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critical illness is associated with low TSH, reduced T3, and increased rT3 production.  Inflammation is critically involved in this process.  This study from JCEM shows how unreliable TSH and T4 are.

Wow!  JCEM states, "...it may be time to consider a personalized regime of thyroid hormone replacement therapy in hypothyroid patents."  Otherwise stated, combination T4, T3 provides a more customized thyroid replacement therapy than synthroid alone.

DHT found to be a good, safe alternative to testosterone in androgen replacement for men.

This study shows that older men are associated with low TSH, reduced response to TRH, lowered T3, and normal T4 levels.  The main find in this study was the decrease in pituitary responsiveness to TRH and the reduced TSH as we age.  TSH is unreliable as a test.

great read on low T via BLSA

women with PCOS, inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and CRP, associated with increasing androgen levels and with abdominal fat.  Women with less fat had lower levels of TNF-alpha and CRP than their higher weight counterparts, though the inflammatory cytokines were still evident.

low vitamin D and PTH in black and white elderly associated with increased mortality; however, the black elderly have lower vitamin D levels in comparison to their white counterparts.  How does this play a in increased advanced disease?  I believe quite a bit.

in those adults with HGH deficiency, HGH replacement found to improve lipids, IGF-1, and cardiac function.

babies born to obese mothers have lower vitamin D levels.

testosterone and Estradiol effect IGF-1 levels.  This small study looked at 8 men and 8 postmenopausal women.  Findings:  low testosterone and high estradiol decrease IGF-1 availability.   Estradiol in postmenopausal women will result in a decrease in IGF-1 through an elevation of IGFBP-1.  In men, testosterone replacement stimulates increased HGH secretion and resultant IGF-1 secretion

evaluation via equilibrium dialysis found free testosterone in men to be only 2-3% with these levels being even smaller in women.  

PR-A and PR-B and regulation of the human menstural cycle.

good discussion article on testosterone and the effects of age.  

post menopausal estradiol in women associated with pro-inflammatory state.  SHBG was associated with a decrease in the inflammatory cytokine biomarkers.  Postmenopausal women were found to have an increased Testosterone to estradiol ratio.

what a silly study!  They look at free T4, the weakest thyroid hormone and found high levels to be associated with dementia.  However, they failed to assess free T3, the most biologically active, and reverse T3, inactive.  This study was like they intentionally blinded themselves of the body's physiology to study dementia.  This is the problem with a lot of research today: they have forgotten their foundation. Many older adults struggle with poor free T4 to free T3 conversion and high reverse T3 conversion.  So, without knowing what these clients were doing in these pathways makes their conclusion obsolete.

Just abstract is available to this just released article, but the opening sentence shows the importance of receptors: "the physiological role of the TSH receptor (TSHR) as a major regulator of thyroid functions is well understood..."

estrogen receptor Beta and alpha discussed in the endometrium through menstrual cycle.  This study focus' on human endometrium

T3, and T4 for that matter, increases SHBG.  This would be a novel method to determine thyroid hormone receptor insensitivity or resistance.

lower levels of SHBG and serum testosterone were found in more recently born men.  Preceding generations of men produced higher testosterone levels than men born in more recent generations.

This study found that in longitudinal studies, testosterone decline accelerated compared to cross sectional studies.  They concluded that decreasing health could be the explanation.  But, what if the decline in testosterone explained the decreasing health?