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Nathan Goodyear

Neonatal exposure to bisphenol A modifies the abundance of estrogen receptor ... - 0 views

joe.endocrinology-journals.org/...201.full

Bisphenol A ER estrogen receptor alpha hormone hormones toxins

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 18 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 18 Oct 12
     
    In a rat study, Bisphenol A shown to increase the ER alpha expression in the hypothalamus of the offspring.  So, the effects occur in utero, prior to birth.  The impact is this: the signal interpretation, by the tissue, of the hormone signal is altered prior to birth?
Nathan Goodyear

Figure 5 : Adipocyte dysfunctions linking obesity to insulin resistance and t... - 0 views

www.nature.com/...nrm2391_F5.html

obesity insulin resistance diabetes TNF-alpha PPAR free fatty acids FFA inflammation

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 22 Dec 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 22 Dec 11
     
    proposed TNF-alpha downregulation of PPAR and resultant increase in FFA and thus inflammation, insulin resistance, diabetes...
Nathan Goodyear

Effects of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-α and -γ Agonists on 11... - 0 views

jcem.endojournals.org/...1848.long

11-betaHSD1 PPAR agonist PPAR-alpha PPAR-gamma PPARs cortisol

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 08 Oct 13
     
    PPAR alpha and/or PPAR gamma does not down regulate 11Beta-HSD1.
Nathan Goodyear

Oral Treatment With α-Lipoic Acid Improves Symptomatic Diabetic Polyneuropathy - 0 views

care.diabetesjournals.org/...2365.abstract

alpha Lipoic Acid diabetic neuropathy

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 05 Apr 11 - No Cached
  • Oral treatment with ALA for 5 weeks improved neuropathic symptoms and deficits in patients with DSP
  • Nathan Goodyear on 05 Apr 11
     
    alpha Lipoic Acid improves Diabetic Neuropathy
Nathan Goodyear

The effect of testosterone replacement on endogenous inflammatory cytokines and lipid p... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...15240608

Testosterone TNF-alpha IL-1beta inflammation inflammatory cytokines hormone hormones men

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 31 Mar 15 - No Cached
  • testosterone induced reductions in TNFalpha (-3.1 +/- 8.3 vs. 1.3 +/- 5.2 pg/ml; P = 0.01) and IL-1beta (-0.14 +/- 0.32 vs. 0.18 +/- 0.55 pg/ml; P = 0.08) and an increase in IL-10 (0.33 +/- 1.8 vs. -1.1 +/- 3.0 pg/ml; P = 0.01); the reductions of TNFalpha and IL-1beta were positively correlated
  • Nathan Goodyear on 31 Mar 15
     
    Testosterone reduced TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta in men.
Nathan Goodyear

Progesterone metabolites in breast cancer - 1 views

erc.endocrinology-journals.org/...717.full

progesterone metabolism tumor tumorigenesis cancer risk growth hormone hormones 5-beta-pregnanediol 5-alpha-pregnanediol 4-pregnenediol 5-alpha reductase

