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Nathan Goodyear

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.2164/jandrol.108.005751/asset/jandrol.108.005751.pdf?v=1&t=hytfknk6&s=f5ed4a2c109bb4a6c1ed22553deb76cb6bc62407 - 0 views

onlinelibrary.wiley.com/...jandrol.108.005751.pdf

low T low Testosterone low T Testosterone insulin resistance IR diabetes metabolic syndrome visceral fat obesity adiposity hypogonadism men male hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 14 Aug 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 14 Aug 14
     
    Pubmed search finds low T associated IR, type II diabetes, Metabolic syndrome, and increased visceral fat in men.
Nathan Goodyear

The NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside enhances oxidative metabolism and protects against high-fat diet induced obesity - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3616313

NAD nicotinamide riboside metabolism obesity SIRT sirtuins

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 07 Jun 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 07 Jun 16
     
    nicotinamide riboside shown to offset the negative metabolic effects of American diet induced obesity.  NAD also increased SIRT1 and SIRT3 activity
Nathan Goodyear

Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome - - Satoshi Nishimura - Discovery Medicine - 0 views

www.discoverymedicine.com/...obesity-and-metabolic-syndrome

inflammation obesity metabolic syndrome fat adipose tissue innate immune system humoral

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 21 Dec 11 - No Cached
  • Activation of inflammatory pathways in adipocytes impairs triglyceride storage and increases release of free fatty acids, an excess of which is known to induce insulin resistance in muscle and liver
  • recent studies have shown that large numbers of macrophages infiltrate obese adipose tissue,
  • It has been postulated that a paracrine loop involving free fatty acids and inflammatory cytokines establishes a vicious cycle between adipocytes and macrophages that propagates the inflammation
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • not only does interrupting the accumulation of macrophages within obese adipose tissue suppresses adipose inflammation in various animal models, it also ameliorates systemic insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities, suggesting macrophages are key effector cells involved in adipose inflammation
  • Thus, obese visceral adipose tissue is clearly a site of chronic inflammation
  • activation of the leukocyte adhesion cascade, a hallmark of inflammation
  • CD8+ T cells within obese adipose tissue induce activation and migration of monocytes/macrophages, and in cooperation with the adipose tissue, they also induce macrophage differentiation. At the same time, obese adipose tissue activates CD8+ T cells, creating a vicious cycle involving CD8+ T cells, macrophages, and obese adipose tissue that propagates local inflammation
  • In obese adipose tissue there is a shift to dominance of CD8+ and TH1 T cells, which appears to propagate inflammation
  • Nathan Goodyear on 21 Dec 11
     
    fascinating read how the immune system and resultant inflammation results in obesity.
Nathan Goodyear

Testosterone deficiency syndrome and cardiovascular health: An assessment of beliefs, knowledge and practice patterns of general practitioners and cardiologists in Victoria, BC - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3929476

low T Testosterone cardiovascular disease physicians men male hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 03 Mar 14 - No Cached
  • The vast majority (88%) did not screen cardiac patients for TDS.
  • Testosterone deficiency has a prevalence of 7% in the general population, rising to 20% in elderly males
  • Males with CAD have lower testosterone levels than those with normal coronary angiograms of the same age,5 suggesting that the prevalence of testosterone deficiency is much higher in the CAD population
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • Men with hypertension, another established risk factor for CAD, have lower testosterone compared to normotensive men
  • Recent meta-analyses showed that testosterone levels are generally lower among patients with metabolic syndrome, regardless of the various definitions of metabolic syndrome that are used
  • Testosterone (total and bioavailable) and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) are inversely associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in men between the ages of 40 and 80, and this association persists across racial and ethnic backgrounds
  • ower levels of testosterone and SHBG predict a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome.
  • Low testosterone levels have been related to increased insulin resistance and cardiovascular mortality,12 even in the absence of overt type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  • testosterone levels (total and bioavailable) in middle-aged men are inversely correlated with insulin resistance
  • The Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS) demonstrated that low levels of testosterone and SHBG are independent risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes,
  • Andropausal men (age 58 ± 7 years) have a higher maximal carotid artery intima-media thickness
  • There is an inverse linear correlation between body mass index (BMI) and wait-to-hip ratio with testosterone and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels.
  • Testosterone supplementation for 1 year in hypogonadal men has been shown to cause a significant improvement in body weight, BMI, waist size, lipid profile, and C-reactive protein levels
  • TRT for 3 months in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes significantly improved fasting insulin sensitivity, fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin.
  • Testosterone replacement can improve angina symptoms and delay the onset of cardiac ischemia, likely through a coronary vasodilator mechanism
  • ADT is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality.
  • ADT significantly increases fat mass, decreases lean body mass,29,30 increases fasting plasma insulin and decreases insulin sensitivity31 and increases serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels
  • Nathan Goodyear on 03 Mar 14
     
