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Nathan Goodyear

Oestrogen receptor α and β mRNA expression in human endometrium throughout th... - 0 views

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    Estrogen receptors alpha and beta show dominance in the proliferative phases, with alpha isoform predominating.  In the secretory phase, less expression of ER was present. ER alpha was predominantly expressed in the epithelial and stromal cells in the proliferative phase.  ER beta was predominantly expressed in glandular cells in the same proliferative phase.   in the luteal phase, ER alpha expression declined in the funtionalis layers.  ER alpha in the basalis remained unchanged.  ER beta in the functionalis layers also declined in the luteal phase.   No relative change was found in the weak expression of ER alpha/beta in the myometrium.
Nathan Goodyear

Secular Decline in Male Testosterone and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Serum Levels in D... - 0 views

  • Serum SHBG levels are negatively associated with obesity and various measures of insulin resistance
  • SHBG levels increase during pharmacological oral estrogen treatment
  • insulin decreases SHBG productio
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  • The secular decline in SHBG and testosterone serum levels did not lead to a change in the level of free testosterone
  • existence of specific binding sites for SHBG at the cell membrane of steroid-responsive tissues has been shown
  • it is alarming that changes of this magnitude can be detected over such a relatively short time
  • Sex steroids stimulate SHBG production and secretion in vitro
  • Serum testosterone levels decreased and SHBG levels increased with increasing age
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    lower levels of SHBG and serum testosterone were found in more recently born men.  Preceding generations of men produced higher testosterone levels than men born in more recent generations.
Nathan Goodyear

Age-associated changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular function in middle-aged and... - 0 views

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    weight gain and obesity are associated with a dysfunctional HPA axis and low testosterone in men.  Reduction in weight will restore HPA axis function.
Nathan Goodyear

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic... [J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

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    This study finds not change in SHBG as a result from pellet hormones.
Nathan Goodyear

