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Henry Morton Stanley's first African expedition was in 1871, on assignment for The New York (/places/united-states-and-canada/us-political-geography/new-york) Herald to find Livingstone, who was assumed dead. Stanley's famous question upon finding him, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" made Stanley a household name in the explorer frenzy that followed Livingstone's journeys. Although not a scientist, Stanley was sent back out to answer the geographic questions left following Livingstone's death in 1873. Among these, Stanley set out in 1874 to circumnavigate the enormous Lake Victoria to see if it was a single body of water, and—more importantly—to see if it was the much-sought-after source of the Nile River. Stanley also planned to circumnavigate Lake Tanganyika (/places/africa/african-physical-geography/laketanganyika), to see if it was the source of the Nile, as Burton had suggested. Finally, Stanley planned to finish Livingstone's work of mapping the Lualaba River. Livingstone had theorized that the Lualaba, which flowed from Lake Bangweolo, was quite possibly the Nile itself. (Others thought that the Lualaba was the same as the Congo River, not the Nile.)

British missionary David Livingstone (/people/history/explorers-travelers-and-conquerorsbiographies/david-livingstone) (1813-1873), while partly on a quest to seek the elusive source of the Nile, discovered the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls (/places/africa/african-physicalgeography/victoria-falls). Livingstone's expedition went on to discover parts of the main network of Africa's largest rivers, including the Congo, but his work remained unfinished, leaving many questions that Stanley would soon answer.

Richard Francis Burton (1821-1890) and John Hanning Speke (/people/history/explorers-travelers-and-conquerors-biographies/john-hanning-speke) (18271864) explored part of Lake Victoria and a section of the Nile, and theorized that either Victoria or Lake Tanganyika (/places/africa/african-physical-geography/lake-tanganyika), southwest of Victoria, was the river's source

It took four months for Stanley to meet the banks of Tanganyika, but he circumnavigated it successfully in 51 days.

Verney Lovett

The Congo, as Stanley had now surmised that the Lualaba and the Congo were the same river, would have nearly 200 miles (320 km) of the most severe rapids he would encounter.

Stanley's journey also concluded what we know about the character of the Congo River: from its source, just south of Lake Tanganyika, the river begins as the Lualaba, heads southwestward to Lake Bangweolo, then turns north to the Zambia/Zaire border to Lake Mweru, where it becomes the Congo. The mighty river crosses the equator twice, placing it in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. After 3,000 miles (4,800 km) of a wild path through extreme landscapes, it reaches the Atlantic Ocean.

Bechuanaland

Mosioatunya, which he much later named the Victoria Falls. 25

Regarding himself as a missionary to the end, Livingstone inspired many new enterprises such as the Makololo, Ndebele, and Tanganyika missions of his own society, the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, and the Livingstonia Mission of the Church of Scotland. His life caught the imagination of the Christian world.

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The possession of the Congo would give to any enterprising men with sufficient capital the com¬ mand of almost all the west coast ivory trade, more than half the Zanzibar ivory trade, fully three- quarters of the Mozambique ivory trade, and also tap the countries from which the Nile traders draw their supplies. <ť All these present ivory trades, notwithstanding what has been done to stop the Slave Trade by sea, are worked in concert with and by means of the Slave Trade.

in the name of Her Majesty Queen Victoria of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India, Australia, Canada, &c, &c, and her heirs and successors, take possession of those uncivilized countries explored and to be explored by her subjects in Central Africa, comprising the Basin of the Ugarrowwa (supposed to be the River Congo)

I took possession of the Basins of the Congo, &c, subject to the approval of Her Majesty, the Houses of Parliament, and Her Majesty's Ministers.

Following the campaign against Dingane, in 1839 the Voortrekkers, under Pretorius, formed the Boer republic of Natalia, south of the Tugela, and west of the British settlement of Port Natal (now Durban). Mpande and Pretorius maintained peaceful relations. However, in 1842, war broke out between the British and the Boers, resulting in the British annexation of Natalia. Mphande shifted his allegiance to the British, and remained on good terms with them. In 1843, Mphande ordered a purge of perceived dissidents within his kingdom. This resulted in numerous deaths, and the fleeing of thousands of refugees into neighbouring areas (including the British-controlled Natal). Many of these refugees fled with cattle. Mpande began raiding the surrounding areas, culminating in the

Shaka was succeeded by Dingane, his half-brother, who conspired with Mhlangana, another half-brother, and Mbopa, an induna, to murder him in 1828. Following this assassination, Dingane murdered Mhlangana, and took over the thr

The Zulu deployment at Isandhlwana showed the well-organized tactical system that had made the Zulu kingdom successful for many decades. This constituted the worst defeat the British army had ever suffered at the hands of a native African fighting force. The defeat prompted a redirection of the war ef

Cetshwayo was captured a month after his defeat, and then exiled to Cape Town. The British passed rule of the Zulu kingdom onto 13 "kinglets", each with his own subkingdom. Conflict soon erupted between these subkingdoms, and in 1882, Cetshwayo was allowed to visit England. He had audiences with Queen Victoria and other famous personages before being allowed to return to Zululand to be reinstated as king

In 1883, Cetshwayo was put in place as king over a buffer reserve territory, much reduced from his original kingdom.