    Startling study on the knowledge of Testosterone and cardiovascular disease in general practitioners and cardiologists in Canada.  Eight-eight percent did not screen patients with cardiovascular disease for low Testosterone.  A whopping 67% of physicians did not know that low T was a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, yet 62% believed Testosterone would increase exercise tolerance. The lack of knowledge displayed by physicians today is staggering and is an indictment of the governing bodies.  This was a survey conducted in Canada so there are obvious limitations to the strength/conclusion of this study.
Nathan Goodyear

PLOS ONE: Probiotic Microbes Sustain Youthful Serum Testosterone Levels and Testicular Size in Aging Mice - 0 views

journals.plos.org/...article

hormone hormones low T low Testosterone hypogonadism Testosterone probiotic L reuters probiotics Lactobacillus lactobacillus reuteri male aging

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 29 Apr 15 - No Cached
  • Studies in both humans and rodents, however, suggest that low testosterone is due to age-related lesions in testes rather than irregular luteinizing hormone metabolism
  • Various dietary factors and diet-induced obesity have been shown to increase the risk for late onset male hypogonadism and low testosterone production in both humans and mice
  • Testosterone deficiency and metabolic diseases such as obesity appear to inter-digitate in complex cause-and-effect relationships
  • ...28 more annotations...
  • dietary supplementation of aged mice with the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri makes them appear to be younger than their matched untreated sibling mice
  • These results indicate that gut microbiota induce modulation of local gastrointestinal immunity resulting in systemic effects on the immune system which activate metabolic pathways that restore tissue homeostasis and overall health
  • all these studies we consistently observed that young and aged mice consuming purified L. reuteri organisms had particularly large testes and a dominant male behavior.
  • The testes of probiotic-fed aged mice were rescued from both seminiferous tubule atrophy and interstitial Leydig cell area reduction typical of the normal aging process. Preservation of testicular architecture despite advanced age or high-fat diet coincided with remarkably high levels of circulating testosterone. The beneficial effects of probiotic consumption were recapitulated by the depletion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine Il-17.
  • feeding of L. reuteri consistently increased the gonadal weights, consumption of a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) K12 organisms did not affect testicular weight
  • mice with dietary L. reuteri supplements were rescued from diet-induced obesity and had normal body weight and lean physique
  • Despite the comparable numbers of ST profiles, we determined that testes from L. reuteri-treated mice had increased ST cross-sectioned profiles
  • the probiotic organism induced prominent Leydig cell accumulations in the interstitial tissue between the ST's
  • The probiotic-associated increase of interstitial Leydig cell areas was sustained with advancing age at 7 (CD vs CD+LR, P = 0.0025; CD+E.coli vs CD+LR, P = 0.0251) and 12 months
  • mice eating L. reuteri had profoundly increased levels of circulating testosterone regardless of the type of diet they consumed
  • previous studies we found that dietary probiotics counteract obesity [19] and age-related integumentary pathology [18] at least in part by down-regulating systemic pro-inflammatory IL-17A-dependent signaling
  • blocking pro-inflammatory Il-17 signaling entirely recapitulates the beneficial effects of probiotics
  • L. reuteri-associated prevention of age- and diet-related testicular atrophy correlates with increased numbers and size of Leydig cells
  • Lactobacillus reuteri we discovered that aging male animals had larger testes compared to their age-matched controls
  • xamined testes of probiotic microbe-fed mice and found that they had less testicular atrophy coinciding with higher levels of circulating testosterone compared to their age-matched controls