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 20 Feb 12 - No Cached
  • P metabolites produced within breast tissues might be independently active hormones functioning as cancer-promoting or -inhibiting regulatory agents
  • these P metabolites function as independent pro-or anti-cancer autocrine/paracrine hormones that regulate cell proliferation, adhesion, apoptosis and cytoskeletal, and other cell status molecules via novel receptors located in the cell membrane and intrinsically linked to cell signaling pathways
  • only a fraction of all breast cancer patients respond to this estrogen-based therapy and the response is only temporary
  • ...30 more annotations...
  • P serves as the precursor for the major steroid hormones (androgens, estrogens, corticosteroids) produced by the gonadal and adrenal cortical tissues.
  • 5α-pregnane, 5β-pregnane, and 4-pregnene metabolites of P
  • These P-metabolizing enzymes included 5α-reductase, 5β-reductase, 3α-hydroxysteroid oxido-reductase (3α-HSO), 3β-HSO, 20α-HSO, 20β-HSO, 6α(β)-, 11β-, 17-, and 21-hydroxylase, and C17–20-lyase
  • Reduction of P to 5α-pregnanes is catalyzed by 5α-reductase and the direct 5α-reduced metabolite of P is 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione (5αP). The 5α-reductase reaction is irreversible
  • The two 4-pregnenes resulting from direct P conversion are 4-pregnen-3α-ol-20-one (3αHP) and 4-pregnen-20α-ol-3-one (20αHP), catalyzed by the actions of 3α-HSO and 20α-HSO respectively
  • the P-metabolizing enzyme activities identified in human breast tissues and cell lines were: 5α-reductase, 3α-HSO, 3β-HSO, 20α-HSO, and 6α-hydroxylase
  • In normal breast tissue, conversion to 4-pregnenes greatly exceeded the conversion to 5α-pregnanes, whereas in tumorous tissue, conversion to 5α-pregnanes greatly exceeded that to 4-pregnenes
  • The results indicated that P 5α-reductase activity is significantly higher, whereas P 3α-HSO and 20α-HSO activities are significantly lower in tumor than in normal tissues
  • he results showed that production of 5α-pregnanes was higher and that of 4-pregnenes was lower in tumorigenic (e.g. MCF-7) than in nontumorigenic (e.g. MCF-10A) cells (Fig. 3c⇑), while differences in ER/P status did not appear to play a role
  • The 5α-pregnane-to-4-pregnene ratios were 7- to 20-fold higher in the tumorigenic than in the nontumorigenic cell lines
  • altered direction in P metabolism, and hence in metabolite ratios, was due to significantly elevated 5α-reductase and depressed 3α- and 20α-HSO activities in breast tumor tissues and tumorigenic cells. It appeared, therefore, that changes in P-metabolizing enzyme activities might be related to the shift toward mammary cell tumorigenicity and neoplasia
  • In vivo, changes in enzyme activity can result from changes in levels of the enzyme due to changes in expression of the mRNA coding for the enzyme, or from changes in the milieu in which the enzyme operates (such as temperature and pH, and concentrations of cofactors, substrates, products, competitors, ions, phospholipids, and other molecules)
  • Overall, the enzyme activity and expression studies strongly suggest that 5α-reductase stimulation and 3α- and 20α-HSO suppression are associated with the transition from normalcy to cancer of the breast
  • The level of expression of 5α-reductase is up-regulated by estradiol and P in the uterus (Minjarez et al. 2001) and by 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the prostate
  • 3αHP inhibited whereas 5αP-stimulated proliferation
  • Stimulation in cell numbers was also observed when cells were treated with other 5α-pregnanes, such as 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one, 5α-pregnan-20α-ol-3-one, and 5α-pregnane-3α,20α-diol, whereas other 4-pregnenes such as 20α-HP and 4-pregnene-3α,20α-diol resulted in suppression of cell proliferation
  • Stimulation of cell proliferation with 5αP and inhibition with 3αHP were also observed in all other breast cell lines examined, whether ER/P-negative (MCF-10A, MDA-MB-231) or ER/P-positive (T47D, ZR-75-1) and whether requiring estrogen for tumorigenicity (MCF-7, T47D) or not (MDA-MB-231), or whether they are nontumorigenic (
  • αHP resulted in significant increases in apoptosis and decreases in mitosis, leading to significant decreases in total cell numbers. In contrast, treatment with 5αP resulted in decreases in apoptosis and increases in mitosis.
  • The opposing actions of 5αP and 3αHP on both cell anchorage and proliferation strengthen the hypothesis that the direction of P metabolism in vivo toward higher 5α-pregnane and lower 4-pregnene concentrations could promote breast neoplasia and lead to malignancy.
  • he effects on proliferation and adhesion were not due to P, but due to the 5α-reduced metabolites
  • The studies showed that binding of 5αP or 3αHP occurs in the plasma membrane fractions, but not in the nuclear or cytosolic compartments
  • separate high-specificity, high-affinity, low- capacity receptors for 5αP and 3αHP that are distinct from each other and from the well-studied nuclear/cytosolic P, estrogen, and androgen and corticosteroid receptors
  • The studies thus provided the first demonstration of the existence of specific P metabolite receptors
  • the receptor results suggest that the putative tumorigenic actions of 5αP may be significantly augmented by the estradiol-induced increases in 5αP binding and decreases in 3αHP binding.
  • Estradiol and 5αP resulted in significant dose-dependent increases, whereas 3αHP and 20αHP each resulted in dose-dependent decreases in total ER
  • In combination, estradiol + 5αP or 3αHP + 20αHP resulted in additive increases or decreases respectively in ER numbers.
  • The data suggest that the action of 5αP on breast cancer cells involves modulation of the MAPK signaling pathway
  • current evidence does not appear to support the notion that increased 5α-reductase activity/ expression might significantly alter androgen influences on breast tumor growth.
  • both testosterone and DHT inhibit cell growth more or less to the same extent
  • Note that 5α-reductase reaction is not reversible
  • Nathan Goodyear on 20 Feb 12
     
