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One really wonders if estrogen should ever be given orally at all.  Though this study is small, this is consistent with other studies that show that estrogen therapy, particularly oral therapy interferes with growth hormone signaling and thus action.  Oral estrogen decreases IGF-1, increases growth hormone binding protein, lowers metabolism and reduces protein metabolism as monitored by leucine turnover.

Early estrogen therapy in perimenopause and early menopause, with Estradiol, provides more health benefits than later therapy.  This article looked at Estrogen's effects on a woman's brain.  This likely has its origins in the change in estrogen receptors. The signal is not changing, but the reception of that signal is.  How else can one explain a different response to the same hormone dosage?

estrogen therapy in surgical menopause preserves memory.  Rapid decline in estrogen levels post surgical menopause is associated with cognitive/memory decline.  Versus placebo, estrogen therapy preserved memory function.

Study results suggest that higher Testosterone and lower Estrogen levels provide anti-inflammatory effects in men.  The inflammatory biomarker assessed here was CRP.  Low total and calculated free Testosterone was associated with an increase in CRP.  In contrast, total and free Estrogen was associated with an increase in CRP.  Estradiol increased WBC count and SHBG was inversely related to WBC count in this study.

oral estrogen therapy decreased IGF-1 concentrations in those women taking growth hormone, requiring high dosing of HGH versus that in women using estrogen through a transdermal approach.

The author's conclusion of this study found no difference in decline in blood pressure with/without estrogen therapy.  However, if you look at the results, the nonusers of estrogen did not have a decline in systolic blood pressure as in the users of estrogen.  So, I don't know where that conclusion comes from.  This study looked at lifestyle changes.  This study also found no benefit of metformin in blood pressure

Yale study finds estrogen therapy in improves health in women ages 50-59.  The problems with hormone therapy is synthetics and overdosing.  The problem with the WHI was they used medroxy progesterone acetate--a synthetic progestin.   That is not progesterone.  This study estimated that 91,000 + died due to the uneducated view that estrogen HRT is dangerous.  What is dangerous is leaving the HRT and BHRT recommendations to those with conflicts of interest and a lack of knowledge of the science.

No benefit to memory for post menopause women with estradiol therapy.  This study looked at early and late menopause estrogen therapy.  The study also found no harm.  Only abstract available here.  These studies would do more scientific benefit if they would follow hormone levels.  This study did not touch on dementia; other studies have shown benefit from estrogen therapy  in preventing dementia in women.

Testosterone use in men with PE is rare: 5% in this study and 1.2% in previous study by same authors. Procoagulant thrombophilia is rare, yet the authors still suggested procoagulant tests prior to Testosterone therapy in men, Estrogen therapy in women and oral birth control in women.

oral estrogen is a bad choice as it relates to BHRT or HRT for that matter.  Compared to transdermal estrogen, oral estrogen through increasing TBG and slowed liver metabolism results in decreased thyroid hormone production.  

Melanoma is a known estrogen sensitive cancer.  This study finds ER Beta loss correlates with thickness of lesion.  The authors propose ERalpha/ERbeta ratio be assessed.  ERbeta has been shown to decrease proliferation, promotes differentiation, and decrease inflammation in breast studies.  In contrast, ERalpha promotes proliferation, decreases differentiation, and promotes inflammation.  Here, the same effects seem to apply to melanoma. Of interesting note, men have lower skin ERbeta than women and ERbeta declines with age and menopause in women.  Essentially, the loss of the ability to differentiate, decrease proliferation and inflammation  occurs with increase estrogen stimulus--set up for estrogen promoting cancers.

Estrogen therapy in "older" women slows the physiologic effects of aging.  This study specifically highlights the effects of low estrogen and neurodegeneration of the brain.

Estrogen improves vascular function in postmenopausal women.  The mechanism of action is through the increased nitric oxide production with estrogen therapy.  This increase in nitric oxide reduces endothelial dysfunction.

Estrogen therapy in women recently postmenopausal, found to improve symptoms of depression and anxiety.  The mean age of women in this study was 52.7.  Average age of menopause is 51, so apprx 1 year postmenopausal in this study.  Both premarin and bioidentical estradiol was used in different arms of the study.  Bioidentical progesterone was used in all 3 arms.

Estrogen and the aging brain of a women.  Good review of the science of how estrogen effects the neurological system of the woman.

This study looked at estrogen receptors and breast cancer.  But, they found anti estrogen therapy might actually increase NF-KappB activity i.e.inflammation.  In contrast, ER inhibited NF-kappaB and resultant inflammation.

This study found that lower TT and E1 associated with more "poor health" as defined by questionnaire.  The conclusion might lead one to think that Estrogen therapy is need in men.  Eightly percent of estrogen production in men occurs from Testosterone.  If Testosterone declines, then estrogen production will likewise decline.  A simple fact that the authors did not comment on.  Also, E1 binds with high affinity to ER alpha, which is pro-inflammatory and pro-proliferative: neither of which is a positive health benefit.   This appears to point more to a broad HPA suppression as an association to the "poor health".

New cohort study finds increased risk of Testosterone in men > 65 and those : these are based in marketing-based medicine not evidence based medicine.

Estrogen receptor beta shown to be a potential site of application of therapy to treat BPH and prostate cancer.  

HRT, particularily estrogen therapy, is shown to increase mild to moderate flares of lupus.