Vitamin B12 deficiency will decrease methionine synthase activity, which will result in elevated homocysteine and the risk of DVT increases as a result. In this article, the cause of the vitamin B12 depletion was metformin. Diabetics and those with insulin resistance are already at an increased risk of blood clots.
The efficacy of SAMe in treating depressive syndromes and disorders is superior with that of placebo and comparable to that of standard tricyclic antidepressants. Since SAMe is a naturally occurring compound with relatively few side-effects, it is a potentially important treatment for depression
Vitamin B12, methyl cobalamin, is very important in lowering homocysteine levels through methionine synthase. The VISP trial did not show efficacy in the intention to treat analysis. However, analysis of the efficacy reveals that many clients had too low of vitamin B12 levels due to malabsorption and vitamin B12 levels should have been higher in the VISP intention to treat.
review of SAMe, methylation, and Glutathione in the development of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). This would serve as a potential treatment for those with NAFLD.
SAMe shown to lower liver toxicity in chemotherapy treatment. SAMe could be a powerful chemotherapeutic adjuvant. This makes since, because cancer is known to be a hypomethylated state. Low methyl donors will reduce CBS activity and thus lower glutathione. This will result in increased oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver. SAMe will open the CBS activity up and increase glutathione production.
the energy supplied to rephosphorylate
adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during and following intense
exercise is largely dependent on the amount of phosphocreatine (PCr) stored in the
muscle
Creatine is chemically known as a non-protein nitrogen
It is synthesized in the liver and pancreas from the amino acids arginine, glycine,
and methionine
Approximately 95% of the body's creatine is stored in skeletal muscle
About two thirds of the creatine found in skeletal muscle is stored as phosphocreatine
(PCr) while the remaining amount of creatine is stored as free creatine
The body breaks down about 1 – 2% of the creatine pool per day (about 1–2 grams/day)
into creatinine in the skeletal muscle
The magnitude of the increase in skeletal muscle creatine content is important because
studies have reported performance changes to be correlated to this increase
"loading" protocol. This protocol is characterized by ingesting approximately
0.3 grams/kg/day of CM for 5 – 7 days (e.g., ≃5 grams taken four times per day) and
3–5 grams/day thereafter [18,22]. Research has shown a 10–40% increase in muscle creatine and PCr stores using this
protocol
Additional research has reported that the loading protocol may only need to be 2–3
days in length to be beneficial, particularly if the ingestion coincides with protein
and/or carbohydrate
A few studies have reported protocols with no loading
period to be sufficient for increasing muscle creatine (3 g/d for 28 days)
Cycling protocols involve the consumption of "loading" doses for 3–5 days every 3
to 4 weeks
Most of these forms of creatine have been reported to be no
better than traditional CM in terms of increasing strength or performance
Recent studies do suggest, however, that adding β-alanine to CM
may produce greater effects than CM alone
These investigations indicate that the
combination may have greater effects on strength, lean mass, and body fat percentage;
in addition to delaying neuromuscular fatigue
creatine
phosphate has been reported to be as effective as CM at improving LBM and strength
Green et al. [24] reported that adding 93 g of carbohydrate to 5 g of CM increased total muscle creatine
by 60%
Steenge et al. [23] reported that adding 47 g of carbohydrate and 50 g of protein to CM was as effective
at promoting muscle retention of creatine as adding 96 g of carbohydrate.
It appears that combining CM with carbohydrate or carbohydrate and protein produces
optimal results
Studies suggest that increasing skeletal muscle creatine uptake may
enhance the benefits of training
Nearly 70% of these studies have
reported a significant improvement in exercise capacity,
Long-term CM supplementation appears to enhance the overall quality of training,
leading to 5 to 15% greater gains in strength and performance
Nearly all studies indicate that "proper" CM supplementation increases body mass
by about 1 to 2 kg in the first week of loading
short-term adaptations reported from
CM supplementation include increased cycling power, total work performed on the bench
press and jump squat, as well as improved sport performance in sprinting, swimming,
and soccer
Long-term adaptations when combining CM supplementation with training include increased
muscle creatine and PCr content, lean body mass, strength, sprint performance, power,
rate of force development, and muscle diameter
subjects taking CM typically gain about twice as much body
mass and/or fat free mass (i.e., an extra 2 to 4 pounds of muscle mass during 4 to
12 weeks of training) than subjects taking a placebo
The gains in muscle mass appear to be a result of an improved ability to perform
high-intensity exercise via increased PCr availability and enhanced ATP synthesis,
thereby enabling an athlete to train harder
there is no evidence to support the notion
that normal creatine intakes (< 25 g/d) in healthy adults cause renal dysfunction
no long-term side effects have been observed in athletes (up to 5 years),
One cohort of patients taking 1.5 – 3 grams/day of CM has been monitored since 1981
with no significant side effects