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Nathan Goodyear

International Journal of Impotence Research - Obesity, low testosterone levels and erec... - 0 views

www.nature.com/...ijir200842a.html

low T low Testosterone men male hormone hormones ED erectile dysfunction Testosterone diabetes metabolic syndrome obesity

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jan 15 - No Cached
  • Studies have shown that ED may be an early biomarker of general endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and CVD
  • testosterone treatment of hypogonadal young and older men improves sexual function, increases lean mass and decreases fat mass
  • In men with low serum testosterone (for example, <8 or 230 nmol l−1) with obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus, treatment with testosterone is warranted
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • In obese middle-aged men, testosterone treatment reduced visceral adipocity, insulin resistance, serum cholesterol and glucose levels
  • testosterone replacement has a favorable impact on body mass, insulin secretion and sensitivity, lipid profile and blood pressure in hypogonadal men with the metabolic syndrome as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • Testosterone significantly inhibits lipoprotein lipase activity, which reduces triglycerides uptake into adipocytes in the abdominal adipose tissue
  • testosterone treatment decreased endogenous inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1β) and lipids (total cholesterol) and increased IL-10 in hypogonadal men
  • Testosterone treatment reduced leptin and adiponectin levels in hypogonadal type 2 diabetic men after 3 months of testosterone replacement
  • available data clearly show a relationship between obesity, low testosterone levels and ED
  • Obesity adversely affects endothelial function and lowers serum testosterone levels through the development of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome
  • Metabolic disturbances as well as production of cytokines and adipokines by inflamed fat cells may be causal factors in the development of ED
  • The onset of ED and the associated risk of CVD may be delayed through lifestyle modifications that affect obesity, such as diet and exercise
  • Very low testosterone levels contribute to the development of ED in obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • Obesity is associated with low total testosterone levels that can be explained at least partially by lower sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in obese men
  • epidemiological studies have shown a negative correlation between BMI and total testosterone and to a lesser extent with free and bioavailable (biologically active) testosterone levels
  • Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jan 15
     
    Obesity is associated with low Testosterone and ED in men.
Nathan Goodyear

Statin use and risk of diabetes mellitus - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC4360430

statin statin therapy diabetes insulin resistance GLUT4 HgbA1c

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 04 Oct 17 - No Cached
  • An increase in new onset diabetes, i.e., 3% in statin arm and 2.4% in placebo arm was reported. This was accompanied by increase in median value of glycated haemoglobin and was one of the earlier studies to report the increase in new onset diabetes in patients on statins
  • Even after adjustment for potential confounders, statin therapy was associated with an increased risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus
  • Authors suggest that statin-induced diabetes mellitus is a medication class effect
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • Another study also reported that as compared to placebo, statin group showed a higher risk of physician reported incident diabetes and it was also observed that risk was higher in women as compared to men
  • Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Sattar et al[25] involving 91140 non-diabetic patients showed that statin therapy was associated with 9% increased risk of incident diabetes
  • A number of studies showed dose dependent association between statin administration and incident diabetes
  • intensive dose of statins was associated with high incidence of new - onset diabetes
  • Treatment with atorvastatin and simvastatin may be associated with an increased risk of new onset diabetes as compared to pravastatin
  • Increased incidence of diabetes was seen with atorvastatin in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial
  • Increased insulin resistance secondary to statins was demonstrated in a prospective non randomised study in patients with coronary bypass surgery
  • downregulation of GLUT4
  • Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial--Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial
  • Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial--Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial
  • Nathan Goodyear on 04 Oct 17
     
    Great review article of the increased risk of worsening insulin resistance, glycated hemoglobin, and diabetes risk.  Atorvastatin appears to be the worst culprit.  Mechanism partially through a decrease in GLUT4.
Nathan Goodyear

