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nkosithand

Sir Samuel White Baker - Document - Gale eBooks - 2 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

European and African Interaction from the 15th century through 18th

shared by nkosithand on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Traveling up the Nile to Berber, Baker spent a year wandering along the Atbara River and the Blue Nile, hunting and learning Arabic before returning to Khartoum, from which he and his wife launched an expedition up the White Nile in December 1862. Arriving at Gondokoro, the Bakers met the British explorers John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant, who had reached Lake Victoria and the Nile from the East African coast. In 1863-1864 Baker and his wife discovered and explored the eastern shore of Lake Albert, visited Kamrasi, the ruler of Bunyoro, and after many delays returned to London, where Baker wrote an extremely popular book about his explorations and the horrors of the Sudanese slave trade. In the spring of 1869 Baker was approached by Ismail, the khedive of Egypt, to lead an Egyptian expedition to the Upper Nile to extend Egyptian control to Lake Victoria, to claim the territory for Egypt, and to end the slave trade. Baker was consequently appointed governor general of Equatoria Province and sailed up the Nile with a large expedition of 1200 troops, the most expensive expedition to penetrate Africa.
    • nkosithand
      nkosithand on 02 May 23
       
      Baker traveled up the Nile to Berber for a year, hunting and learning Arabic between the Atbara River and the Blue Nile before returning to Khartoum, from which he and his wife undertook an excursion up the White Nile in December 1862. The Bakers encountered the British explorers John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant at Gondokoro, who had reached Lake Victoria and the Nile from the East African coast. Baker and his wife located and explored the eastern bank of Lake Albert in 1863-1864, paid a visit to Kamrasi, the monarch of Bunyoro, and returned to London after many delays, where Baker wrote an extraordinarily successful book about his discoveries and the horrors of the Sudanese slave trade
  • nkosithand on 24 Apr 23
     
    THE ENGLISH EXPLORER WHO EXPLORED UPPER NALE
lmshengu

The Historical Role of British Explorers in East Africa.pdf - 1 views

Lwandile Mshengu History 2A

shared by lmshengu on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The major exploration of East Africa was accomplished over a roughly twenty-year period after 1856inaseries ofjourneys made byBurton, Speke, Livingstone, Baker, Cameron, Stanley, and some lesser figures
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      After 1856, Burton, Speke, Livingstone, Baker, Cameron, Stanley, and a few lesser-known individuals made a series of expeditions that resulted in the major exploration of East Africa.
  • "portent"
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      A portent is something that indicates what is likely to happen in the future and it can also be defined as an omen of something momentous, which can be good but is more often negative
  • The technological advantage of superior firearms lay with the explorers but, except for some instances during Stanley's 1874-77 expedition, explorers were rarely in a position to deploy sufficient numbers of weapons to force their way through, even if they had been willing to try.29Paradoxically, therefore, the European explorers of East Africa in the 1850s, '60s, and '70s derived little advantage from Europe's lead in technology
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      The explorers possessed the technological edge of better weapons, but, with the exception of a few incidents during Stanley's 1874-1877 voyage, they were rarely able to use enough weapons to force their way through, even if they had been prepared to attempt.29So, paradoxically, the European explorers of East Africa in the 1850s, 1860s, and '70s gained little from Europe's technological superiority.
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • presumably
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      it a word that is used to convey that what is asserted is very likely though not known for certain.
  • One of the difficulties facing all those who have written on the subject is that of distinguishing between the traveler to exotic places and the scientificexplorer; naturally, the RGS insisted on its concern with the latter. 9 In practice the distinction was not and is not always easy to draw: most of the East African explorers' publications partook of the character of tourist travelogues aswellas scientific treatises. Nor was the society averse from taking financial and social advantage of the popular interest generated by the adventures and personal disputes of their explorer heroes
