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Only abstract available here.  Article looked at the evidence of daily carb intake for levels of training: low training-3-5 g/kg; moderate training (1h)-5-7 g/kg; endurance training (1-3h)-6-10 g/kg; extreme endurance (>4-5h)-8-12 g/kg   

long endurance competitive events associated with catabolic hormone balances found in a low T:C ratio.  This occurs primarily through an elevation in cortisol and small drop in Testosterone.  The recovery phase is anabolic through a rise in T:C, primarily through a return to baseline by cortisol and an increase in Testosterone.

New study suggests endurance training can change mitochondria to improve energy production efficiency.

Summary of 2010 report on marathons and the heart.  Less fit runners can do significant damage to the heart i.e. fibrosis compared to fit runners.  V02 max is a good way to assess aerobic endurance and differentiate between the two.  Dr Larose showed via MRI that it can take 3 months for the heart to recover.

rhodiola improves endurance performance.

Case study finds clomid restores HPA function and normalizes Testosterone production in HPA suppressed endurance athlete.

hyponatremia due to exercise, or exercise induced hyponatremia, is multifactorial: over-hydration, poor renal clearance, SIADH thus inhibition of renal fluid clearance, and excessive Na loss through sweat.

Nice review of the treatment of hyper/hyponatremia with marathon runners.

Endurance training increases GH more than resistance and sprints/short interval training.  This increase in GH, though seen in all age groups, decreased in older aged men.

Unintended cardiovascular consequences of extreme training.  

This early in the evaluation: but testosterone therapy in those men with CHF is of considerable benefit.  This would improve the catabolic:anabolic state, reduce inflammation, improve strength/endurance and reduce CVD risk

Study finds suggestion of cognitive protection by enduring estrogen exposure.  Interesting, that estrogen seems to protect against cognitive decline in women, yet increases cognitive decline in men.

Study finds no improvement in performance with Cordyceps over 5 weeks of treatment.  This study looked at endurance performance via VO2 max.

Cordyceps supplementation at 200 mg/kg/day improves exercise endurance capacity.  Parameters found: angiogenesis, improved glucose uptake, improved lactate uptake.  This occurred in both those rats in the exercise arm and those in the non-exercise arm.

Breast cancer survivors (BCS) exhibit decreased physical function and quality of life (QOL) following cancer treatments. Resistance training (RT) may elicit positive changes in physical and mental well-being. This study assessed 27 BCS, pre-and post-intervention (six months) on the following variables: muscular strength (via one repetition maximum (1RM) of chest press and leg extension), physical function (via the Continuous Scale-Physical Functional Performance test) and QOL (via the Short Form-36 survey). RT consisted of two days/week of ten exercises including two sets of 8-12 repetitions at 52%-69% of their 1RM. A repeated measures analysis of variance revealed BCS significantly (p < 0.05) increased upper (71 ± 22 to 89 ± 22 kg) and lower body (74 ± 18 to 93 ± 24 kg) strength, total physical function (65.5 ± 12.1 to 73.6 ± 12.2 units) and the subcomponents of physical function: upper body strength (63.5 ± 16.3 to 71.2 ± 16.8 units), lower body strength (58.5 ± 14.9 to 68.6 ± 16.3 units), balance and coordination (66.5 ± 12.2 to 74.6 ± 11.6 units), and endurance (67.2 ± 12.0 to 75.0 ± 11.6 units). No changes were observed over time for subjective measures of physical function and QOL. Results showed RT could be an effective means to improve objective physical function in BCS. Further research is needed to clarify the effects of RT on subjective physical function and QOL.

decreased testosterone production/secretion in men post exercise. This was more pronounced in resistance training versus endurance training.

Carbohydrates required to restore muscle/liver glycogen stores.  This older article, abstract available, points to 8-10 grams of carbohydrates/kg body weight.  Though repletion of glycogen stores can occur, recovery of muscle performance may require longer time.  Studies have point to 4-6 days.

High repetition, low weight is associated with improved Heart rate variability, muscle strength and endurance in non-healthy-CAD patients.

The majority of ultra marathon runners deal with hypernatremia versus hyponatremia.  The majority were normonatremic.  Intravenous fluids can more rapidly resolve hypernatremia versus oral liquids and serves as useful means to reduce hypernatremia when oral liquids proves intolerable.

ultra distance triathlon athletes lost 2.5 kg weight during event.  Athletes that developed hyponatremia appeared to be fluid overloaded during event.