Diabetes Mellitus, Fasting Glucose, and Risk of Cause-Specific Death - NEJM - 0 views

www.nejm.org/...NEJMoa1008862

diabetes mellitus glucose risk

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 25 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • diabetes is associated with substantial premature death from several cancers, infectious diseases, external causes, intentional self-harm, and degenerative disorders, independent of several major risk factors
  • Nathan Goodyear on 25 Mar 11
     
    Diabetes and premature death
Nathan Goodyear

Relation of thyroid hormone abnormalities with subclinical inflammatory activity in pat... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...26049370

reverse T3 rT3 thyroid inflammation diabetes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Apr 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 27 Apr 16
     
    study finds that increased rT3 in those with diabetes was associated with increased IL-6 cytokine levels--inflammation.
Nathan Goodyear

Natural Killer Cells in Pregnancy and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Endocrine and Immunolog... - 0 views

edrv.endojournals.org/...44.full

natural killer cells pregnancy loss recurrent immune system miscarriage NK

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 15 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • NK cells have been the cells most extensively studied, primarily because they constitute the predominant leukocyte population present in the endometrium at the time of implantation and in early pregnancy
  • parental chromosomal abnormalities, uterine anatomic anomalies, endometrial infections, endocrine etiologies (luteal phase defect, thyroid dysfunction, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus), antiphospholipid syndrome, inherited thrombophilias, and alloimmune causes
  • estrogen
  • ...28 more annotations...
  • progesterone
  • prolactin
  • In summary, in vivo animal experiments have shown an inhibitory role of estrogen on peripheral NK cell lytic activity, which is partly due to suppression of NK cell output by the bone marrow and partly due to suppression of individual NK cell cytotoxicity. However, in vitro studies so far have failed to show conclusively a direct effect of estrogen on NK cells.
  • At the progesterone concentrations believed to be present in the uterus [up to 10−5 m at the maternal-fetal interface (35)], studies consistently show inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation (33) and inhibition of NK cytolytic activity in vitro
  • The exact role of prolactin in NK cell regulation is unknown.
  • The overall effects of estrogen on NK cells are likely multifactorial, therefore, and depend on the type of cell affected as well as the kind of ER expressed by that cell.
  • It is known that progesterone can directly affect T cell differentiation in vitro, suppressing development of the Th1 pathway and enhancing differentiation along the Th2 pathway (44)
  • Th1 cells predominantly produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-2, and TNF-β and are involved in cell-mediated immunity. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13 and stimulate humoral immunity
  • Furthermore, in response to progesterone, γδ T cells produce progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF) (54
  • A defining characteristic of NK cells is their ability to lyse target cells without prior sensitization and without restriction by HLA antigens.
  • NK cell function is mainly regulated by IL-2 and IFN-γ
  • IL-2 causes both NK cell proliferation and enhanced cytotoxicity. IFN-γ augments NK cytolytic activity, but does not cause NK proliferation. The two cytokines act synergistically to augment NK cytotoxicity (6).
  • The largest leukocyte population in the endometrium consists of NK cells named large granulated lymphocytes
  • there is a significant increase in the number of uNK cells throughout the secretory phase, which peaks in early pregnancy when uNK cells comprise about 75% of uterine leukocytes (62)
  • Second, uNK cell phenotype changes during the normal menstrual cycle and early pregnancy (68)
  • general proinflammatory effect of estrogen, causing an influx of macrophages and neutrophils, which is antagonized by progesterone through its receptor (70, 71).
  • The mechanism of such a progesterone-induced local immunosuppression is unclear.
  • progesterone plays an important role in proliferation and differentiation of uNK cells (32).
  • Through promotion of a uterine Th2 environment, progesterone could indirectly affect uNK cell function
  • The mechanism of this increase in uNK cell numbers has been addressed in both human and mouse models, and is likely the result of: 1) recruitment of peripheral NK cells to the uterus, and 2) proliferation of existing uNK cells
  • prolactin system plays an important role in implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
  • the exact pathways of hormonal regulation of NK cells remain to be delineated.
  • The exact function of uNK cells has not yet been unequivocally determined
  • uNK cells express a different cytokine profile, compared with resting peripheral NK cells. mRNAs for granulocyte CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF, TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β, and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) have been found in decidual CD56+ cells
  • Their increased numbers in early pregnancy, their hormonal dependence, and their close proximity to the infiltrating trophoblast all suggest that they play an important role in the regulation of the maternal immune response to the fetal allograft and the control of trophoblast growth and invasion during human pregnancy
  • role of uNK cell-derived cytokines on trophoblast growth and differentiation (114, 115, 116, 117).
  • Th1 immunity to trophoblast is associated with RPL, whereas Th2 immunity is associated with a successful pregnancy
  • RPL is associated with Th1 immunity, for which NK cells are partly responsible.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 15 Apr 12
     
