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Dietary supplementation with white button mushroom enhances natural killer cell activity in C57BL/6 mice. Wu D, Pae M, Ren Z, Guo Z, Smith D, Meydani SN. J Nutr. 2007 Jun;137(6):1472-7. PMID: 17513409

Tumours with PI3K activation are resistant to dietary restriction. Nada Y. Kalaany & David M. Sabatini Nature. Published online 11 March 2009 doi:10.1038/nature07782

Ginkgo biloba extract EGb(R)761 exerts anti-angiogenic effects via activation of tyrosine phosphatases. Koltermann A, Liebl J, Fürst R, Ammer H, Vollmar AM, Zahler S. J Cell Mol Med. 2008 Oct 23. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19175691

Xu YC, Leung SW, Yeung DK, Hu LH, Chen GH, Che CM, Man RY. Structure-activity relationships of flavonoids for vascular relaxation in porcine coronary artery. Phytochemistry. 2007 Mar 27; [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 17395220 [PubMed - as supplied by pu

Activation of retinoic acid receptor-alpha favours regulatory T cell induction at the expense of IL-17-secreting T helper cell differentiation. Schambach F, Schupp M, Lazar MA, Reiner SL. Eur J Immunol. 2007 Sep;37(9):2396-9. PMID: 17694576 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737621

Here we propose that the beneficial effect of (n-3) PUFA diet is related to down-regulation of the mutually positive interactions of platelet activation and coagulation. In addition, we consider the possibility that the dietary effect on hemostatic and lipid factors involves transcription regulation of multiple genes, perhaps in a subject-dependent manner. Fish oil consumption and reduction of arterial disease. Vanschoonbeek K, de Maat MP, Heemskerk JW. J Nutr. 2003 Mar;133(3):657-60. Review. PMID: 12612132

Different effects of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the activation of rat smooth muscle cells by interleukin-1 beta. Bousserouel S, Brouillet A, Béréziat G, Raymondjean M, Andréani M. J Lipid Res. 2003 Mar;44(3):601-11. Epub 2003 Jan 1. PMID: 12562859 doi:10.1194/jlr.M200092-JLR200

Postoperative active specific immunotherapy with supportive measures in patients suffering from recurrent metastasized melanoma: case reports of six patients.\nTallberg T, Kalima T, Halttunen P, Tykkä H, Mahlberg K, Matous B, Sundell B.\nJ Surg Oncol. 1986 Oct;33(2):115-9.\nPMID: 3762183

A Phase I study of the safety of the nutritional supplement, active hexose correlated compound, AHCC, in healthy volunteers. Spierings EL, Fujii H, Sun B, Walshe T. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2007 Dec;53(6):536-9. PMID: 18202543 doi:10.3177/jnsv.53.536

Supplementation with active hexose correlated compound increases survival following infectious challenge in mice. Ritz BW. Nutr Rev. 2008 Sep;66(9):526-31. Review. PMID: 18752476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00085.x

Evaluation of active hexose correlated compound hepatic metabolism and potential for drug interactions with chemotherapy agents. Mach CM, Fugii H, Wakame K, Smith J. J Soc Integr Oncol. 2008 Summer;6(3):105-9. PMID: 19087767

Low-dose supplementation with active hexose correlated compound improves the immune response to acute influenza infection in C57BL/6 mice. Nogusa S, Gerbino J, Ritz BW. Nutr Res. 2009 Feb;29(2):139-43. PMID: 19285605 doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2009.01.005

Oral administration of active hexose correlated compound enhances host resistance to West Nile encephalitis in mice. Wang S, Welte T, Fang H, Chang GJ, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Sun B, Fujii H, Kosuna K, Wang T. J Nutr. 2009 Mar;139(3):598-602. Epub 2009 Jan 13. PMID: 19141700 doi:10.3945/jn.108.100297

Immunological effect of active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) in healthy volunteers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Terakawa N, Matsui Y, Satoi S, Yanagimoto H, Takahashi K, Yamamoto T, Yamao J, Takai S, Kwon AH, Kamiyama Y. Nutr Cancer. 2008;60(5):643-51. PMID: 18791928