Metabolic management of brain cancer - 0 views

  • Glutamine is a major metabolic fuel for both brain tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)
  • the malignant phenotype of brain tumor cells that survive radiotherapy is often greater than that of the cells from the original tumor.
  • Conventional chemotherapy has faired little better than radiation therapy for the long-term management of malignant brain cancer
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  • most conventional radiation and brain cancer chemotherapies can enhance glioma energy metabolism and invasive properties, which would contribute to tumor recurrence and reduced patient survival [34].
  • We contend that all cancer regardless of tissue or cellular origin is a disease of abnormal energy metabolism
  • complex disease phenotypes can be managed through self-organizing networks that display system wide dynamics involving oxidative and non-oxidative (substrate level) phosphorylation
  • As long as brain tumors are provided a physiological environment conducive for their energy needs they will survive; when this environment is restricted or abruptly changed they will either grow slower, growth arrest, or perish [8] and [19]
  • New information also suggests that ketones are toxic to some human tumor cells and that ketones and ketogenic diets might restrict availability of glutamine to tumor cells [68], [69] and [70].
  • The success in dealing with environmental stress and disease is therefore dependent on the integrated action of all cells in the organism
  • Tumor cells survive in hypoxic environments not because they have inherited genes making them more fit or adaptable than normal cells, but because they have damaged mitochondria and have thus acquired the ability to derive energy largely through substrate level phosphorylation
  • Cancer cells survive and multiply only in physiological environments that provide fuels (mostly glucose and glutamine) subserving their requirement for substrate level phosphorylation
  • Integrity of the inner mitochondrial membrane is necessary for ketone body metabolism since β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the first step in the metabolism of β-OHB to acetoacetate, interacts with cardiolipin and other phospholipids in the inner membrane
  • the mitochondria of many gliomas and most tumors for that matter are dysfunctional
  • Cardiolipin is essential for efficient oxidative energy production and mitochondrial function
  • Any genetic or environmental alteration in the content or composition of cardiolipin will compromise energy production through oxidative phosphorylation
  • The Crabtree effect involves the inhibition of respiration by high levels of glucose
  • the Warburg effect involves elevated glycolysis from impaired oxidative phosphorylation
  • the Crabtree effect can be reversible, the Warburg effect is largely irreversible because its origin is with permanently damaged mitochondria
  • The continued production of lactic acid in the presence of oxygen is the metabolic hallmark of most cancers and is referred to as aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect
  • We recently described how the retrograde signaling system could induce changes in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes to facilitate tumor cell survival following mitochondrial damage [48].
  • In addition to glycolysis, glutamine can also increase ATP production under hypoxic conditions through substrate level phosphorylation in the TCA cycle after its metabolism to α-ketoglutarate
  • mitochondrial lipid abnormalities, which alter electron transport activities, can account in large part for the Warburg effect
  • targeting both glucose and glutamine metabolism could be effective for managing most cancers including brain cancer
  • The bulk of experimental evidence indicates that mitochondria are dysfunctional in tumors and incapable of generating sufficient ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
  • Cardiolipin defects in tumor cells are also associated with reduced activities of several enzymes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain making it unlikely that tumor cells with cardiolipin abnormalities can generate adequate energy through oxidative phosphorylation
  • The Crabtree effect involves the inhibition of respiration by high levels of glucose
  • Warburg effect involves elevated glycolysis from impaired oxidative phosphorylation
  • TCA cycle substrate level phosphorylation could therefore become another source of ATP production in tumor cells with impairments in oxidative phosphorylation
  • Caloric restriction, which lowers glucose and elevates ketone bodies [63] and [64], improves mitochondrial respiratory function and glutathione redox state in normal cells
  • DR naturally inhibits glycolysis and tumor growth by lowering circulating glucose levels, while at the same time, enhancing the health and vitality of normal cells and tissues through ketone body metabolism
  • DR is anti-angiogenic
  • DR also reduces angiogenesis in prostate and breast cancer
  • We suggest that apoptosis resistance arises largely from enhanced substrate level phosphorylation of tumor cells and to the genes associated with elevated glycolysis and glutaminolysis, e.g., c-Myc, Hif-1a, etc, which inhibit apoptosis
  • Modern medicine has not looked favorably on diet therapies for managing complex diseases especially when well-established procedures for acceptable clinical practice are available, regardless of how ineffective these procedures might be in managing the disease
  • More than 60 years of clinical research indicates that such approaches are largely ineffective in extending survival or improving quality of life
  • The process is rooted in the well-established scientific principle that tumor cells are largely dependent on substrate level phosphorylation for their survival and growth
  • Glucose and glutamine drive substrate level phosphorylation
  • targeting the glycolytically active tumor cells that produce pro-cachexia molecules, restricted diet therapies can potentially reduce tumor cachexia
  • It is important to recognize, however, that “more is not better” with respect to the ketogenic diet
  • Blood glucose ranges between 3.0 and 3.5 mM (55–65 mg/dl) and β-OHB ranges between 4 and 7 mM should be effective for tumor management
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    Dr Seyfriend presents his metabolic approach to the treatment of brain cancer.
Nathan Goodyear

Large Effects from Small Exposures. III. Endocrine Mechanisms Mediating Effects of Bisp... - 0 views

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    Very low levels of BPA shown to be present in pregnant and unborn children.  These levels exceed the levels at which documented receptor change occurs as the result of BPA.
Nathan Goodyear

Adipose tissue macrophages: p... [Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

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    adipose tissue changes the macrophage type from M2 to M1 dominance.  This reveals the microenvironment found in adipose tissue and the effect on the adipose tissue macrophages.
Nathan Goodyear

