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Nathan Goodyear

ScienceDirect.com - Cell Metabolism - Estrogen Receptors and the Metabolic Network - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S1550413111003123

ER-alpha ER-beta estrogen receptor receptors metabolic syndrome MetS hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 11 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • The pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons have an anorexigenic action and, when activated, reduce food intake through the release of two peptides, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and cocaine-and-amphetamine-regulated transcripts (CART). The neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons, on the other hand, release NPY hormone and agouti gene-related protein (AgRP), which prevent the binding of α-MSH to MC3R and MC4R, increasing food intake
  • This suggests that the central anorexic effects of E2 may occur via ERβ
  • The main hypothalamic areas involved in food intake and satiety are the arcuate nucleus (ARC), the lateral hypothalamus (LH), the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), and the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH)
  • ...22 more annotations...
  • Leptin is a potent anorexigenic and catabolic hormone secreted by adipose cells that reduces food intake and increases energy expenditure
  • E2 not only modulates leptin receptor mRNA in the ARC and VMH, but also increases hypothalamic sensitivity to leptin, altering peripheral fat distribution
  • ghrelin. It acts on growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHSR1a) located in the ARC and is a potent stimulator of food intake
  • It thus appears that of the two ERs, ERα plays a predominant role in the CNS regulation of lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis.
  • Both ERs have been identified in the ARC
  • Stimulation of MCH neurons increases food intake and fat accumulation while its inhibition leads to decreased food intake and reduced fat accumulation.
  • Both ERs have been identified in the LH
  • both ERs have been identified in this nucleus
  • The PVN is the region of the hypothalamus with the highest expression of ERβ and is reported to be weakly ERα positive
  • The VMH is ERα regulated
  • Skeletal muscle is responsible for 75% of the insulin-induced glucose uptake in the body
  • GLUT4 is highly expressed in muscle and represents a rate-limiting step in the insulin-induced glucose uptake
  • data suggest that in the physiological range, E2 is beneficial for insulin sensitivity, whereas hypo- or hyperestrogenism is related to insulin resistance
  • In aging female rats, E2 treatment improves glucose homeostasis mainly through its ability to increase muscle GLUT4 content on the cell membrane
  • It is evident that ERα and ERβ have distinct actions and that much more research is needed to clearly identify the function of each receptor in muscle.
  • E2 prevents accumulation of visceral fat, increases central sensitivity to leptin, increases the expression of insulin receptors in adipocytes, and decreases the lipogenic activity of lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissue
  • In rats, ovariectomy increases body weight, intra-abdominal fat, fasting glucose and insulin levels, and insulin resistance followed by decreased phosphorylation of AMPK and its substrate acetyl-CoA carboxylase in adipose tissue
  • decreased adiponectin, PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and increased resistin
  • Men with aromatase deficiency have truncal obesity, elevated blood lipids, and severe insulin resistance
  • Although not all studies are in agreement, polymorphisms of ERα in humans have been associated with risk factors for CVDs
  • Human subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues express both ERα and ERβ, whereas only ERα mRNA has been identified in brown adipose tissue
  • suggesting that ERα is the main regulator of GLUT4 expression in adipose tissue
  • Nathan Goodyear on 11 Oct 12
     
    very nice article that looks at the balance of ER-alpha/ER-beta and their role in metabolic syndrome.  This article discusses the balance of  these receptors are tissue dependent in their effect.  I like their conclusion: "...but these mechanisms will never be completely understood if they are not considered in the context of a whole system.
Nathan Goodyear

Sex steroid hormone exposures and risk for menin... [J Neurosurg. 2003] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...14609164

hormone hormones women female meningioma

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 05 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 05 Feb 13
     
    Both endogenous and exogenous hormone exposure in women is associated with increased risk for meningioma.
Nathan Goodyear

An Adult Female With Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Mediated by Defective Thyr... - 0 views

jcem.endojournals.org/...4254.abstract

thyroid hormone receptor resistance

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 14 Nov 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 14 Nov 13
     
    case study of 6 year old with thyroid hormone resistance as a mechanism of disrupted thyroid metabolism
Nathan Goodyear