Active hexose correlated compound acts as a prebiotic and is antiinflammatory in rats with hapten-induced colitis. Daddaoua A, Martínez-Plata E, López-Posadas R, Vieites JM, González M, Requena P, Zarzuelo A, Suárez MD, de Medina FS, Martínez-Augustin O. J Nutr. 2007 May;137(5):1222-8. PMID: 17449585

Dietary long-chain (n-3) fatty acids facilitate immune cell activation in sedentary, but not exercise-trained rats. Robinson LE, Field CJ. J Nutr. 1998 Mar;128(3):498-504. PMID: 9482755

Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits superoxide dismutase 1 gene transcription in human cancer cells: the involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha signaling. Tuller ER, Beavers CT, Lou JR, Ihnat MA, Benbrook DM, Ding WQ. Mol Pharmacol. 2009 Sep;76(3):588-95. Epub 2009 Jun 15. PMID: 19528198

A diet rich in coconut oil reduces diurnal postprandial variations in circulating tissue plasminogen activator antigen and fasting lipoprotein (a) compared with a diet rich in unsaturated fat in women. Müller H, Lindman AS, Blomfeldt A, Seljeflot I, Pedersen JI. J Nutr. 2003 Nov;133(11):3422-7. PMID: 14608053 In conclusion, our results indicate that a coconut oil-based diet (HSAFA-diet) lowers postprandial t-PA antigen concentration, and this may favorably affect the fibrinolytic system and the Lp(a) concentration compared with the HUFA-diet. The proportions of dietary saturated fatty acids more than the percentage of saturated fat energy seem to have a beneficial influence on Lp(a) levels. The connection between Lp(a) and atherosclerosis is not entirely understood. Different studies have provided strong evidence that Lp(a) level is an independent risk factor for developing coronary artery disease in men (47,48), but the question of causality continues to be debated. Recent data suggest that Lp(a) might be atherogenic (49), in particular when combined with other risk factors. High levels of Lp(a) combined with other risk factors such as the ratio of plasma total/HDL cholesterol have been shown to increase the risk for coronary heart diseases (50). It has also been reported that when substantial LDL cholesterol reductions were obtained in men with coronary heart disease, persistent elevations of Lp(a) were no longer atherogenic or clinically threatening (51). In conclusion, the present results show that the HSAFA-diet lowered postprandial t-PA antigen and thus potentially improved fibrinolysis compared with the HUFA-diet. Diets with either high or low levels of saturated fatty acids from coconut oil beneficially decrease Lp(a) compared with a HUFA-diet. The proportions of dietary saturated fatty acids more than the percentage of saturated fat energy may be of importance if the goal is to decrease Lp(a).

Table of Contents Ch. I Is calcidiol an active hormone? 1 Ch. II Vitamin D as a neurosteroid hormone : from neurobiological effects to behavior 29 Ch. III Inhibitors of vitamin D hydroxylases : mechanistic tools and therapeutic aspects 67 Ch. IV Vitamin D analogues as anti-cancer therapies 145 Ch. V Paricalcitol : a vitamin D2 analog with anticancer effects with low calcemic activity 169 Ch. VI Vitamin D use among older adults in U.S. : results form national surveys 1997 to 2002 181 Ch VII Vitamin D deficiency in migrants 199 Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid hormone precursor that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream. Strictly speaking, it is not a vitamin since human skin can manufacture it, but it is referred to as one for historical reasons. It is often known as calciferol. The major biologic function of vitamin D is to maintain normal blood levels of calcium and phosphorus. Vitamin D aids in the absorption of calcium, helping to form and maintain strong bones. It promotes bone mineralisation in concert with a number of other vitamins, minerals and hormones. Without vitamin D, bones can become thin, brittle, soft or misshapen. Vitamin D prevents rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults -- skeletal diseases that result in defects that weaken bones. This book gathers international research on the leading-edge of the scientific front.