    Fantastic read on the effects of progesterone metabolism on tumor and cancer growth.  Tumorigenesis is not just about the hormone, hormone balance, but about the metabolism of hormones.  This is why premarin is so carcinogenic: it is primarily metabolized by the 4-OH estrone pathway.
Nathan Goodyear

Effects of 3-beta-diol, an androgen metabolite with intrinsic estrogen-like effects, in... - 0 views

www.biomedcentral.com/...1477-7827-4-51.pdf

5-beta androstanediol androgen metabolites ER beta ER-beta estrogen receptors ER

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 Jul 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 06 Jul 13
     
    5-beta androstanediol doesn't have affinity for androgen receptors, but for estrogen receptors. Affinity for ER beta exceeds that for ER alpha.
Nathan Goodyear

Testosterone Deficiency, Cardiac Health, and Older Men - 0 views

www.hindawi.com/...143763

low T Testosterone obesity type II diabetes diabetes health wellness metabolic syndrome lipids cholesterol hypogonadism TDS testicular dysgenesis syndrome men male hormone hormones prostate cancer

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 12 May 14 - No Cached
  • Studies have shown pharmacological doses of testosterone to relax coronary arteries when injected intraluminally [39] and to produce modest but consistent improvement in exercise-induced angina and reverse associated ECG changes [40]. The mechanism of action is via blockade of calcium channels with effect of similar magnitude to nifedipine
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 12 May 14
       
      This directly refutes the recent studies (3) that Testosterone therapy increases cardiovascular events.
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 13 May 14
       
      Testosterone acts as a calcium channel blocker inducing vasodilation.
  • men with chronic stable angina pectoris, the ischaemic threshold increased after 4 weeks of TRT and a recent study demonstrates improvement continuing beyond 12 months [
  • Exercise capacity in men with chronic heart failure increased after 12 weeks
  • ...36 more annotations...
  • Studies have shown an inverse relationship between serum testosterone and fasting blood glucose and insulin levels
  • Medications such as chronic analgesics, anticonvulsants, 5ARIs, and androgen ablation therapy are associated with increased risk of testosterone deficiency and insulin resistance
  • Women with T2D or metabolic syndrome characteristically have low SHBG and high free testosterone
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 12 May 14
       