Race differences in obesity and its relationship to the sex hormone milieu : Hormone Mo... - 0 views

www.degruyter.com/...34F8BE807519B51BD841611C00492B

androgens women men male female hormone hormones Testosterone bioavailable Testosterone obesity

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 24 Nov 14 - No Cached
  • increased abdominal and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) – found in women and marked by low sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and high bioavailable testosterone (BT) – is related to the metabolic risk profile
  • In men, increased BT is related to decreased abdominal obesity and a decrease in the metabolic risk profile
  • Nathan Goodyear on 24 Nov 14
     
    Only abstract available here.  Race (black vs white) is associated with changes in obesity effects on adrogenicity, particularly in women.  One wonders if this is a result of other variables i.e.vitamin D.
Nathan Goodyear

Inclusion of Endogenous Hormone Levels in Risk ... [J Clin Oncol. 2014] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...25135988

post-menopause post menopause women female hormones hormone estradiol estrone testosterone DHEA prolactin SHBG dehydroepiandrosterone breast cancer

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 21 Aug 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 21 Aug 14
     
    study finds hormone evaluations in post menopause women aids in breast cancer risk assessment.
Nathan Goodyear

Sex hormones affect neurotransmitters and shape the adult female brain during hormonal ... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC4335177

hormones neurotransmitters serotonin GABA dopamine estradiol progesterone glutamate

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 11 Jul 17 - No Cached
  • estrogen administration has been found to increase tryptophan hydroxylase
  • 5-HT2A mRNA levels in brain areas relevant for the control of mood, mental state and cognition (Sumner and Fink, 1998) and 5-HTT mRNA when administered for a longer period
  • n the other hand, estrogen treatment has also been observed to decrease mRNA related to serotonergic neurotransmission
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • Furthermore, acute estrogen administration decreases 5-HTT mRNA levels (Pecins-Thompson et al., 1998) and 5-HT1A mRNA levels and binding
  • assigning the effects of estrogen on serotonin to a homogenous functional class of stimulation or inhibition seems not to be feasible
  • Progesterone has been suggested to increase serotonergic neurotransmission via the regulation of the expression of serotonin-related genes and proteins
  • menopausal women gain less benefit from antidepressant treatments compared to women during their reproductive years
  • Nathan Goodyear on 11 Jul 17
     
    good review of the relationship of the sex hormones and neurotransmitters.
Nathan Goodyear

Sex differences in the gut microbiome drive hormone-dependent regul... - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...23328391

Testosterone gut flora gut microbiota gut bacteria hormone hormones flora microbiota

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 01 Mar 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 01 Mar 15
     
    mouse study finds but flora effects Testosterone levels.  This study, available only in abstract form, found that commensal transplant from male to female mice resulted in an increase in Testosterone levels in the female mice.
Nathan Goodyear

The implication of neuroactive steroids in Tourette syndrome pathogenesis: a ... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3849218

tourette's syndrome hormones 5-alpha reductase

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 08 Dec 15 - No Cached
  • The typical onset of TS occurs at 6–7 years of age and is characterized by the appearance of simple, recurrent motor tics, followed by the manifestation of phonic tics after several months [12]. In most children, TS symptoms undergo a progressive exacerbation, which reaches its zenith at the beginning of puberty (11–12 years of age), and is then followed by a gradual remission in the majority of patients
  • 30–40% of TS-affected children retain their symptoms in adulthood
  • Multiple neurotransmitters have been implicated in TS, including dopamine (DA), serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, glutamate and γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA)
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • female gender may predict greater tic severity in adulthood
  • male gender is a major risk factor for TS (with a male:female prevalence ratio estimated at ~4:1)
  • the typical age of onset coincides with adrenarche (6–7 years old); symptoms increase in severity until the beginning of puberty (12 years old) and then undergo a spontaneous amelioration, which becomes apparent with the end of puberty (at 18–19 years of age)
  • TS is diagnosed later in females than males
  • ample evidence supports the involvement of DAergic dysfunctions in TS
  • a number of clinical observations showed that tics in TS patients could be exacerbated by anabolic androgens
  • steroidogenic enzymes and androgen receptors may serve as putative therapeutic targets for this disorder
  • Unlike males, tic severity is typically increased after puberty in females
  • 26% of females were found to experience exacerbation of tics in the estrogenic phase of the menstrual cycle, and this phenomenon was found to be correlated with increased tic severity at menarche
  • biochemical hallmark of adrenarche is the acquisition of 17,20 lyase activity by cytochrome P450 C17 (CYP17A1)
  • increased synthesis of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione, which leads to the growth of axillary and pubic hair as well as enhancement in the oiliness of the skin
  • Nathan Goodyear on 08 Dec 15
     