Endocrinology of the Aging Male - 0 views

  • All steps beyond the formation of pregnenolone take place in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP11A is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane and catalyses the rate limiting step of pregnenolone synthesis
  • Estrogen and related steroids, thyroid hormone and insulin increase SHBG levels.
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  • SHBG decreases in response to androgens, and in the presence of hypothyroidism, and insulin resistance.
  • Plasma SHBG levels tend to increase with increasing age
  • The apparent metabolic clearance rate of testosterone is decreased in elderly as compared to younger men
  • Testosterone circulates predominantly bound to the plasma proteins SHBG and albumin, with high and low affinity respectively
  • Testosterone is secreted in a pulsatile fashion
  • Current clinical guidelines suggest at least two measurements
  • In adult men, there is a well-documented diurnal variation (particularly in younger subjects) in testosterone levels, which are highest in the early morning and progressively decline throughout the day to a nadir in the evening
  • In older men, the diurnal variation is blunted
  • it is standard practice for samples to be obtained between 0800 and 1100 h.
  • Testosterone and DHEA decline, whereas LH, FSH, and SHBG rise
  • DHT remains constant despite the decline of its precursor testosterone
  • Longitudinal studies show an average annual decline of 1–2% total testosterone levels, with decline in free testosterone more rapid because of increases in SHBG with aging
  • Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS) data show DHEA, DHEAS, and Ae declining at 2–3% per year
  • DHT showed no cross-sectional age trend
  • Androstanediol glucuronide (AAG) declined cross-sectionally with age in the MMAS sample, at 0.6% per year
  • The EMAS data show that, consistent with the longitudinal findings of MMAS (Figure 1), the core hormonal pattern with increasing age is suggestive of incipient primary testicular dysfunction with maintained total testosterone and progressively blunted free testosterone associated with higher LH
    • Nathan Goodyear
       
      This author proves the point in the review of these two studies, that TT may remain constant in aging men, however, FT drops.
  • obesity impairs hypothalamic/pituitary function
  • Androgen deprivation in men with prostate cancer has been associated with increased insulin resistance, worse glycemic control, and a significant increase in risk of incident diabetes
  • Low serum testosterone is associated with the development of metabolic syndrome 116, 117 and type 2 diabetes. 118 SHBG has been inversely correlated with type 2 diabetes
  • Improvement in insulin sensitivity with testosterone treatment has been reported in healthy 121 and diabetic 122 adult men
  • In studies conducted in men with central adiposity, testosterone has been shown to inhibit lipoprotein lipase activity in abdominal adipose tissue leading to decreased triglyceride uptake in central fat depots. 123
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    great review of hormone changes associated with aging in men.
Nathan Goodyear

