Study finds strong correlation between Apo B and Apo B:apo A1 in fatal MI risk in men and women. Apo B was a stronger than LDL in predicting risk in men and women. Apo A1 was noted to be protective, but the stats were less strong.
ApoE4 allele is known to increase Alzheimer's disease by 10 fold. One mechanism is through a lowering of SirT1 and an increase in the SirT1:SirT2 ratio. This SirT1 is the target of resveratrol in red wine.
Apo B is a key structural component of all the atherogenic lipoprotein particles, including LDL, VLDL, and IDL
Each of these atherogenic particles carries only one apo B molecule; thus, the total apo B level represents the total number of circulating atherogenic lipoprotein particles and provides the clinician a more accurate picture of a patient's risk of cardiovascular events
apo B include the fact that it does not require a fasting specimen
The most abundant lipid constituents are triacylglycerols, free cholesterol, cholesterol esters and
phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin especially ), though fat-soluble vitamins and anti-oxidants
are also transported in this way
the lipoprotein aggregates should be described in terms of the different protein components or
apoproteins (or 'apolipoproteins'
Density is determined largely by the relative concentrations of triacylglycerols and proteins
and by the diameters of the broadly spherical particles
these classes can be further refined by improved separation procedures, and intermediate-density lipoproteins
(IDL) and subdivisions of the HDL
(e.g. HDL1, HDL2, HDL3 and so forth
the main groups are classified as chylomicrons (CM), very-low-density lipoproteins
(VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins
(HDL), based on the relative densities of the aggregates on ultracentrifugation
the various lipid components should not be considered as absolute,
as they are in a state of constant flux
Apo A1 is the main protein component of HDL
Apo A2 is the second most important HDL apolipoprotein
Lipoproteins are spherical (VLDL, LDL, HDL) to discoidal (nascent HDL) in shape with a core of non-polar lipids,
triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters, and a surface monolayer, ~20Å thick,
consisting of apoproteins, phospholipids and non-esterified cholesterol,
which serves to present a hydrophobic face to the aqueous phase
The lipoproteins can be categorised simplistically according to their two main metabolic functions.
The principal role of the chylomicrons and VLDL is to transport triacylglycerols
‘forward’ as a source of fatty acids from the
intestines or liver to the peripheral tissues. In contrast, the HDL remove excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and
deliver it to the liver for excretion in bile in the form of
bile acids (‘reverse cholesterol transport’).
While these functions are considered separately here for convenience,
it should be recognised that the processes are highly complex and inter-related, and they involve transfer of apoproteins,
enzymes and lipid constituents among the heterogeneous mix of all the lipoprotein fractions.
increased estradiol and estrone levels in men associated with cognitive decline. This was distinct from age, CVD, and APOE genotype. This points to a clear association between increased aromatase activity and inflammation that contributes to cognitive decline in men.
endocannaboid activation associated with inflammation, insulin resistance, and of course obesity. This study was done in mice with a specific Apolipoprotein E deficiency.
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