  • Similar testicular health benefits were produced using systemic depletion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine Il-17 alone, implicating a chronic inflammatory pathway in hypogonadism
  • One specific aspect of this paradigm is reciprocal activities of pro-inflammatory Th-17 and anti-inflammatory Treg cells
  • Feeding of L. reuteri organisms was previously shown to up-regulate IL-10 levels and reduce levels of IL-17 [19] serving to lower systemic inflammation
  • insufficient levels of IL-10 may increase the risk for autoimmunity, obesity, and other inflammatory disease syndromes
  • Westernized diets are also low in vitamin D, a nutrient that when present normally works together with IL-10 to protect against inflammatory disorders
  • Physiological feedback loops apparently exist between microbes, host hormones, and immunity
  • The hormone testosterone has been shown to act directly through androgen receptors on CD4+ cells to increase IL-10 expression
  • studies in both humans and rodents suggest that hypogonadism is due to age-related lesions in testes rather than irregular LH metabolism
  • We postulate that probiotic gut microbes function symbiotically with their mammalian hosts to impart immune homeostasis to maintain systemic and testicular health [34]–[35] despite suboptimal dietary conditions.
  • Dietary factors and diet-induced obesity were previously shown to increase risk for age-associated male hypogonadism, reduced spermatogenesis, and low testosterone production in both humans and mice [2]–[4], [8]–[11], [14]–[17], phenotypic features that in this study were inhibited by oral probiotic therapy absent milk sugars, extra protein, or vitamin D supplied in yogurt.
  • Similar beneficial effects of probiotic microbes on testosterone levels and sperm indices were reported in male mice that had been simultaneously supplemented with selenium
  • Testes histomorphometry and serum androgen concentration data were both suggestive of a probiotic-associated up-regulation of spermatogenesis in mice
  • the initial changes of testicular atrophy begin to occur in mice from the age of 6 moths onwards [7] and indicates that the trophic effect of L. reuteri on Leydig cells is a key event which precedes and prevents age-related changes in the testes of mice. This effect is reminiscent of earlier studies describing Leydig cell hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in the mouse and the rat testis that were achievable by the administration of gonadotropins, including human chorionic gonadotropin, FSH and LH
  • Nathan Goodyear on 29 Apr 15
     
    Fascinating study on how the addition of Lactobacillus reuteri increased Testicular size, prevented testicular atrophy, increased serum Testosterone production and protected against diet-induced/obesity-induced hypogonadism.  This was a mouse model
Nathan Goodyear

The ISME Journal - Modulation of gut microbiota during probiotic-mediated attenuation of metabolic syndrome in high fat diet-fed mice - 0 views

www.nature.com/...ismej201499a.html

gut flora gut microbiome gut microbiota lactobacillus bifidobacterium obesity metabolic syndrome akkermansia muciniphila

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 11 Aug 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 11 Aug 15
     
    Gut flora as a means to attack Metabolic syndrome?  Animal study suggests yes.
Nathan Goodyear

The striking similarities in the metabolic associations of female androgen excess and male androgen deficiency - 0 views

humrep.oxfordjournals.org/...humrep.deu198.short

hormone hormones men women Testosterone androgens female male metabolism fat adipose adiposity

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 13 Aug 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 13 Aug 14
     
    I love this abstract.  I am going to try and find the full print.  As it relates to metabolic dysfunction, elevated Testosterone provides a similar functional picture in women as low Testosterone does in men.
Nathan Goodyear

Testosterone level in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and related metabolic effects: A review of current evidence - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC4364844

low T low Testosterone Diabetes Testosterone men male hormones metabolic syndrome