Testosterone: a metabolic hormone in health and disease - 0 views

  • E2 and the inflammatory adipocytokines tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL6) inhibit hypothalamic production of GNRH and subsequent release of LH and FSH from the pituitary
  • Leptin, an adipose-derived hormone with a well-known role in regulation of body weight and food intake, also induces LH release under normal conditions via stimulation of hypothalamic GNRH neurons
  • In human obesity, whereby adipocytes are producing elevated amounts of leptin, the hypothalamic–pituitary axis becomes leptin resistant
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  • there is evidence from animal studies that leptin resistance, inflammation and oestrogens inhibit neuronal release of kisspeptin
  • Beyond hypothalamic action, leptin also directly inhibits the stimulatory action of gonadotrophins on the Leydig cells of the testis to decrease testosterone production; therefore, elevated leptin levels in obesity may further diminish androgen status
  • increasing insulin resistance assessed by glucose tolerence test and hypoglycemic clamp was shown to be associated with a decrease in Leydig cell testosterone secretion in men
  • ADT for the treatment of prostatic carcinoma in some large epidemiological studies has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of developing MetS and T2DM
  • Non-diabetic men undergoing androgen ablation show increased occurrence of new-onset diabetes and demonstrate elevated insulin levels and worsening glycaemic control
  • Prostate cancer patients with pre-existing T2DM show a further deterioration of insulin resistance and worsening of diabetic control following ADT
  • The response to testosterone replacement of insulin sensitivity is in part dependent on the androgen receptor (AR)
  • Low levels of testosterone have been associated with an atherogenic lipoprotein profile, characterised by high LDL and triglyceride levels
  • a positive correlation between serum testosterone and HDL has been reported in both healthy and diabetic men
  • up to 70% of the body's insulin sensitivity is accounted for by muscle
  • Testosterone deficiency is associated with a decrease in lean body mass
  • relative muscle mass is inversely associated with insulin resistance and pre-diabetes
  • GLUT4 and IRS1 were up-regulated in cultured adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells following testosterone treatment at low dose and short-time incubations
  • local conversion of testosterone to DHT and activation of AR may be important for glucose uptake
  • inverse correlation between testosterone levels and adverse mitochondrial function
  • orchidectomy of male Wistar rats and associated testosterone deficiency induced increased absorption of glucose from the intestine
  • (Kelley & Mandarino 2000). Frederiksen et al. (2012a) recently demonstrated that testosterone may influence components of metabolic flexibility as 6 months of transdermal testosterone treatment in aging men with low–normal bioavailable testosterone levels increased lipid oxidation and decreased glucose oxidation during the fasting state.
  • Decreased lipid oxidation coupled with diet-induced chronic FA elevation is linked to increased accumulation of myocellular lipid, in particular diacylglycerol and/or ceramide in myocytes
  • In the Chang human adult liver cell line, insulin receptor mRNA expression was significantly increased following exposure to testosterone
  • Testosterone deprivation via castration of male rats led to decreased expression of Glut4 in liver tissue, as well as adipose and muscle
  • oestrogen was found to increase the expression of insulin receptors in insulin-resistant HepG2 human liver cell line
  • FFA decrease hepatic insulin binding and extraction, increase hepatic gluconeogenesis and increase hepatic insulin resistance.
  • Only one, albeit large-scale, population-based cross-sectional study reports an association between low serum testosterone concentrations and hepatic steatosis in men (Völzke et al. 2010)
  • This suggests that testosterone may confer some of its beneficial effects on hepatic lipid metabolism via conversion to E2 and subsequent activation of ERα.
  • hypogonadal men exhibiting a reduced lean body mass and an increased fat mass, abdominal or central obesity
  • visceral adipose tissue was inversely correlated with bioavailable testosterone
  • there was no change in visceral fat mass in aged men with low testosterone levels following 6 months of transdermal TRT, yet subcutaneous fat mass was significantly reduced in both the thigh and the abdominal areas when analysed by MRI (Frederiksen et al. 2012b)
  • ADT of prostate cancer patients increased both visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat in a 12-month prospective observational study (Hamilton et al. 2011)
  • Catecholamines are the major lipolysis regulating hormones in man and regulate adipocyte lipolysis through activation of adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP
  • deficiency of androgen action decreases lipolysis and is primarily responsible for the induction of obesity (Yanase et al. 2008)
  • may be some regional differences in the action of testosterone on subcutaneous and visceral adipose function
  • proinflammatory adipocytokines IL1, IL6 and TNFα are increased in obesity with a downstream effect that stimulates liver production of CRP
  • observational evidence suggests that IL1β, IL6, TNFα and CRP are inversely associated with serum testosterone levels in patients
  • TRT has been reported to significantly reduce these proinflammatory mediators
  • This suggests a role for AR in the metabolic actions of testosterone on fat accumulation and adipose tissue inflammatory response
  • testosterone treatment may have beneficial effects on preventing the pathogenesis of obesity by inhibiting adipogenesis, decreasing triglyceride uptake and storage, increasing lipolysis, influencing lipoprotein content and function and may directly reduce fat mass and increase muscle mass
  • Early interventional studies suggest that TRT in hypogonadal men with T2DM and/or MetS has beneficial effects on lipids, adiposity and parameters of insulin sensitivity and glucose control
  • Evidence that whole-body insulin sensitivity is reduced in testosterone deficiency and increases with testosterone replacement supports a key role of this hormone in glucose and lipid metabolism
  • Impaired insulin sensitivity in these three tissues is characterised by defects in insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity, in particular into skeletal muscle, impaired insulin-mediated inhibition of hepatic glucose production and stimulation of glycogen synthesis in liver, and a reduced ability of insulin to inhibit lipolysis in adipose tissue
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    Great review of the Hypogonadal-obesity-adipocytokine hypothesis.
Nathan Goodyear

Thyrotropin suppression by metformin in a cohort of patients with differentiated thyroi... - 0 views

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    Again, showing that metformin suppresses TSH secretion without change in actual thyroid hormone levels.  We know that inflammation plays a role in HPA suppression, why not with TSH?
Nathan Goodyear