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Making the distinction between the scientific explorer and the exotic traveler is one of the challenges facing all authors who have written on the subject; consequently, the RGS insisted on its preoccupation with the latter.9The divide was not always clear in practice because the majority of the East African explorers' books had elements of both tourist travelogues and scientific treatises. The group was also not opposed to profiting financially and socially from the interest that was produced by the exploits and personal conflicts of their hero explorers.
  • they were waiting for Europeans to come and free them from the yoke of the slave trade. 4
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Africans were waiting for the explorers to release them from the slavery yoke
  • widened.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      is to make something greater in width
  • The limited support which the government gave to the RGS and its explorers in East Africa might also be seen as symptomatic even if foreign secretaries were wont to claim that they were simply encouraging geographical science. Whatever the state of the economy or of middle class opinion, the obvious conclusion to be drawn from the evidence is that even if the Foreign Office did arrange limited help for explorers and did give Livingstone a roving consul's commission to the chiefs of the interior of East Africa, the government certainly did not want to become directly involved beyond the coast lands.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      After Livingstone's passing inEven while foreign secretaries were prone to insist that they were only promoting geographical knowledge, the government's meager assistance to the RGS and its explorers in East Africa could be considered as symptomatic. Regardless of the state of the economy or the opinions of the middle class, it is clear from the evidence that even though the Foreign Office did arrange some limited assistance for explorers and did grant Livingstone a roving consul's commission to the chiefs of interior East Africa, the government did not want to get directly involved outside of the coastal regions
  • cynical
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Cynical implies having a sneering disbelifs in sincerity or integrity and cynical is about politicians motives.
  • Following Livingstone's death in 1873, a great many of those Europeans whose interest in East Africa had been aroused by the explorers began to consider various kinds of direct intervention. From 1876, there were, for example, serious attempts to provide an infrastructure of communications. Meanwhile the missionaries were encouraged to produce useful Africans in "industrial" missions where carpentry would be as important as the Gospel. In short, very direct interference in the lives of Africans was planned. By 1876, in fact, what I would wish to call the "unofficial mind" of imperialism had been so conditioned by the explorers as far as East Africa was concerned that it was prepared through various agencies to undertake this sort of direct action. It is not surprising to find this same "unofficial mind" responding very readily to King Leopold's initiative in setting up an international association to regenerate Africa, an initiative which was itself a direct response to the reports of African explorers. 73 C. M. Andrew has written of an "unofficial mind" of imperialism
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Many of the Europeans whose interest in East Africa had been piqued by the explorers began to investigate various forms of active action after Livingstone's death in 1873. For instance, there were significant initiatives to establish a communications infrastructure starting in 1876. Missionaries were urged to raise suitable Africans for "indus-trial" missions where carpentry would be just as significant as the Gospel in the interim. In other words, it was designed to intrude extremely directly in Africans' lives. In fact, as far as East Africa was concerned, the explorers had already so conditioned imperialism's "unofficial mind" by 1876 that it was ready through a variety of means to engage in this type of direct action. The fact that the same "unofficial mind" is responding so strongly is not surprising.
neosetumonyane