    interesting read on hormones and tourette's.. Proposed that 5 alpha reductase activity is involved in worsening of tics.  This makes sense as Testosterone in men with low T is known to increase dopamine and dopaminergic dysfunction is known to play a role in tourette's;  the clinical presentation of girls vs boys is very different.  The authors of this article propose that 5 alpha reductase activity controls a back door method where by progesterone is converted to androgens.
Nathan Goodyear

Neonatal exposure to bisphenol A modifies the abundance of estrogen receptor ... - 0 views

joe.endocrinology-journals.org/...201.full

Bisphenol A ER estrogen receptor alpha hormone hormones toxins

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 18 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 18 Oct 12
     
    In a rat study, Bisphenol A shown to increase the ER alpha expression in the hypothalamus of the offspring.  So, the effects occur in utero, prior to birth.  The impact is this: the signal interpretation, by the tissue, of the hormone signal is altered prior to birth?
Nathan Goodyear

High Testosterone and Low Progesterone Circulating Levels in Premenopausal Patients wit... - 0 views

cancerres.aacrjournals.org/...841.long

Testosterone progesterone hormones cancer women female hormones breast pre-menopause

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 15 Sep 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 15 Sep 16
     
    higher Testosterone levels, in conjunction with lower progesterone levels, found in premenopausal women with breast hyperplasia and breast cancer.  The authors point to elevated androgens in breast cancer induction and development.  This same hormone patter, low progesterone/elevated Testosterone, is associated with PCOS in women.
Nathan Goodyear

The effects of sex, estrous cycle, and social contact on cocaine and heroin self-admini... - 0 views

link.springer.com/...10.1007%2Fs00213-016-4368-9

hormones estrogen progesterone addiction women female hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 28 Sep 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 28 Sep 16
     
    hormones, estrogen and/or progesterone, may provide a solution to addiction in women says animal study.
Nathan Goodyear

Dietary factors and luteal phase deficiency in healthy eumenorrheic women - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC4507331

hormones female hormones diet nutrition progesterone estrogen women

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 15 Feb 17 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 15 Feb 17
     
    great read and review of diet and hormones in cycling women.
Nathan Goodyear

Reduced breast cancer incidence in women treated with subcutaneous testosterone, or tes... - 0 views

www.maturitas.org/...abstract

Testosterone aromatase breast cancer anastrazole women female hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 20 Mar 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 20 Mar 14
     
    Study finds that Testosterone with or with the aromatase inhibitor anastrazole as a pellet reduced breast cancer risk.  This conclusion should be taken with caution.  It is well know that abnormal breast tissue, breast cancer, highly expresses aromatase activity which would increase Testosterone to estradiol production.  This would feed any growing tumor.  But, this study finds protection.  The failure of this study is the measurement of hormone levels.
Nathan Goodyear

Breast Cancer Research | Full text | Endogenous sex steroids in premenopausal women and... - 0 views

breast-cancer-research.com/...R46

Testosterone breast cancer risk hormone hormones women female free

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 20 Mar 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 20 Mar 14
     
    The literature on Testosterone and breast cancer is confusing at best, but just like therapy in men, it needs to be individualized.  This prospective case study found a significant increased odds of breast cancer in women with higher levels of free Testosterone.  Statistical significance was not found with Total Testosterone.  These were endogenous hormones.  The women in this study had "regular menstrual cycles" suggesting these women lacked PCOS.
Nathan Goodyear

Androgens in relationship to cardiovascular risk factors in the menopausal transition, ... - 0 views

informahealthcare.com/...13697130802416640

cardiovascular risk disease women female hormone hormones androgens Testosterone CVD

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 20 Mar 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 20 Mar 14
     
    Increasing androgens, male hormones, may be associated with the increased risk of CVD found in post menopausal women.  Other variables also need to be included ie. fat, insulin resistance...
Nathan Goodyear