    dysregulated immune system plays role in recurrent miscarriage.  Specifically, this article discusses natural killer cells (NK).
Nathan Goodyear

A blunted cortisol awakening response and hippocampal atrophy in type 2 diabetes mellitus - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2774914

PTSD type II DM diabetes cortisol saliva salivary hormone hormones testing test evaluation hippocampus memory

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 20 Feb 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 20 Feb 12
     
    Individuals with type II DM, found to have blunted morning cortisol and decreased hippocampal volume.  The hippocampus is the focus of memory.  This is similar to what is found in PTSD.
Nathan Goodyear

Zinc and diabetes--clinical links and molecul... [J Nutr Biochem. 2009] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...19442898

Zinc Zn diabetes DM glucose

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 31 Aug 12 - No Cached
  • Zinc supplementation of animals and humans has been shown to ameliorate glycemic control in type 1 and 2 diabetes, the two major forms of diabetes mellitus, but the underlying molecular mechanisms have only slowly been elucidated. Zinc seems to exert insulin-like effects by supporting the signal transduction of insulin and by reducing the production of cytokines, which lead to beta-cell death during the inflammatory process in the pancreas in the course of the disease
  • Nathan Goodyear on 31 Aug 12
     
    Zn show to help in glycemic control in both type I and II diabetics.  It appears to do this through inflammation reduction and thus improved insulin/Receptor signal transduction.   Also of note, antibodies against Zn transporter have been found in type I DM.
Nathan Goodyear

Environmental Health | Full text | Arsenic in drinking water and cerebrovascular diseas... - 0 views

www.ehjournal.net/4

arsenic diabetes environmental health disease mortality drinking

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 07 Dec 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 07 Dec 11
     
    low levels of Arsenic in drinking water in Michigan shown to increase diabetes and other diseases
Nathan Goodyear

ScienceDirect - Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology : The potential biological mechanis... - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S0041008X04001309

arsenic exposure diabetes potential pharmacology

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 Dec 11 - No Cached
  • Recent studies have shown that, in subjects with chronic arsenic exposure, oxidative stress is increased and the expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) is upregulated
  • these two cytokines have been well known for their effect on the induction of insulin resistance
  • Oxidative stress has been suggested as a major pathogenic link to both insulin resistance and β cell dysfunction through mechanisms involving activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which is also activated by low levels of arsenic
  • Nathan Goodyear on 06 Dec 11
     
    discussion of possible mechanisms of arsenic induced diabetes
Nathan Goodyear

ScienceDirect - Environmental Research : Inorganic arsenic exposure and type 2 diabetes... - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S0013935107000746

Arsenic diabetes inorganic environmental exposure

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 Dec 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 06 Dec 11
     
    Arsenic exposure, inorganic, shown to be diabetogenic.
Nathan Goodyear

Targeting gut microbiota in obesity: effects of prebiotics and probiotics : Article : N... - 0 views

www.nature.com/...nrendo.2011.126.html

LPS lipopolysaccharides gut microbiota dysbiosis inflammation obesity metabolic endotoxemia health probiotics