      This stands in polar opposite of that with men.
  • Hypogonadism is a common feature of the metabolic syndrome
  • The precise interaction between insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, and hypogonadism is, as yet, unclear but the important mechanisms are through increased aromatase production, raised leptin levels, and increase in inflammatory kinins
  • levels of testosterone are reduced in proportion to degree of obesity
  • Men should be encouraged to combine aerobic exercise with strength training. As muscle increases, glucose will be burned more efficiently and insulin levels will fall. A minimum of 30 minutes exercise three times weekly should be advised
  • Testosterone increases levels of fast-twitch muscle fibres
  • By increasing testosterone, levels of type 2 fibres increase and glucose burning improves
  • Weight loss will increase levels of testosterone
  • studies now clearly show that low testosterone leads to visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome and is also a consequence of obesity
  • In the case of MMAS [43], a baseline total testosterone of less than 10.4 nmol/L was associated with a greater than 4-fold incidence of type 2 diabetes over the next 9 years
  • There is high level evidence that TRT improves insulin resistance
  • Low testosterone predicts increased mortality and testosterone therapy improves survival in 587 men with type 2 diabetes
  • A similar retrospective US study involved 1031 men with 372 on TRT. The cumulative mortality was 21% in the untreated group versus 10% ( ) in the treated group with the greatest effect in younger men and those with type 2 diabetes
  • the presence of ED has been shown to be an independent risk factor, particularly in hypogonadal men, increasing the risk of cardiac events by over 50%
  • A recent online publication on ischaemic heart disease mortality in men concluded optimal androgen levels are a biomarker for survival
  • inverse associations between low TT or FT (Table 2) and the severity of CAD
  • A recent 10 year study from Western Australia involving 3690 men followed up from 2001–2010 concluded that TT and FT levels in the normal range were associated with decreased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, for the first time suggesting that both low and DHT are associated with all-cause mortality and higher levels of DHT reduced cardiovascular risk
  • TDS is associated with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality
  • The effect of treatment with TRT reduced the mortality rate of treated cohort (8.4%) to that of the eugonadal group whereas the mortality for the untreated remained high at 19.2%
  • hypogonadal men had slightly increased triglycerides and HDL
  • Men with angiographically proven CAD (coronary artery disease) have significantly lower testosterone levels [29] compared to controls ( ) and there was a significant inverse relationship between the degree of CAD and TT (total testosterone) levels
  • TRT has also been shown to reduce fibrinogen to levels similar to fibrates
  • men treated with long acting testosterone showed highly significant reductions in TC, LDL, and triglycerides with increase in HDL, associated with significant reduction in weight, BMI, and visceral fat
  • Low androgen levels are associated with an increase in inflammatory markers
  • A decline was noted in IL6 and TNF-alpha
  • In some studies, a decline in diastolic blood pressure has been observed, after 3–9 months [24, 26] and in systolic blood pressure
  • In the Moscow study, C-reactive protein was reduced by TRT at 30 weeks versus placebo
  • No studies to date show an increase in LUTS/BPH symptoms with higher serum testosterone levels
  • TRT has been shown to upregulate PDE5 [65] and enhance the effect of PDE5Is (now an accepted therapy for both ED and LUTS), it no longer seems logical to advice avoidance of TRT in men with mild to moderate BPH.
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 12 May 14
       
      What about just starting with normalization of Testosterone levels first.
  • Several meta-analyses have failed to show a link between TRT and development of prostate cancer [66] but some studies have shown a tendency for more aggressive prostate cancer in men with low testosterone
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 12 May 14
       
      And if one would have looked at their estrogen levels, I guarantee they would have been found to be elevated.
  • low bioavailable testosterone and high SHBG were associated with a 4.9- and 3.2-fold risk of positive biopsy
  • Current EAU, ISSAM, and BSSM guidance [1, 2] is that there is “no evidence TRT is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer or activation of subclinical cancer.”
  • Men with prostate cancer, treated with androgen deprivation, develop an increase of fat mass with an altered lipid profile
  • Erectile dysfunction is an established marker for future cardiovascular risk and the major presenting symptom leading to a diagnosis of low testosterone
Nathan Goodyear

Long-term effects of finasteride on prostate specific antigen levels: results from the ... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...16093979

5 alpha reductase finasteride 5 alpha reductase inhibitors PSA BPH prostate disease cancer men male hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 14 Oct 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 14 Oct 15
     
    PSA increased more in men with prostate cancer compared to no disease in men on finasteride therapy. This supports the idea that finasteride has a greater PSA reduction in benign prostate disease compared to prostate cancer.
Nathan Goodyear