The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century.pdf - 2 views

Neo Setumonyane History 2A

shared by neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • THE East African ivory trade is an ancient one. It is mentioned in the
  • first accounts of geographers and travellers, and they give it more promi
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      R.W Beachery explains that the Ivory Trade has been in existence for a long time.
  • nence
  • ...29 more annotations...
  • the
  • East African ivory is soft ivory and is ideal for carving. It was in keen demand in the Orient because of its superior quality and because it was less expensive than that from south-east Asia. But in addition to the markets of the East, East African ivory was much sought after in Europe for the large ivory carving centres which had grown up in southern Germany and in the Low Countries during the Middle Ages, and which supplied large numbers of religious reliquaries and artistic novelties f
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ivory from East Africa was different from the one used at Zinj, The one from East Africa was used for carving in European countries
  • ships around
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      A headland in the Puntland region in Somalia
  • ages. Al Masudi, writing in the early Ioth century says that elephants were extremely common in the land of Zinj, and that it was from this country that large elephant tusks were obtained: 'Most of the ivory is carried to Oman whence it is sent to India and China'.
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ivory was taken from Elephant tusks and then exported to countries such as India and China
  • than
  • 'How many slaves, how many women, how much palm-wine, how many objects for the gratification of lust and vanity are purchased by the Galla, Wanika, Wakamba and Swahili with the ivory which they bring to the coast.'4
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      People and resources were exploited because of the Ivory trade
  • Ivory no doubt, when combined with free porterage in the form of slaves, was highly lucrative, for both could be sold at the coast, and the profit from slaves was in a sense baksheesh
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      The trading of slaves and Ivory were sometimes mixed
  • Unyanyembe (Tabora) in what is now central Tanzania
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      Places in Eastern Africa where Ivory was found
  • Ujiji on the east coast of Lake Tanganyika.
  • A pretty woman could be purchased here for 300 cowries and a hundred strings of beads, and she could be traded again for much more in ivory
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ivory was also used as a form of currency
  • The ivory trader had to know his ivory, which varies from hard to soft. On the whole, the ivory of East Africa is of the soft variety. Th
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ivory varied from hard to soft
  • Buyers maintained that soft ivory came from areas where water was scarce; for example coastal ivory from near Pangani and Mombasa was never as good as that from the dry, upland regions of the interior. Soft ivory is white, opaque, and smooth, it is gently curved, and easily worked, and has what might be called 'spring'. Hard ivory, on the other hand, is translucent, glossy and of a heavier specific gravity than soft ivory; it is more subject to extremes of temperature and more difficult to carve.
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ivory from Congo was categorised as soft Ivory
  • armlets and bangles.14 Female tusks, being softer and malleable, were highly prized for billiard balls for the American market.
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ivory from the tusks of female elephants were much softer and considered more valuable because they were easy to carve
  • ughout the nineteenth century, East Africa ranked as the foremost source of ivory in the world; ivory over-topped all rivals, even slaves, in export value, and it
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Ivory from Africa made other countries rich while Africa remained poor
  • traders. The task of obtaining perfect tusks was also complicated by their being buried in the elephant's head to a depth of 24 in. or more; a large one mentioned by Baker, was 7 ft. 8 in. long, and was buried nearly 3 ft. in the head. The task of removal was much facilitated by using a steel axe, which the Arabs usually possessed, but the natives
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      Elephants were treated as things that produced Ivory. This was definitely unhuman and cruel. They were hunted down for their tusks
  • The business of ivory trading could only be rendered lucrative by constant extension and development, and this required more capital than the Arab possessed. The first Europeans to arrive on the East African coast had found the ivory trade largely in the hands of the Indian merchants at Zan
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Europeans took the Ivory trade business from Indian merchants
  • The Indian merchants, by and large, were not an attractive lot. They were jealous of their trade and intensively secre
  • The quest for ivory was never-ending. The price on the world market was remarkably free from fluctuations; no commodity retained such a stable price as did ivory in the nineteenth century
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      The trade of Ivory thrived during the 19th century.
  • the barter system
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      The barter system was a system of exchange in which participants in a transaction directly exchange goods.
  • but increasing
  • competition for ivory resulted in its being forcibly taken from the Afri
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      Although much of the Ivory was from Africa, Africans never benefited from it.
  • What was the ultimate destination of the thousands of tusks of ivory shipped every year from East Africa? A vast quantity went to England, where the Victorian love of ornate furnishing and decor was expressed in ivory inlay work in myriad forms, ranging from ivory-handled umbrellas to ivory snuff boxes and chessmen.
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      It is very sad to hear that African people and their resources were exploited while they got nothing out of it. It was very unjust of the Europeans to take all of that Ivory for their own success.
  • John Petherick
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      He was a Welsh traveller, trader and consul in East Central Africa
  • and barbarous.25 Schweinfurth remarked: 'Since not only the males with their large and valuable tusks, but the females also with the young, are included in this wholesale and indiscriminate slaughter, it may be easily imagined how year by year the noble animal is fast
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      Elephants were not spared and Iron traders did not care whether they would be extinct or not. These traders are depicted as selfish and cruel people who only cared about making money.
  • The last region to be exploited for its ivory
  • ion
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Masai people are an ethnic group inhabiting, northern, central and southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania
  • In the middle and later nineteenth century, before the rise of the Mahdi in the Sudan, Khartoum, from which so much of this ivory trade emanated, was no longer a small garrison town at the junction of the White and Blue Nile; it had become a cosmopolitan entrepot. Here prosperous ivory merchants such as the Maltese de Bono and the Greek Alaro had their beautiful houses, furnished in luxurious and opulent
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      Some towns were able to develop as a result of the Ivory trade
  • 5 Rhino horn had a more exclusive use in the East, where it was, and still is, ground into powder and sold for love potions and medi
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      It is very disturbing to discover that hundreds of elephants are killed every year just for their tusks to make things such powder
  • The East African ivory trade is an ancient one: East African ivory is soft ivory and is ideal for carving, and was always in great demand. It figures prominently in the earliest reference to trading activities on the East African Coast. But the great development came in the nineteenth century when an increased demand for ivory in America and Europe coincided with the opening up of East Africa by Arab traders and European explorers. The onslaught on the ivory resources of the interior took the form of a two-way thrust-from the north by the Egyptians who penetrated into the Sudan and Equatoria, and by the Arabs
    • neosetumonyane
      neosetumonyane on 26 Apr 23
       
      This journal article was very interesting to read and it certainly taught me a lot about the trade in Ivory. I was however very shook to discover the cruelty that people showed towards elephants just because they wanted to make money out of their tusks.
rorirapiletsa03