Serum Sex Steroids in Premenopausal Women and Breast Cancer Risk Within the European Pr... - 0 views

jnci.oxfordjournals.org/...755.long

serum hormone hormones Testosterone progesterone estrogen estradiol breast cancer women female

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 21 Mar 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 21 Mar 14
     
    Study finds that elevated serum Testosterone and androstenedione is associated with an increase risk of breast cancer.  This EPIC study looked at serum hormones in premenopausal women.  This study also found an association with increased breast cancer and low serum progesterone in women.  This was also found in the ORDET study.  This study did not find a link with estrogen.  These are endogenous levels.  Does this translate to exogenous? This theory of elevated androgens and breast cancer was first proposed by Grattarola.
Nathan Goodyear

[Low testosterone lev... [Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi. 2013] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...24654539

women female hormone low hormones total testosterone testosterone atherosclerosis IMT intima-medial thickness CVD cardiovascular disease

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 31 Mar 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 31 Mar 14
     
    Testosterone, like all other hormones, appears to have a "U" shape therapeutic curve in women.  This cohort study found increased atherosclerosis, as determined by IMT and usb, in women with low serum Total Testosterone.
Nathan Goodyear

ENDOGENOUS SEX HORMONES, BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE, AND RISK OF HYPERTENSION IN POSTMENOPAU... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3428144

hormone hormones Testosterone Estradiol Estrogen women CVD cardiovascular disease female SHBG hypertension post-menopause blood pressure

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 02 Feb 15 - No Cached
  • Among postmenopausal women, serum T was elevated in hypertensive participants [9, 11, 12], and total T, free T, and DHEA were positively correlated with SBP
  • T and DHEA were attenuated by adjustment for BMI, reflecting either a confounding or a mediating effect of obesity
  • SHBG concentration was inversely associated with risk of hypertension and longitudinal rise of BP over time
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • SHBG has been postulated as a marker for insulin resistance
  • In vitro studies showed that insulin inhibits SHBG production from hepatoma cells
  • In intervention studies, successful weight loss and weight maintenance increased SHBG in men with obesity
  • E2 may also induce insulin resistance and thereafter tend to raise BP.
  • strong association between E2 and measures of insulin resistance in postmenopausal women, independent of adiposity
  • In postmenopausal women that received hormone replacement therapy, estrogen therapy increased mononuclear cell secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)
  • estrone levels were positively associated with inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women
  • higher baseline concentrations of endogenous E2, total and bioavailable T, and DHEA and lower concentration of SHBG were associated with a higher incidence of hypertension and a greater increase in BP during follow-up
  • Nathan Goodyear on 02 Feb 15
     
    Data from MESA study finds that increasing endogenous Estradiol, Total and free Testosterone, DHEA, and lower SHBG were associated with hypertension in postmenopausal women.
Nathan Goodyear

Predictors of skeletal muscle mass in elderly men and women - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S0047637498001304

Testosterone free Testosterone muscle muscle mass men women male female hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 05 Mar 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 05 Mar 15
     
    Study of men and women finds that low free Testosterone, physical activity, and IGF1 is associated with muscle mass in men; no such relationship between sex hormone and muscle mass in women was found.
Nathan Goodyear

Androgen therapy and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2464747

cardiovascular disease hormone hormones men women male female

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 13 Aug 14 - No Cached
  • In women, it is much clearer that androgen excess is linked to the burden of CVD risk factors
  • insulin resistance is a consequence of androgen effects
  • Women with PCOS have a sustained exposure to high physiologic androgen levels. This condition is associated with endothelial dysfunction, obesity and metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • Further evidence of a link between high androgen levels and CVD or CVD risk factors is observed in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
  • For T treatment in aging women, the current data would suggest androgen excess has adverse effects on CVD risk factors, especially in women with diabetes
  • androgen use and abuse is increasing in our society, either for therapeutic or recreational reasons
  • For men, exogenous T treatment appears largely beneficial
  • Nathan Goodyear on 13 Aug 14
     
    I love these review articles that highlight the metabolic differences of hormones in women versus men.  The medical community as a whole doesn't seem to get this at all.  The marketing-based medical community doesn't either.
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