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 30 Mar 15 - No Cached
  • defined by consistent symptoms and signs of androgen deficiency, and an unequivocally low serum testosterone level
  • the threshold serum testosterone level below which adverse clinical outcomes occur in the general population is not known
  • most population-based studies use the serum testosterone level corresponding to the lower limit, quoted from 8.7 to 12.7 nmol/L, of the normal range for young Caucasian men as the threshold
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 31 Mar 15
       
      this equals 251 to 366 in serum Total Testosterone
  • ...57 more annotations...
  • Researchers tried to examine whether serum total or free testosterone would be a better/more reliable choice when studying the effect of testosterone. The results were mixed. Some reported significant associations of both serum total and free testosterone level with clinical parameters25, whereas others reported that only serum free testosterone26 or only serum total testosterone6 showed significant associations.
  • −0.124 nmol/L/year in serum total testosterone
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 31 Mar 15
       
      this equates to a 4 ng/dl decline annually in total Testosterone.
  • In experimental studies, androgen receptor knockout mice developed significant insulin resistance rapidly
  • In mouse models, testosterone promoted differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to the myogenic lineage
  • testosterone decreased insulin resistance by enhancing catecholamine induced lipolysis in vitro, and reducing lipoprotein lipase activity and triglyceride uptake in human abdominal tissue in vivo
  • by promoting lipolysis and myogenesis, testosterone might lead to improved insulin resistance
  • testosterone regulated skeletal muscle genes involved in glucose metabolism that led to decreased systemic insulin resistance
  • In the liver, hepatic androgen receptor signaling inhibited development of insulin resistance in mice
  • independent and inverse association of testosterone with hepatic steatosis shown in a cross-sectional study carried out in humans
  • In short, androgen improves insulin resistance by changing body composition and reducing body fat.
  • Although a low serum testosterone level could contribute to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes through changes in body composition, obesity might also alter the metabolism of testosterone
  • In obese men, the peripheral conversion from testosterone to estrogen could attenuate the amplitude of luteinizing hormone pulses and centrally inhibit testosterone production
  • leptin, an adipokine, has been shown to be inversely correlated with serum testosterone level in men
  • Leydig cells expressed leptin receptors and leptin has been shown to inhibit testosterone secretion, suggesting a role of obesity and leptin in the pathogenesis of low testosterone
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 31 Mar 15
       