Thyrotropin Suppression by Metformin - 0 views

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    Metformin shown to suppress TSH secretion without change in free t4 or free t3 levels.  This again, shows the lack of reliability of the test TSH.  With the suppression of TSH indicated in this study, the free t4 and t3 should have been elevated, but were obviously not.
Nathan Goodyear

metabolic correction for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A biochemical-physio... - 0 views

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    This study of 116 patients diagnosed with ADHD, found that 80% could achieve improvement or "ameliorate" ADHD symptoms with supplementation with minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and essential fatty acids. I too have seen this in my practice. Maybe ADD/ADHD is simply a gut/dietary problem manifested in the brains of our children. That we treat with powerful drugs, that simply can be treated with dietary change
Nathan Goodyear

Mortality and Other Important Diabetes-Related Outcomes With Insulin vs Other Antihyper... - 0 views

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    Insulin therapy in people with type II diabetes shown to increase complications, cancer, and mortality.  The reason?  Insulin is not the problem.  Treat the cause.  Diabetes can not be properly managed without dietary changes and weight loss.
wheelchairindia

Pediatric Wheelchair - 0 views

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    The body size differences are paralleled by maturational changes. The smaller body of an infant or neonate is substantially different physiologically from that of an adult. Congenital defects, genetic variance, and developmental issues are of greater concern to pediatricians than they often are to adult physicians. A major difference between pediatrics and adult medicine is that children are minors and, in most jurisdictions, cannot make decisions for themselves. The issues of guardianship, privacy, legal responsibility and informed consent must always be considered in every pediatric procedure. In a sense, pediatricians often have to treat the parents and sometimes, the family, rather than just the child. Adolescents are in their own legal class, having rights to their own health care decisions in certain circumstances. In basic terms, pediatricians take care of all of the children's needs from emotional support to medical support. Wheelchair india as Pediatric Wheelchair Manufacturers and Pediatric Wheelchair supplier sale at low cost - price, We Sale online Pediatric Powered Wheelchair and Pediatric Electric Wheelchair at wholesale prices...
Nathan Goodyear

Fuel metabolism in starvation - 0 views

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    Great review of the metabolic changes that the body undergoes during calorie restriction/fasting
Nathan Goodyear

Lifestyle and nutritional imbalances associated with Western diseases: causes and conse... - 0 views

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    This study finds most "western" diseases are the result of environment and only <5% genetic. Evidence is growing that the environment is the largest contributor to disease.  The greatest environment contributor is diet. This is great, because we can change diet...if one wants too. This article also shows are current understanding on how dietary inflammation results in insulin/glucose disruption.
Nathan Goodyear

PLOS ONE: Overexpression of the Mitochondrial T3 Receptor p43 Induces a Shift in Skelet... - 0 views

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    T3 induces beneficial oxidative changes in muscles through its interaction with mitochondrial receptors.  PGC-1alpha and PPAR-gamma were involved in this process.  The important point here is that T3 is increasing oxidative function of muscle through interaction with mitochondria.
Nathan Goodyear

Sexual function and hormone profile in young adult men with idiopathic gynecomastia: Co... - 0 views

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    somewhat flawed study in that they looked at serum sex hormones to evaluate men with gynecomastia compared to controls.  A better eval would have been of saliva or blood spot.  Free levels will show more subtle changes physiologically than will serum as to the sex hormones.  The study did find decreased sexual function in the men with gynecomastia--indicating hormone issues not picked up by the serum.
Nathan Goodyear

Effects of exogenous ketone supplementation on blood ketone, glucose, triglyceride, and... - 0 views

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    animal study finds increased BHB after ketone salt supplementation.  A resultant decrease in glucose was found.  The use of ketone salts was with concomitant MCT.  The effect was in 30-60 minutes and sustained, significantly for 8 hours.  Weight loss was also seen.  No change in cholesterol and triglycerides was seen.
Nathan Goodyear

Plasticity in mitochondrial cristae density allows metabolic capacity modulation in hum... - 0 views

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    New study suggests endurance training can change mitochondria to improve energy production efficiency.
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