The Historical Role of British Explorers in East Africa.pdf - 6 views

Rorisang Rapiletsa

shared by rorirapiletsa03 on 19 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The major exploration of East Africa was accomplished over a roughly twenty-year period after 1856inaseries ofjourneys made byBurton, Speke, Livingstone, Baker, Cameron, Stanley, and some lesser figures.
  • Writers of the colonial period, not surprisingly, found little difficulty in connecting up the work of the explorers with the advent of colonialism in what was assumed to be a continuous historical process.
  • explorer Joseph Thomson was directly responsible for the extension of British rule over Kenya
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • The importance of the explorers lay in the fact that they brought the evil to European attention so that action could follow; presumably, therefore, their principal impact was on humanitarian groups who pressed governments into action
  • In essence, they were saying that since the arrival of European colonial rulers marked also the establishment of order, education, Christianity, and economic opportunity-in a word, progress-it must be the case that the explorers, because they were also Europeans, initiated the progress. 5
  • Undoubtedly the explorers' discoveries of the great lakes and the source of the Nile constitute a highly significant episode in the history of exploration and of the development of geographical ~cience.6With unprecedented rapidity, the blank maps of the middle belt of Africa of 1850 were filled with lakes, mountains, rivers, and the names of the principal peoples.
    • rorirapiletsa03
      rorirapiletsa03 on 19 Apr 23
       
      If it was not for the explorers then the maps that were drawn in Europe would be incomplete or wrong
  • 5
    • rorirapiletsa03
      rorirapiletsa03 on 19 Apr 23
       
      Explorers believed that without them, Africa would not be progressed and they brought European teachings in order to make them behave more like Europeans and not like "Africans"
  • eschew
    • rorirapiletsa03
      rorirapiletsa03 on 19 Apr 23
       
      avoid
  • explorers provided much of the source material for the nineteenth-century history of East African societies, they themselves were ignored as irrelevant.
  • explorers had to behave to some extent like Africans or at least had to accept situations as they found them if they wanted to proceed with their travels
    • rorirapiletsa03
      rorirapiletsa03 on 19 Apr 23
       
      Explorers had to make sure that they fit in with Africans, in order for them to continue exploring Africa further
dlangudlangu

The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century.pdf - 2 views

Anakho Dlangudlangu 221107980

shared by dlangudlangu on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ican coast. By the second century A.D. the coast, as far as 10? S., was 'subject under some ancient right to the sovereignty of the power which held the primacy in Arabia', and Arab merchants were exporting ivory from it in
  • hroughout the early and later middle ages. Al Masudi, writing in the early Ioth century says that elephants were extremely common in the land of Zinj, and that it was from this country that large elephant tusks were obtained: 'Most of the ivory is carried to Oman whence it is sent to India and Chin
  • rtuguese domination of the coast from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, ivory continued to be an important export; it receives more mention in Portuguese records than does the slave trade. In the sixteenth century 30,000 lb. of ivory passed through the port of Sofala
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • ughout the nineteenth century, East Africa ranked as the foremost source of ivory in the world; ivory over-topped all rivals, even slaves, in export value, and it
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 25 Apr 23
       
      the trade of ivory was bigger than the slave trade in the nineteenth century.
  • ucrative,
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 25 Apr 23
       
      Producing a great deal of wealth or profit
  • The onslaught on the ivory reserves of the East African interior in the nineteenth century took the form of a two-way thrust, that from the north by the Egyptians under Muhammad Ali, which penetrated southwards into the Sudan and Equatoria, and that from the east coast by the Arabs under Sultan Said of Zanzibar, following the transference of the seat of his authority from Muscat to Zanzibar in I83
  • Arab traders returning from the interior brought back tales of great riches in ivory to be had almost for the taking. European travellers added to and embroidered
  • Katomba's people arrived from Babisa where they sold all their copper at two rings for a tusk, then found that abundance of ivory still remained, door posts, and house pillars had been made of ivory which was now rotten. The people of Babisa kill elephants now and bring tusks by the dozen till traders get so many that they carried them in relays.8
  • e to the
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 25 Apr 23
       