      So what is "unequivocal"?
  • Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) cohort made up of 3,565 middle-class, mostly Caucasian men from the USA, the incidence of low serum total testosterone increased from approximately 20% of men aged over 60 years, 30% over 70 years, to 50% over 80 years-of-age
  • 30–44% sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)-bound testosterone and 54–68% albumin-bound testosterone
  • As the binding of testosterone to albumin is non-specific and therefore not tight, the sum of free and albumin-bound testosterone is named bioavailable testosterone, which reflects the hormone available at the cellular level
  • Serum total testosterone is composed of 0.5–3.0% of free testosterone unbound to plasma proteins
  • alterations in SHBG concentration might affect total serum testosterone level without altering free or bioavailable testosterone
  • listed in Table​T
  • A significant, independent and longitudinal effect of age on testosterone has been observed with an average change of −0.124 nmol/L/year in serum total testosterone28. The same trend has been shown in Europe and Australia
  • Asian men residing in HK and Japan, but not those living in the USA, had 20% higher serum total testosterone than in Caucasians living in the USA, as shown in a large multinational observational prospective cohort of the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study
  • subjects with chronic diseases consistently had a 10–15% lower level compared with age-matched healthy subjects
  • In Caucasians, the mean serum total testosterone level for men in large epidemiological studies has been reported to range from 15.1 to 16.6 nmol/L
  • Asians, higher values, ranging from 18.1 to 19.1 nmol/L, were seen in Korea and Japan
  • Chinese middle-aged men reported a similar mean serum testosterone level of 17.1 nmol/L in 179 men who had a family history of type 2 diabetes and 17.8 nmol/L in 128 men who had no family history of type 2 diabetes
  • The reduction of total testosterone was 0.4% per year in both groups
  • HK involving a cohort of 1,489 community-dwelling men with a mean age of 72 years, a mean serum total testosterone of 19.0 nmol/L was reported
  • pro-inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α in the testes, could locally inhibit testosterone biosynthesis in Leydig cells47, and testosterone treatment in men was shown to reduce the level of tumor necrosis factor-α
  • In Asians, a genetic deletion polymorphism of uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B17 was associated with reduced androgen glucuronidation. This resulted in higher level of active androgen in Asians as compared to Caucasians, as Caucasians' androgen would be glucuronidated into inactive forms faster.
  • Compared with Caucasians, the frequency of this deletion polymorphism of UGT2B17 was 22-fold higher in Asian subjects
  • Other researchers have suggested that environmental, but not genetic, factors influenced serum total testosterone
  • The basal and ligand-induced activity of the AR is inversely associated with the length of the CAG repeat chain
  • In the European Male Aging Study, increased estrogen/androgen ratio in association with longer AR CAG repeat was observed
  • a smaller number of AR CAG repeat had been shown to be associated with benign prostate hypertrophy and faster prostate growth during testosterone treatment
  • In India, men with CAG ≤19 had increased risk of prostate cancer
  • the odds of having a short CAG repeat (≤17) were substantially higher in patients with lymph node-positive prostate cancer than in those with lymph node-negative disease or in the general population
  • assessing the polymorphism at the AR level could be a potential tool towards individualized assessment and treatment of hypogonadism.
  • In elderly men, there was reduced testicular response to gonadotropins with suppressed and altered pulsatility of the hypothalamic pulse generator
  • a significant, independent and longitudinal effect of age on serum total testosterone level had been observed
  • A significant graded inverse association between serum testosterone level and insulin levels independent of age has also been reported in Caucasian men
  • Low testosterone is commonly associated with a high prevalence of MES
  • most studies showed that changes in serum testosterone level led to changes in body composition, insulin resistance and the presence of MES, the reverse might also be possible
  • MES predicted a 2.6-fold increased risk of development of low serum testosterone level independent of age, smoking and other potential confounders
  • Other prospective studies have shown that development of MES accelerated the age-related decline in serum testosterone level
  • In men with type 2 diabetes, changes in serum testosterone level over time correlated inversely with changes in insulin resistance
  • weight loss by either diet control or bariatric surgery led to a substantial increase in total testosterone, especially in morbidly obese men, and the rise in serum testosterone level was proportional to the amount of weight lost
  • To date, published clinical trials are small, of short duration and often used pharmacological, not physiological, doses of testosterone
  • In the population-based Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study cohort from Sweden, men in the highest quartile of serum testosterone level had the lowest risk of cardiovascular events compared with men in the other three quartiles (hazard ratio [HR] 0.70
  • low serum total testosterone was associated with a significant fourfold higher risk of cardiovascular events when comparing men from the lowest testosterone tertile with those in the highest tertile
  • Shores et al. were the first to report that low serum testosterone level, including both serum total and free testosterone, was associated with increased mortality
  • low serum total testosterone predicted increased risk of cardiovascular mortality with a HR of 1.38
  • low serum total testosterone increased all-cause (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.13–1.62, P < 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.25
  • European Association for the Study of Diabetes 2013 suggested there was an inverse relationship between serum testosterone level and acute myocardial infarction
  • Diabetic men in the highest quartile of serum total testosterone had a significantly reduced risk of acute MI when compared with those in the lower quartiles
  • serum total testosterone level in the middle two quartiles at baseline predicted reduced incidence of death compared with having the highest and lowest levels
  • Nathan Goodyear on 30 Mar 15
     
    Nice review of Testosterone levels and some of the evidence linking Diabetes with low T.  However, the conclusion by the authors regarding what is causing the low T in men with Diabetes is baffling.  The literature does not point to one cause, it is clearly multifactorial--obesity, inflammation, high aromatase activity...I would suggest the authors continue their readings in the manner.
Nathan Goodyear

Berberine Improves Insulin Sensitivity by Inhibiting Fat Store and Adjusting Adipokines Profile in Human Preadipocytes and Metabolic Syndrome Patients - 0 views

www.hindawi.com/...363845

berberine BMI obesity metabolic syndrome leptin leptin resistance insulin resistance adiponectin natural alternative