Oxidative Stress and Stress-Activated Signaling Pathways: A Unifying Hypothesis of Type... - 0 views

edrv.endojournals.org/...599.long

free radicals oxidative stress damage inflammation type II DM alpha lipoic acid alpha-lipoic-acid diabetes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 02 Aug 12 - No Cached
  • In patients with diabetes, LA levels are reduced (48, 74, 103). LA has long been used for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy in Germany
  • evidence indicates that it increases insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes
  • LA has been shown to 1) quench free radicals, 2) prevent singlet oxygen-induced DNA damage, 3) exhibit chelating activity, 4) reduce lipid peroxidation, 5) increase intracellular glutathione levels, and 6) prevent glycation of serum albumin (73, 74). LA is able to reduce oxidative stress-mediated NF-κB activation in vitro (74, 108, 109) and in patients with type 2 diabetes
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Activation of NF-κB can also be blocked by several other thiol-containing antioxidants including N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC)
  • Other clinically available antioxidants reported to have antiinflammatory, antioncogenic, and/or antiatherogenic properties that have been shown to block the activation of NF-κB include resveratrol (115, 116), (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (117), pycnogenol (118), silymarin (119), and curcumin (120)
  • Nathan Goodyear on 02 Aug 12
     
    Great read!  If you want to see how free radicals and oxidative stress contribute to inflammation and disease (DM in this case), read this article.
Nathan Goodyear

Studies on the Progesterone Receptor Content and Steroid Metabolism in Normal and Patho... - 0 views

press.endocrine.org/...jcem-48-4-585

progesterone metabolite metabolites 5-alpha pregnenes hormone hormones metabolism women 4-pregnene 5-alpha pregnene 4-pregnenes breast cancer

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jan 14
     
    One of the first studies to document progesterone metabolites in breast tissue.
Nathan Goodyear

Activity and expression of progesterone metabolizing 5α-reductase, 20α-hydrox... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC154104

progesterone metabolites breast cancer 5alpha-reductase 5-alpha pregnene 5-alpha pregnenes 4-pregnene 4-pregnenes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 30 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Exposure of human breast cell lines (MCF-7, MCF-10A, and ZR-75-1) to 5α-pregnanes results in changes associated with neoplasia, including increased proliferation and decreased attachment [1], depolymerization of F-actin [2] and decreases in adhesion plaque-associated vinculin
  • Exposure to 4-pregnenes results, in general, in opposite (anti-cancer-like) effects
  • 5αR1 has been detected in various androgen-independent organs, such as the liver and brain
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • 5αR2 has been found predominantly in androgen-dependent organs, such as epididymis and prostate
  • The 5α-pregnanes:4-pregnenes ratio was about 8-fold higher in tumorous than in nontumorous breast tissue after an 8-hour incubation with [14C]progesterone
  • Studies with breast cell lines, showing that 5α-pregnanes stimulate proliferation and decrease attachment of cells
  • both tissue and breast cell line studies suggest that an elevated level of progesterone 5α-reductase activity may be an indicator of breast tumorigenesis, regardless of presence or absence of ER and/or PR
  • 5αR1 is the main isoform expressed in human breast carcinomas [29] and that 5αR2 may not be associated with risk of breast cancer
  • the differences in 5α-pregnane production between the cells is due primarily to a difference in 5αR1 expression
  • As in the case of 5α-reductase activity, the presence or absence of ER and PR do not appear to be related to 5α-reductase expression.
  • the conversion of progesterone to the cancer promoting 5α-pregnanes is significantly higher in the human tumorigenic breast cell lines
  • lthough both 5αR1 and 5αR2 are expressed by these cells, the elevated 5α-reductase activity appears to be the result of significantly greater expression of 5αR1
  • Changes in progesterone metabolizing enzyme expression (resulting in enzyme activity changes) may be responsible for promoting breast cancer progression due to increased production of tumor-promoting 5α-pregnanes and decreased production of anti-cancer 20α – and 3α-4-pregnenes
  • Nathan Goodyear on 30 Jan 14
     
    balance of enzyme production between 5alpha-reductase and 20alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase and 3alpha(beta)-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase play role in carcinogenesis and proliferation in the balance of production of progesterone metabolites. The 5alpha pregnenes are pro carcinogenic  and the 4-pregnenes are anti carcinogenic.
Nathan Goodyear

The Dark Side of 5α-Reductase Inhibitors' Ther... [Korean J Urol. 2014] - Pub... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...24955220