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 18 Jan 12 - No Cached
  • gut microbes have a role in the host's metabolic homeostasis
  • lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
  • Associations between circulating LPS level, consumption of a high-fat diet and the presence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus have been confirmed in humans
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • associations have been proposed between high-fat diet, metabolic endotoxemia and levels of inflammatory markers (TLRs and SOCS3) in mononuclear cells
  • A link between energy intake (high-fat diet) and metabolic endotoxemia has also been described
  • high-fat diet induces metabolic endotoxemia in healthy individuals.
  • metabolic endotoxemia is associated with systemic and adipose tissue inflammation in pregnant women with obesity
  • A growing amount of evidence indicates that changes in the integrity of the intestinal barrier occur both in the proximal and the distal part of the gut, which can contribute to the entrance of LPS into the systemic circulation
  • intestinal endocannabinoid system
  • The low-grade systemic inflammation that characterizes the obese phenotype is controlled by peptides that are produced in the gut. These peptides are influenced by the presence or absence of the gut microbiota
  • these findings suggest that the gut microbiota modulates the biological systems that regulate the availability of nutrients, energy storage, fat mass development and inflammation in the host, which are all components of the obese phenotype
  • Nathan Goodyear on 18 Jan 12
     
    good look of how the the gut health, or lack there of, can influence energy homeostasis and contribute to obesity.  This article points to the presence of LPS playing a role in metabolic endotoxemia.  It does discuss the importance of the microbiota and their possible role in the low-grade systemic inflammation condition that is obesity.
Nathan Goodyear

Arch Intern Med -- Abstract: Statin Use and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus in Postmenopausal... - 0 views

archinte.ama-assn.org/...archinternmed.2011.625

statin drugs statins diabetes type II DM postmenopausal women health

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 10 Jan 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 10 Jan 12
     
    New study reveals that statin drug of any kind increases the risk of type II diabetes by 48% in postmenopausal women
Nathan Goodyear

D-chiro-inositol metabolism in diabetes mellitus - 0 views

www.pnas.org/...9988.short

d-chiro-inositol insulin glucose management diabetes sugar

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 07 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 07 Nov 11
     
    d-chiro-inositol levels shown to be low in diabetics.  Thus, d-chiro-inositol would prove to be helpful in diabetes management.  D-chiro-inositol is a secondary messenger in insulin signaling
Nathan Goodyear

Nutrition Journal | Full text | Homocysteine and reactive oxygen species in metabolic s... - 0 views

www.nutritionj.com/4

homocysteine atherogenesis CVD metabolic syndrome metabolic syndrome

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 23 Jul 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 23 Jul 12
     
    homocysteine contributes to atherogenesis and CVD via: increased ROS, induces endothelial dysfunction, increases platelete adhesion and thrombosis, increases smooth muscle cell proliferation, endothelial cell cytotoxicity, increases LDL oxidation, vasoconstriction, increased MCP-1 and IL-8, and induces endothelial HMG CoA reductase.
Nathan Goodyear

Supplementation of Vitamin C Reduces Blood Glucose and Improves Glycosylated Hemoglobin... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3254006

vitamin C C type II DM diabetes glucose vitamins

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 31 Jul 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 31 Jul 12
     
    Oral vitamin C shown to reduce fast blood glucose, post meal blood glucose, and HgbA1C.  This study was down with metformin.  Vitamin C was used with metformin in those with type II DM.  This supports the use of vitamin C in blood sugar control.  Vitamin C does not increase blood glucose levels.
Nathan Goodyear

The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus[mdash]present and future perspec... - 0 views

www.nature.com/...nrendo.2011.183.html

type II DM diabetes epidemiology

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 02 Aug 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 02 Aug 12
     
    nice article on the epidemiology of type II DM.  Included in the discussion is the point that HgbA1C is now used as the choice for diagnosis: >6.5.
Nathan Goodyear

