs on the spot where they are retold, with very considerable waste, so that the loss of weight in the produce of a tusk before the ivory comes to market is of no trifling afiaount.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      Up to ten of these tusks have been discovered lying together in the "Tundra," weighing between 150 and 300 pounds each. The largest of these tusks are rarely seen outside of the country because many of them are too rotten to be used, while others are too large to be transported and must instead be sawn up into blocks or slabs on the spot where they are retold, with a great deal of waste.
  • rge portion of this ivory is used by the nomad tribes in their sledges, arms, and household implements; and formerly a great quantity used to be exported to China,--a trade which can be traced back to a very distant period ; for Giovanni de Plane Carpini, a Franciscan Monk, sent by Pope Innocent IV
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      Large amounts of this ivory were once exported to China, in a trade that dates back to a very long time, for Giovanni de Plane Carpini, a Franciscan Monk sent by Pope Innocent IV. He used ivory for his sleds, weapons, and household implements.
  • Entire mammoths have occasionally been discovered, not only with the skin (which was protected with a double covering of hair and wool) entire, but with the fleshy portions of the body in such a state of preservation that they have ai%rded food to dogs and wild beasts in the neighbourhood of the places where they were found.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      Occasionally, entire mammoths have been found, not only with the skin but also with the meaty parts of the body in such a state of preservation that they served as food to dogs and other wild animals in the area where they were located.
  • hey appear to have been suddenly enveloped in ice or to have sunk into mud which was on the point of congealing, and which, before the process of decay could commence, froze around the bodies and has preserved them up to the present time in the condition in which they perished.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      They appear to have been unexpectedly wrapped in ice or to have fallen into mud that was about to freeze, this prevented the bodies from decomposing by freezing around them and has kept them preserved to this day in the same state in which they died.
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The Mozambique and Apassa Slave Trade - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 5 views

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Lesego Mlandu History 2A

shared by fortunatem on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
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    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      Due to the Makangwara attacks, one of which destroyed the university mission station at Masasi, the previously established commerce route from Ngassa to the Zanzibar coast is now more risky.
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Ivory and slaves in East and Central Africa (c. 1800 - 1880.pdf - 4 views

Lesego Mlandu History 2A

shared by fortunatem on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Trade routes in the interior had been pioneered by the Africans themselves. The Yao had found their way from the vicinity of Lake Nyasa to the coast long before coastal traders decided to go inland. Kamba traders southeast of Mount Kenya had traded in ivory for many years before the coastal traders moved in and took over their routes.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      Long before coastal traders decided to move inside, the Yao had made their way from Lake Nyasa's vicinity to the coast. Before the coastal traders moved in and took over their routes, the Kamba traders southeast of Mount Kenya had been involved with the ivory trade for many years.
  • The Nyamwezi had also opened up a route to the coast which they were using about 1800, and it was this route that the Swahili-Arab traders from the coast employed when they made their first forays into the interior.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Swahili-Arab traders from the coast used this path when they made their initial journeys into the interior since the Nyamwezi had also opened up a route to the shore that they were using around 1800.
  • Although Africans in the interior had pioneered these routes, in many cases they were ousted by the Arabs who had three great advantages over the indigenous traders - they had a wider range of products to offer, they had modem arms, access to credit, and they knew the Zanzibar trading system and could influence it.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      Although Africans in rural areas had established these routes, the Arabs frequently drove out the native traders because they offered a wider variety of goods, they had access to modern weapons and credit, and they had experience in the Zanzibar trading system.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • hough ivory had always trickled through from the interior to the coast, the growth in the demand for ivory in the nineteenth century made a more systematic approach necessary for its gathering. As early as 1811 caravans from the coast were reaching into central Tanzania, and a decade later Swahili-Arab caravans were found on the other side of Lake Tanganyika in modem Zaire. By mid-century the Arabs had established the town of Unyanyembe or Tabora, and Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      Although ivory has always been transported periodically from the interior to the the coast, the rise in demand for ivory in the nineteenth century required a more organized method of collection. Central Tanzania was first reached by caravans from the coast in 1811, and modern Zaire's Swahili-Arab caravans were discovered on the opposite side of Lake Tanganyika a decade later. By the middle of the century, the Arabs had founded Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika and the town of Unyanyembe or Tabora.
  • When the Swahili-Arabs themselves raided for slaves they usually did so at night; Arabs villages were surrounded and burned down and gardens were destroyed, because starvation favoured the conditions in which the slave trade thrived.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Swahili Arabs usually carried out their slave attacks at night, Arab villages were burned to the ground, and their gardens were destroyed since starvation favored the conditions that allowed the slave trade to flourish. Swahili Arabs were barbaric ivory hunters who destroyed the communities of everyone who stood in their way.
  • Swahili-Arabs were ruthless ivory hunters and razed the villages of those who stood in their way
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