5 alpha reductase 5 alpha reductase inhibitors men male hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 24 Jun 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 24 Jun 14
     
    Nice review of the inherent risks associated with 5alpha-reductase inhibition therapy.
Nathan Goodyear

Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone derivatives... [Bioorg Med Chem. 2014] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...25261928

5alpha reductase DHEA metabolites hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 06 Oct 14
     
    Interesting abstract of study of DHEA metabolites.  In vivo study finds some DHEA metabolites inhibit 5-alpha-reductase activity.  The opening sentence implies that 5alpha-reductase and conversion of T to DHT promotes androgen dependent disease.  The inference here is cancer, however, what they fail to mention is that this activity is via the estrogen receptors.
Nathan Goodyear

Clinical dose ranging studies with finasteride, a type 2 5α-reductase inhibit... - 0 views

www.eblue.org/...abstract

finasteride propecia male-pattern baldness

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 31 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 31 Mar 11
     
    propecia, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, improves male pattern baldness
Nathan Goodyear

Treatment of multiple sclerosis with the pregnanc... [Ann Neurol. 2002] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...12325070

MS multiple sclerosis Estriol hormone hormones women multiple sclerosis

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 07 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 07 Jan 14
     
    Estriol, the dominant estrogen in pregnancy shown to decrease MS symptoms.  When Estriol was stopped, MS lesions relapsed.  Estriol binds to ERbeta at a rate of 5:1 compared to ER alpha.
Nathan Goodyear

Promoting effects and mechanisms of action of androgen in bladder c... - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...9129932

bladder cancer bladder cancer Testosterone men male hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 04 Jan 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 04 Jan 15
     
    Another animal study finds Testosterone plays a role in bladder cancer development.  The study used anti androgen and 5 alpha reductase inhibitor therapy to see if these add on therapies provided anything to ADR whether via castration or pituitary suppression--the answer was no.  The authors concluded that Testosterone played more of a role with AR versus the more active 5alpha-DHT metabolite.
Nathan Goodyear

Use of 5α-reductase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms and risk of p... - 0 views

www.bmj.com/bmj.f3406

5 alpha reductase 5 alpha reductase inhibitors prostate cancer LUTS men male hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Feb 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Feb 15
     
    5alpha reductase inhibitors associated with decreased risk of Gleason 2-7 prostate cancer in men with LUTS and enlarged prostate.
Nathan Goodyear

Dutasteride affects progesterone metabolizing enzyme activity/expression in human breas... - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S0960076006001397

hormones progesterone cancer breast cancer 5alpha-pregnane 4-pregnenes progesterone metabolites 5 alpha reductase 5 alpha reductase inhibitors

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 07 Oct 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 07 Oct 16
     
    Cell culture study finds that 5alpha-reductase inhibition decreased 5alpha-pregnanes and thus inhibited cell proliferation and detachment; this is in contrast to the 4 pregnenes that occur through the enzymes 3alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase and the 20alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase, which show anti cell proliferation and cell detachment.
Nathan Goodyear

Immune Modulation in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with the Pregnancy Hormone Est... - 0 views

www.jimmunol.org/...6267.long

MS RA rheumatoid arthritis psoriasis multiple sclerosis Estriol autoimmune disease inflammation hormone hormones E3

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 19 Mar 14 - No Cached
  • A beneficial effect of pregnancy on clinical symptoms has been observed in MS and other Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, uveitis, and thyroiditis
  • In general, Th1 lymphocytes secrete proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) that promote cellular immunity, while Th2 lymphocytes produce anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10) that promote humoral immunity
  • Th2 cytokines are associated with the down-regulation of Th1 cytokines and may confer protection from Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • During pregnancy, there is a shift from Th1 to Th2 that occurs both locally, at the fetal maternal interface, (23, 24, 25), and systemically
  • Nathan Goodyear on 19 Mar 14
     
    MS is in part a Th1 autoimmune disease.  Estriol therapy induces a shift to Th2 through increase in Th10.  Estriol also decreases TNF-alpha cytokine production.
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