      the commercial transport of goods
  • The British East Africa Company purchased ivory in Buganda at the rate of 35 lb. of ivory for two kegs of powd
  • Other trade articles included scissors, looking-glasses, picture books, jointed jumping dolls, rings, daggers, naval and cavalry sabres, and cooking pot
  • ever as good as that from the dry, upland regions of the interior. Soft ivory is white, opaque, and smooth, it is gently curved, and easily worked, and has what might be called 'spring'. Hard ivory, on the other hand, is translucent, glossy and of a heavier specific gravity than soft ivory; it is more subject to extremes of temperature and more difficult to carve.
  • Ivory tusks ranged in weight from the small tusks destined for the Indian market and weighing no more than a few pounds, to the huge tusks of 200 lb. and more which were regularly carried to the coast.13 S
  • hand in preference to his left, so an elephant works with a particular tusk'. One tusk is usually more worn and lighter than the other; and it is frequently broken owing to its use as a lever to tear up small trees, he
  • e. Ivory also fell into the ruler's hands in the form of tribute from subject states.15 The arrival of Basoga and Bakedi chiefs bearing rich presents of ivory was a common occurrence at Mutesa's court, as the first missionaries in Uganda obse
  • The value of ivory was calculated in different ways. The African estimated its value by its size and quality. The Arab carried his steel-yard scales which were simple and practical, and, all things being equal, he purchased ivory by weight, the unit being the frasilah (34-36 lb.).16 In the southern Sudan and some parts of East Africa-for example, in Karagweivory was valued in terms of cattle, and this was one of the causes of the cattle raids carried out by ivory dealers. With the cattle they looted, they could trade for more ivo
  • nsion and development, and this required more capital than the Arab possessed. The first Europeans to arrive on the East African coast had found the ivory trade largely in the hands of the Indian merchants at Zan
  • emarked: 'The whole trade in ivory, slaves, and gum copal is carried on by the natives of India, the ivory is consigned to them from the
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 25 Apr 23
       
      ivory traders were not only trading ivory but were also trading slaves, gum copal and other plants
  • The quest for ivory was never-ending. The price on the world market was remarkably free from fluctuations; no commodity retained such a stable price as did ivory in the nineteenth
  • uld be exchanged for more ivory, which was brought daily into the camp. The rate of exchange, a cow for a tusk of ivory, offered a very profitable transaction, since the cows cost nothing. Baker speaks of expeditions capturing as many as 2,000 ca
  • Ivory from Bunyoro had very little outlet until almost the end of the century; ivory traders from the north did not penetrate this far south, and Bunyoro's trade south and eastwards was strictly controlled by Buganda.
  • The last region to be exploited for its ivory was northern Kenya. The formidable reputation of the Masai had kept this area free from interlopers. The few Arab caravans which had dared to enter Masailand in i882-83 were wiped out. However, the uneventful trip of Joseph Thomson through Masailand in 1884 and the expeditions of Carl Peters and Count Teleki in 1888-89 did much to debunk the rep
lorraine03

The Historical Role of British Explorers in East Africa.pdf - 3 views

Mandlakazi Mapipa 221078393

shared by lorraine03 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The major exploration of East Africa was accomplished over a roughly twenty-year period after 1856inaseries ofjourneys
  • urton, Speke, Livingstone, Baker, Cameron, Stanley,
    • lorraine03
      lorraine03 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This are names of the African explorers during the nineteenth century
  • East Africa.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • found little difficulty in connecting up the work of the explorers with the advent of colonialism in what was assumed to be a continuous historical process.
  • the explorer Joseph Thomson was directly responsible for the extension of British rule over Kenya, an assertion which modern historians of imperialism might find difficult to accept. 1
    • lorraine03
      lorraine03 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is the Eastern part of Africa
  • sees the exploration as significant in itself as well as important for what was to follow: when Speke and Grant discovered Uganda in 1862, he says, it was "one of those milestones in History that mark a new epoch."2
    • lorraine03
      lorraine03 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The significance of exploration by these two explorers during that tine.
  • much more recent work, still in use as a textbook in some East African schools, insists that the arrival of the explorers was a "portent" for the "simple societies" of East Africa
    • lorraine03
      lorraine03 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Another benefit and importance of exploration in East Africa.
  • This implies a significant responsive activity by those who were visited by the explorers.
  • scholarly work on East African history, Coupland included a chapter on exploration which implied a more passive role for Africans
  • The importance of the explorers lay in the fact that they brought the evil to European attention so that action could follow; presumably, therefore, their principal impact was on humanitarian groups who pressed governments into action.
    • lorraine03
      lorraine03 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Importance and role of the explorers.
  • In essence, they were saying that since the arrival of European colonial rulers marked also the establishment of order, education, Christianity, and economic opportunity-in a word, progress-it must be the case that the explorers, because they were also Europeans, initiated the progress.
    • lorraine03
      lorraine03 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The advantages brought by the exploration process in East Africa.
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