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 25 Mar 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 25 Mar 15
     
    Berberine reduced BMI, improved insulin sensitivity, improved leptin sensitivity, and improved leptin:adiponectin ratio levels in people with metabolic syndrome after 3 months.
Nathan Goodyear

Longitudinal Effects of Aging on Serum Total and Free Testosterone Levels in Healthy Men: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism: Vol 86, No 2 - 0 views

press.endocrine.org/...jcem.86.2.7219

low t low Testosterone Testosterone SHBG FAI free androgen index male hormone hormones aging obesity

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 30 Mar 15 - No Cached
  • NUMEROUS CROSS-SECTIONAL INVESTIGATIONS have demonstrated lower concentrations of circulating testosterone (T) and/or free T in older men
  • Two small-scale longitudinal investigations have observed decreases, with aging, in total T
  • T levels decline at a more or less constant rate, with age, in men, with no period of accelerated decline
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • aging in men is associated with decreases in bone mineral density (BMD) (18, 19), lean body and muscle mass
  • strength (22, 23) and aerobic capacity (24), as well as with increases in total and abdominal body fat, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and/or low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios (25, 26, 27, 28), all of which also occur in nonelderly hypogonadal men
  • Most (1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), but not all (10, 11, 12), cross-sectional studies have demonstrated a decrease, with age, in total T in men
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 30 Mar 15
       
      FAI: 100 x total Testosterone nmol/L/SHBG nmol/L
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 30 Mar 15
       
      These numbers do point to an increase in ng/dl decline in Total Testosterone with increasing age (decade group)
  • total T, but not free T index, tended to decrease with greater BMI is consistent with prior studies showing that obesity is associated with decreases in both SHBG and total T, with an unchanged T-to-SHBG ratio
  • The conventional definition for T levels is statistical (values more than 2 sd below the mean), rather than functional. Such a definition does not reflect clinical realities, such as the existence of characteristic individual set points for circulating hormone levels, below which one, but not another, individual may develop metabolic changes of hormone deficiency; nor does it address the concept of reserve capacity, the possibility that persons with hormone levels 2 sd below the population mean still may have adequate hormone concentrations to meet their metabolic needs.
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 30 Mar 15
       
      good explanation of problems with just using a number to define low T
  • both T and free T index (a calculated value related to free or bioavailable T) decreased progressively at a rate that did not vary significantly with age, from the third to the ninth decades.
  • contrasts with other studies showing diminished free, as well as total, T in with increasing total (48) or abdominal (49) obesity in men.
  • Our analysis of date-adjusted T and free T index levels, by decade, showed that relatively high numbers of older men in this generally healthy population had at least one hypogonadal value (defined as below the 2.5th percentile for young men)
  • The issue of how properly to define hypogonadism, or indeed any hormone deficiency, remains problematic
  • The decrease in free T index was somewhat steeper than that of total T, owing to a trend for an increase in SHBG with age
  • LH for gonadal function
  • It would clearly be better to define the lower limit of normal for a hormone as: the blood level at which metabolic and/or clinical sequelae of hormone deficiency begin to appear, or the level below which definite benefits can be demonstrated for hormone supplementation for a significant proportion of the population
  • an effect of aging to lower both total and bioavailable circulating T levels at a relatively constant rate, independent of obesity, illness, medications, cigarette smoking, or alcohol intake
  • Nathan Goodyear on 30 Mar 15
     
    Article highlights the problems with the definition of low T.  This article finds consistent decline in Total Testosterone and FAI with increasing age groups, with a significant portion of men > 60 meeting the required levels for "low T".  This study found a decrease in total T and FAI at a consistent rate independent of variables, such as BMI.    This study did find a decrease in SHBG and total T with obesity; in contrast to other studies.
Nathan Goodyear

Metabolic characteristics of keto-adapted ultra-endurance runners - Metabolism - Clinical and Experimental - 0 views

www.metabolismjournal.com/...abstract

endurance athletes endurance sports exercise carbohydrates ketogenic diet

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 20 Apr 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 20 Apr 16
     