Dinuzulu's son Solomon kaDinuzulu was never recognised by South African authorities as the Zulu king, only as a local chief, but he was increasingly regarded as king by chiefs, by political intellectuals such as John Langalibalele Dube and by ordinary Zulu people. In 1923, Solomon founded the organisation Inkatha YaKwaZulu to promote his royal claims, which became moribund and then was revived in the 1970s by Mangosuthu Buthelezi, chief minister of the KwaZulu bantustan. In December 1951, Solomon's son Cyprian Bhekuzulu kaSolomon was officially recognised as the Paramount Chief of the Zulu people, but real power over ordinary Zulu people lay with South African go

Figure 7. Sketch map of the route from Cassange towards St Paul de Luanda on the Atlantic Ocean sent to the LMS (Courtesy of the Council for World Mission Archive, SOAS. CWM LMS Africa Odds Livingstone Box 3, No.87(2)).

Sketch map of the route from the upper reaches of the River Leeba towards St Paul de Luanda on the Atlantic Ocean

A photograph taken in natural light of two pages of Livingstone’s 1871 Field Diary.

A processed spectral image of two pages of Livingstone’s 1871 Field Diary

An extract from a sketch map in Livingstones’s own hand, drawn at different scales of the course of the Zambesi from Sesheke in the south to the river’s confluence with the Kabompo in the north

Extract from the map in Livingstone’s book Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa indicating his journey between Zumbo and Tete

Map of Livingstone’s travels in south-central Africa, 1866–1873

Map showing all Livingstone’s travels in south-central Africa, 1851–1873

Garden of Eden, in the Book of Genesis.

Sultan of Zanzibar.

cannibals

Arabs

an irritable eating ulcer fastened on each foot, and laid me up for five months.

In 1843 David Livingstone nearly lost his life. Encouraged by the local people to help them deal with a troublesome lion, his shot merely wounded it and it charged and leapt at him.

At Kolobeng Livingstone built a home, erected a church, farmed, healed the sick and preached to Sechele’s people

In June 1849 David Livingstone, together with a wealthy hunter, William Cotton Oswell, set off in search of a great inland lake of which they had heard rumours – despite of the concerns of his employers, the London Missionary Society.

but on the 1st August 1849 they became the first Europeans to discover Lake Ngam

Livingstone took full advantage of their discovery, showing early signs of the skilled self-promotion which would make him the most celebrated explorer of his time. He received a gold medal by the Royal Geographical Society in London for his efforts.

. In his journey Stanley saw a mountain southeast of the Mwutan Nizige, which was reported to be from thirteen thousand to fifteen thousand feet high, called Gamnboragare, on the peak of which snow is frequently foun

Ujiji

Lake Tanganyk

.

wn. They were visited by Dr. Livingstone when the river was still at its lowest, and he describes the appearance of the first part of t

confined to a channel of only 30 to 60 yards wide, with perpendicular and water-worn sides of from 50 to 80

ingly to

A second expedition was made to these rapids in January, under the command of Mr. C. Livingstone and Mr. Baines, at a time when the Zambesi was nearly at its h

The Zambesi has been examined five times over from between Tete to the sea, and Dr. Livingstone's conclusion is, firstly, that a navigable entrance has been determined by Captain Berkeley, of H.M.S. Lynx, up the Luabo, and by himself up the Kongone. Secondly, that a large vessel could be taken up to Tete at any time between January and April. (This is the unhealthy time of the year; but the Zambesi fever has hitherto appeared a far less formidable illness than wasfeared.) Thirdly, that in a season of unusual drought there were found to be only three crossings, from one deep channel to another, over which his little steamer had to be dragged. These were from 24 to 18 inches deep, and from 100 to 150 feet long. The force of the current of the river averages 2? knots, but never exceeds 4; and Dr. Livingstone considers that a vessel, literally drawing no more than li feet water, could plyat all seasons for the first 300 miles of the Zambes

p stones. The great fall seen by Dr. Livingstone was still there, but did not appear so formida

oms. Mr. C. Livingstone's opinion, and Dr. Livingstone's conclusions, appear more favourable than those of Mr. Baines.

ids, Dr. Livingstone and Mr. Kirk explored the Shire in the stea

.e.?they reached a lake of large size, hitherto unknown to Europeans, and called the Shirw

weaves it. Two parties of Ajana slave-traders were on the Shirwa at the same time as Dr. Livingstone : they were in the habit of carrying their captives to Quillima

that ? The Zambesi could not be made available for commercial purposes in the English sense of

son. The Zambesi should not be ascended later in the year than March; and at that time he had not the slightest doubt that a vessel drawing eight feet of water could not only reach Tete, but anchor at Zumbo, and have the whole of the interior of Africa at command. Some months ago he had stated in that room that wheat was grown at Tete, and his statement had now been confirmed by Dr, Livi

. Dr. Livingstone has given us more minute in? formation about the obstructions in some parts than they have done, but as regards the main point he gives us no more than is known, nor shows how difficulties that exist can be overco

44 THEORIA