Arch Intern Med -- Abstract: Statin Use and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus in Postmenopausal... - 0 views

archinte.ama-assn.org/...144

Statin statins type II 2 diabetes DM postmenopausal women

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 28 Feb 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 28 Feb 12
     
    Statin drugs shown to increase risk of Diabetes in postmenopausal women
Nathan Goodyear

Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia: The Ro... [Neurology. 1999] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...10599761

insulin resistance dementia brain neurology diabetes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 11 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 11 Jun 12
     
    the use of insulin in diabetes is associated with a 430% increase risk of developing dementia.  Wow!!  Just the present of Diabetes, almost doubled the risk.  Add in extra insulin and it is like throwing fuel to the fire that exists in the brain.
Nathan Goodyear

JAMA Network | Archives of Internal Medicine | Statin Use and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus... - 0 views

archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx

type II DM Diabetes DM statins statin therapy cholesterol

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 21 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 21 Jun 12
     
    women using statin therapy to lower cholesterol have increased type II Diabetes.  Variables were accounted for and this existed across all classes of statins.
Nathan Goodyear

Metabolic effects of testosterone replacement therapy on hypogonadal men with type 2 di... - 0 views

www.ajandrology.com/article.asp

Testosterone therapy diabetes lipids glucose triglycerides men male hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 17 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • up to 40% of men with T2DM have testosterone deficiency
  • Among diabetic patients, a reduction in sex hormone binding globulin levels induced by insulin resistance leads to a further decline of testosterone levels
  • low bioavailable testosterone concentration was related to decreased lean body mass and muscle strength
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • Testosterone deficiency has a high prevalence in men with T2DM, and it is also associated with impaired insulin sensitivity, increased percentage body fat, central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
  • A meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showed that TRT seemed to improve glycemic control as well as fat mass in T2DM subjects with low testosterone levels and sexual dysfunction.
  • testosterone administration could increase muscle mass and strength
  • Insulin stimulates glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissue via the Glut4 glucose transporter isoform. When insulin activates signaling via the insulin receptor, Glut4 interacts with insulin receptor substrate 1 to initialize intracellular signaling and facilitate glucose transportation into the cell
  • The benefits of TRT on glucose metabolism can mainly be explained by its influence on the insulin signaling pathway
  • Insulin resistance as assessed by, which is calculated from the equation (If*Gf/22.5, where If is fasting insulin and Gf is fasting glucose), was definitely improved by TRT after testosterone administration in three studies
  • Testosterone was observed to elevate the expression levels and stimulate translocation of Glut4 in cultured skeletal muscle cells and to upregulate Glut4 by activating insulin receptor signaling pathways in neonatal rats
  • These effects were inhibited by a dihydrotestosterone (DHT) blocker, indicating that glucose uptake may correlate with conversion of testosterone to DHT and activation of the androgen receptor.
  • TRT reduced triglyceride levels
  • TRT has been reported to have a positive effect in the decrease of total and LDL cholesterol levels and triglycerides in hypogonadal men
  • a recent meta-analysis showed that statins could significantly lower testosterone concentrations.
  • Epidemiological studies have found a negative relationship between testosterone levels and typical cardiovascular risk markers, such as body mass index, waist circumference, visceral adiposity and carotid intima-media thickness.
  • Testosterone treatment was shown to raise hemoglobin, hematocrit and thromboxane, all of which might give rise to CVD
  • Nathan Goodyear on 17 Jan 14
     
    Low Testosterone is a very significant problem in men with type II Diabetes.  Estimated to reach 40%, likely much higher.  They based these estimates only on T levels and sexual symptoms. Testosterone improves glycemic control primarily through Increased transcription and transloction of GLUT4 insulin receptors to the cell surface.  Inflammation reduction is also a mechanism.  Testosteorne lowers Triglycerides in the traditional lipid profile.  Studies are mixed on the other aspects of  lipids.  
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