    For endurance athletes, low carb and high fat diet utilizes the high fat oxidation in these athletes compared to a high carb diet.  Glycogen stores did not differ between the two groups.  
Nathan Goodyear

Effect of Testosterone Treatment on Glucose Metabolism in Men With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial - 0 views

care.diabetesjournals.org/...2098.abstract

Testosterone treatment low subcutaneous fat visceral fat T glucose insulin resistance metabolism obesity diabetes men male hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 29 Jul 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 29 Jul 14
     
    Only the abstract available in this publication.  Good study design.  No improvement in insulin resistance, glycemic control or visceral adiposity in obese men with type II diabetes.  The levels of inclusion were TT < 346, which would not meet the criteria put forth by other studies.  This study appeared to look at border line "low T" men with obesity and type II diabetes and found no direct glycemic control improvement.  An increase in lean muscle mass and decrease in subcutaneous fat was found.
Nathan Goodyear

The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: preservation of submaximal exercise capability with reduced carbohydra... - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...6865776

ketogenic diet endurance athletes endurance exercise endurance sports exercise

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 20 Apr 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 20 Apr 16
     
    ketogenic diet found to not deplete muscle glycogen in endurance athletes.  The metabolism of the endurance athletes can do this via the high fat oxidation--estimates of 80%.
Nathan Goodyear

Time-Restricted Feeding Is a Preventative and Therapeutic Intervention against Diverse Nutritional Challenges: Cell Metabolism - 0 views

www.cell.com/...S1550-4131%2814%2900498-7

intermittent fasting nutrition diet obesity metabolism

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 03 Jul 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 03 Jul 15
     
    Rat study finds intermittent fasting aids weight loss, improves insulin resistance, leptin signaling and blunts the effects of a high-fat (trans), high fructose, and high sugar diet.
Nathan Goodyear

Toll-like Receptor Status in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: A Translational Perspective: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism: Vol 99, No 1 - 0 views

press.endocrine.org/...jc.2013-3092

toll like receptors toll-like receptors TLRs TLR-4 TLR4 inflammation metabolic syndrome MetS insulin resistance IR Diabetes obesity

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 06 Jan 14
     
    Only the abstract is available publicly.   Toll-like receptors, particularly TLR-4 has been shown to be associated with insulin resistance.  These TLRs have specific pathogen recognition sites.  TLRs are stimulated by fatty acids (FA) and endotoxemia from bacteria.  Thus, dietary intake of high trans fats, inflammation originating from the gut can be the source of insulin receptor dysfunction through TLRs.
Nathan Goodyear

Effects of testosterone on body composition, bone metabolism and serum lipid profile in middle-aged men: a meta-analysis. - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...16117815

Testosterone low t low testosterone Testosterone therapy body composition fat muscle male hormones hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Jan 17 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Jan 17
     
    Meta-analysis finds that Testosterone therapy in men 40+ reduced total body fat with an increase in fat free mass. 
Nathan Goodyear

Postnatal diet remodels hepatic DNA methylation in metabolic pathways established by a maternal high-fat diet | Epigenomics - 0 views

www.futuremedicine.com/...epi-2017-0066

epigenetics nutrition disease methylation diet DNA

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 23 Oct 17 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 23 Oct 17
     
    Only abstract available here.  Maternal nutrition, high fat diet in this study, altered genetic expression of offspring to increase future disease risk.  This study would have been better served if they had differentiated fats i.e. PUFA, MUFA, SF, TF....
Nathan Goodyear

http://www.cell.com/trends/endocrinology-metabolism/pdf/S1043-2760(00)00301-5.pdf - 0 views

www.cell.com/...S1043-2760(00)00301-5.pdf

fat adipose tissue aromatase cortisol leptin hormones obesity

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 29 Sep 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 29 Sep 16
     
    Fat is a very active organ.  Increased aromatase due to cortisol.  Good review of Leptin signaling as well.  
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